#pharmacy #pharmacognosy #phytochemistry #drsiddhiupadhyay #ayurvedicsystemofmedicine #unanisystemofmedicine #siddhasystemofmedicine #homeopathysystemofmedicine #chinesesystemofmedicine

1. PHARMACOGNOSY IN
VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE
DR. SIDDHI UPADHYAY
H.O.D. & ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Dept. of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
SIGMA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY

2. CONTENT
■ Ayurvedic system of medicines
■ Unani system of medicines
■ Siddha system of medicines
■ Homeopathic system of medicines.
■ Chinese system of medicines

3. AYURVEDIC SYSTEM
OF MEDICINE

4. AYURVEDA
Ayurveda is the dominant herbal tradition in
India. It still enjoys the faith of a large
number of people of our country though it is
perhaps , the oldest system of healing in the
world.
It is encouraged in many countries like
Japan, Germany etc

5. Definition
• The term “ Ayurveda” is derived from two
Sanskrit words ,Ayur and Veda .
• Ayur means life and Veda means knowledge
or science.
• Therefore Ayurveda means science of life or
way of life.

6. • Ayurveda incorporates science, religion and
philosophy in it.
• Besides, dealing with principles for
maintenance of health ,it hasalso developed
a wide range therapeutic measuresto
combat illness.

7. Principle
• The principle of Ayurveda is based on the
concept of five basic elements and tridoshas.
According to Ayurveda, the whole universe
made up of five basic elements ( Pancha
mahabuthas)

8. • The whole universe includes the material
world, plant kingdom and all other living
beings. In other words ,these five elements
together form the basis of all matter. The five
elements are – Akasha (ether), Vayu ( air),
Agni (fire), Jala (water), Prithvi (earth)

9. • There is a balanced condensation of these
elements in different proportions to suit the
needs and requirements of different
structures and functions of the body matrix
and its parts. The growth and development
of body matrix depends on its nutrition i.e..
on food. The food, in turn, is composed of
above elements.

10. • The health or sickness depends on the
presence or absence of a balanced state of
the total body matrix including the balance
between its different constituents .
• The properties , location and manifestations
of theseelements are as follows

11. • Ether is non resistance, it is located in the
body cavities like mouth, thorax, abdomen,
lung cavity, digestive tract.
• Air is related to movements, vibrations and
oscillations. They manifests movement of
muscles, pulsation of heart, expansion and
contraction of lungs, functioning of digestive
and nervous systems.

12. • Fire concerned to radiation, it manifests
digestion, metabolism, temperature, vision
and intelligence.
• Water is related to force and cohesion.
Located in cytoplasm, blood, salivary glands,
gastric juice.

13. • Earth isconcerned to resistance and
solidarity. They manifests skin, nails, hairs and
bones.
• Theseelements manifest in the functioning of
our scenes.
• They are also closelyrelated to our ability to
perceive and interact with environment.

14. TRIDOSHAS
• The five elements combine to form “ Tri Doshas”
i.e Vata, Pitta, and Kappha. They are the “ Basic
Forces’’ and also known asthe “ Pillars ofLife”
• Vata (Air principle) the elements ether and air
• Pitta (Fire principle) the elements fire and water
• Kapha ( Water principle) the elements earth and
water

15. • According to the Ayurveda , sickness is due to
the imbalance of any one or more of the
three doshas.
• Eg Aggravation of Pitta leads to indigestion,
skin diseasesand liverproblems.

16. Factors
• Factors responsible for imbalance of doshas
are physical, mental, spiritual and
environmental may contribute for the
imbalance of doshas

17. Diagnosis
• In Ayurveda diagnosis is always done of the
patient aswhole.
• Diagnosis is carried out to find out which
dosha is aggravated. For this purpose , nadi
(Pulse),tongue , skin, physical features, stool,
urine etc are examined.

18. Treatment
• The importance of treatment is to restore the
balance and harmony of doshas with proper
diet and drugs
• Selection of the drugs –
• Based upon 1.Rasa(Taste), 2. Virya (Potency)
and Vipaka (Taste after digestion)

19. RASA
• Rasa indicates the composition, properties and
and probable action of the drugs . There are six
tastes. Each taste has one or more mahabuthas
(elements) and each taste has its own influence on
doshas.
• EgSweet ( earth and water) , influences on doshas
– Kapha increases, vata and pitta deceases and
promote antibiotic activities

20. • Sour - (Water and fire) – Pitta increases–
stimulates enzymes
• Saline-
• Bitter -
(Fire and earth)- Pitta increases
(Air and fire) – Pitta increases
• Pungent- (Air and ether)- Kapha and pitta
decreases
• Astringent- (Air and earth)- Pitta
decreasesand vatta increases

21. VIRYA
• On the basisof Virya, the drugs are classified
into hot and cold drugs
• Hot (Ushna) drugs – Aggravates pitta and
pacifies vata and kapha, garlic,drumstick
• Cold (Sita) drugs – Aggravates kapha and
vatta and pacifies pitta ,Jeera,amla

22. Vipaka
• Food and medicine undergoes various
changes during digestion (metabolism). The
taste after digestion is known as vipaka. The
three tastes described under vipaka, sweet,
sourand pungent.

23. • Sweet – Aggravates kapha and
alleviatespitta and vatha
• Sour – Aggravates pitha and
alleviates kapha and vatha
• Pungent – Aggravates vatha and alleviates
kapha

24. UNANI SYSTEM OF
MEDICINE

25. • The Unani System of Medicine has a long and
impressive record in India.
• It was introduced in India by the Arabs and
Persians sometime around the eleventh
century.
• Today, India is one of the leading countries in
as far as the practice of Unani medicine is
concerned.
• It has the largest number of
research and health
Unani
careeducational,
institutions.

26. Origin & Development of UnaniSystem
• Unani systemoriginated in Greece
• Hakim Ajmal Khan isUNANI physician and also
one of the foremost freedom fighters in the
country. He established an Ayurvedic and
Unani Tibbia College and Hindustani
Dawakhana – a pharmaceutical company –
for Ayurvedic and Unani medicine in Delhi in
1916.

27. • Today the Unani system of medicine with
hospitals and educational and research
institutions, forms an integral part of the
national health care delivery system.

28. • Principles & Concepts
• According to the basic principles of Unani the
body is made up of the four basic elements i.e
earth ,air, water, fire which have different
temperaments i.e. cold, hot, wet, dry. After
mixing and interaction of four elements a new
compound having new temperament existence.
i.e Hot wet, hot dry, cold wet, and cold dry.

29. • The body has the simple and compound
organs which got their nourishment ( The
substances necessary for growth, health, and
good condition ) through four humours i.e.
blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.

30. • Thehumour (put into a good mood) isalso
assignedtemperament asblood ishot and
wet, Phlegm iscold and hot, Yellow bile is
hot and dry and Black bile iscold anddry.

31. • Phlegm is cold and hot ( Thick, sticky, stringy
mucus secreted by the mucous membrane of
the respiratory tract, as during a cold or other
respiratory infection).
• Yellow bile is hot and dry (A yellow, or
greenish, viscid fluid, usually alkaline in
reaction, secreted by the liver. It passesinto the
intestines, where it aids in the digestive)

32. • Black bile iscold anddry
• (a humor that was once believed to be
secreted by the kidneys or spleen and to
cause sadness)

33. • Unani medicine believes in promotion of
health, prevention of diseasesandcure.
• Health of human isbased on the sixessentials
• Atmospheric air
• Physical activity and rest
• Drinks and foods
• Sleepand wakefulness
• Excretion and retention
• Mental activity and rest

34. • The human body is considered to be made
up of the following sevencomponents are:
• i. Elements (Arkan)
• ii. Temperament (Mizaj)
• iii.Humors (Akhlat)
• iv. Organs (Aaza)
• v. Spirits (Arwah)
• vi. Faculties (Quwa)
• vii. Functions (Afaal)

35. Elements (Arkan)
• The human body contains
(earth ,air, water, fire)
four elements.
• Each of the four elements has its own
temperament asfollows:
• Element Temperament Air Hot and Moist
Earth Cold and Dry, Fire Hot and Dry, Water
Cold and Moist

36. Temperament (Mizaj)
• In the Unani system, the temperament of the
individual is very important as it is considered
to be unique. The individual’s temperament
is believed to be the result of the interaction
of thesefour elements.

37. Humors (Akhlat)
• Humours are those moist and fluid parts of the
body which are produced after transformation
and metabolism of the aliments; they serve the
function of nutrition, growth and repair; and
produce energy, for the preservation of
individual and hisspecies.

38. • The humors are responsible for maintaining
moisture of different organs of the body and
also provide nutrition to the body.

39. Organs (Aaza)
• These are the various organs of the human
body. The health or disease of each individual
organ affects the state of health of the whole
body.

40. Spirits (Arwah)
• Ruh (Spirit) is a gaseous substance, obtained
from the inspired air, it helps in all the
metabolic activities of the body. It is the source
of vitality for all the organs of thebody.
• These are considered to be the life force and
are, therefore, important in the diagnosis and
treatment of disease.

41. • These are the carriers of different powers,
which make the whole body system and its
parts functional.

42. Faculties (Quwa)
• Theseare of threekinds:
• Natural power (Quwa Tabiyah)
• Natural power is the power of metabolism and
reproduction. Liver is the seat of this power and
the process is carried on in every tissue of the
body. Metabolism is concerned with the
processesof nutrition and growth of human

43. • Nutrition comes from the food and is carried
to all parts of the body, while growth power
is responsible for the construction and growth
of human organism.

44. • Psychic power refers to nervous and psychic
power. It is located in side the brain and is
responsible for perceptive and motive power.
Perceptive power conveys impressions or
sensation and motive power brings about
movements asa responseto sensation.

45. • Vital power (Quwa Haywaniyah)
• Vital power is responsible for maintaining life
and enables all the organs to accept the
effect of psychic power. This power is located
in the heart. It Keeps life running in the
tissues.

46. Functions (Afaal)
• This component refers to the movements and
functions of all the organs of the body.
• In case of a healthy body the various organs are
not only in proper shape but are also performing
their respective functions.
• This makes it necessary to have full knowledge
of the functions of the human body in full detail

47. Diagnosis
• The Diagnostic process in Unani system is
dependent on observation and physical
examination.
• Diagnosis involves investigating the causes of
disease thoroughly and in detail. For this, the
physicians depend mainly on pulse reading
and examination of urine and stool.

48. • The ten conditions of pulse observed during
the diagnosis are:
• i. Quantity
• ii. Force
• iii. Duration of movement
• iv. Condition of the vesselwall
• v. Volume

49. • vi. Duration of the restperiod
• vii. Palpitation of the pulse
• viii. Equality and inequality
• ix. Balance of the pulse
• x. Rhythm

50. • Physical examination
• Is carried out by the diagnosis of urinogenital
disorders, pathogenesis of blood and other
humors, metabolic disorders and liver
diseases.
• Thefollowing observations of urine are made:
• Colour
• Consistency
• Clearnessand turbidity
• Odour
• Foam or froth
• Precipitates
• Quantity

51. • The examination of stool, its colour, quantity,
consistency and the presence of foreign body help
very much in the diagnosis of various diseases.
• Besides the means of pulse reading and physical
examination of urine and stool, other conventional
means such as inspection, palpitation, percussion
and occultation are also used for diagnosis
purposes.

52. Strenght of Unani
• Unani systemof Medicine hasvery
remarkable strength in the following
disorders:
• Skin disorders
• Digestive disorders
• Mental disorders
• Sexual disorders
• Gynecological disorders
• Neurological disorders

53. SIDDHA SYSTEM OF
MEDICINE

54. Introductio
nGod Shiva who unfolded the knowledge of
Siddha system of medicine to his concert
Parvati who handed it down to Nandi Deva & he
the Siddhars.
Siddhars adopted principles of Shaiva
Siddhantham.
Siddhars in olden days followed and adopted the
principles for preparing all medicines like
herbal, minerals and metals

55. Developed in preayurvedic period with civilization
of Mohenzo-daro and Harappa in Indus river
valley, 6000-7000 years ago.
It was transplated in Southern India by Dravidian
people about 2500 years ago.
Siddhars classified diseases in different
categories and accounted for total 4448 diseases
in human body.

56. They mentioned about the curable and incurable
diseases along with the symptoms of the body
and predicted the concerned, proper medicines
also.
Thousands of herbs & minerals were included in
siddha sys. which are effective in managing
chronic, degenerative diseases, viral diseases and
heart diseases

57. Very simple herbal processes are advised by the
Siddhars
migraine,
for
Sinusitis,
diseases
Hypertension,
like
Diabetes
Mellitus, Gynaecological disturbances, leucoderma
and psoriasis, Asthmatic attacks, piles and
pistula, Rheumatisms, Dental problems etc.
It has proven its promise to improve the
Hemoglobin as well as immunization of AIDS
patients without any side effects

58. Agathiyar was considered the prominent
leader with his later Lord Subramaniyar
Agastya & Aryan Sages were also
contributed to development "Agattiyar
Charakku“, imp. Tamil work described to them
Turumullar was founder various siddha
schools in India
Bogar, a taoist chinese worked extensively
on medicine and alchemy
Pullpari was another chinese settled in
Tamilnadu

59. Theory & Basic Principles
This principles and doctrines of this
system, both fundamental and applied,
have a close similarity to Ayurveda,
with specialization in Iatro- chemistry.
According to this system the human
body is the replica of the universe and
so are the food and drugs irrespective
of their origin.

60. The five major
Panchmahabhutas, are
concept of
named as
Nilam, Neer, Neruppu, Kattru and
Veli, which are respectively in hands
known as Prithivi (Earth), Appu (water,),
Theyu (fire), Vayu(air ), and Akash
(sky)
Imbalanced ratio of panchamahabhutas
may cause disease

61. As in Ayurveda, this system also considers
the human body as a conglomeration of
three humors, basic tissues and the waste
products of the body such as feces, urine
and sweat. The food is considered to be
basic building material of human body
which gets processed into humors, body
tissues and waste products.
Equilibrium –> health
Disturbance or imbalance -> disease or
sickness.

62. Based on principles of Triguna
Vata, pitta and Kapha
Believed as its origin itsellf in foetal
dvpt. stages in mothers womb
These imbalanced due to
nutritional, physical and environmental
conditions

63. Predominance of triguna according to
time in a day is as below-
6.00 am to 10.00 am-Vata
10.00 am to 2.00 pm- Pitta
2.00 pm to 6.oo pm- Kapha
Same order of time followed by body in
night

64. Vata Guna:
Characteristics - stout, black, cold
& inactive personality
Increased vata develops flatulence,
acidity, dysentry, obesity,etc
Individuals show arogent behaviour,
partial paralysis, heart attack, neck &
chest pain, etc.
10/22/201

65. Pitta Guna:
Characteristics : lean, wheatish
complexion, hot personality
Increased pitta results in early
greying of hairs, reddish eyes & more
sexual desire
Individuals suffer from
anemia, burning chest, mental
derangement, etc.

66. Kapha Guna:
Characteristics : well build, good
complexion, good behaved personality
More afiinity towards sweet food &
sex
Incresed Kapha develops diseases like
jaundice, heart
attack, fever, anemia,etc.

67. Diagnosis
The diagnosis of diseases involve
identifying it causes.
Physician generally identifies of
causative factors through exam. of Nadi
(pulse), Dhwani (speech/voice), Twaka
(tongue), Deiham (Body), Malam (Feaces
and the status of digestive system),
Mutram (urine), Vizhi (Eyes color)

68. The system has worked out details
procedure of urine examination which
includes study of its
color, smell, density, quantity and oil
drop spreading pattern.
For any diseases due to infection or
otherwise, the treatment is
individualistic on examination of that
particular patient

69. Pulse reading is imp. & helpful in
diagnosis. Pulse changes with balance of
triguna.
Full nadi indicates asthama & ½ or ¼ nadi
denotes pain, arthritis & swelling, etc.
Abnormal intense pulse shows T.B.

70. If pulse propagates to left side it
denotes loss of self control while
propagation to right side shows sign of
death.
Voice with high sound shows piita & low
sound denotes low B.P.
Tounge with boils shows imbalance of
vata, sense of bitterness denotes pitta
& white slimy tongue shows low B.P.

71. Body with vibration shows vatta. Hot &
cold body is indicative of pitta & kapha
respectively.
Study of color of fecal matter, urine &
eyes gives idea of imbalance of triguna.
Darker color indicates vata,
Greenish/ reddish color indicates pitta &
Whitish color shows kapha.

72. Treatmen
t
Treatment based on all diagnostic
characteristics of patient
Treatment also takes into account
environment, age, sex, race, habits,
mental status, habitat, diet, appetite,
physical condition, physiological
constitution, etc.
Vaidya (Physician) has knowledge of
herbs & their effectiveness in specific
diseases

73. Siddha formulary extensively
incorporates drugs of vegetable, animal
and mineral origin.
It described the drugs made from the
metals and nonmetals. Use of
mercury, gold, silver, sulphur,
copper sulphate, alum, borax,
the
zinc,
mica,
asbestos and arsenic is widespread.

74. It also mentions the drugs from animal
secretions like Civet and musk, shells
and bones of aquatic animals, deer homs
and animal flesh

75. Siddha system also prescribes medicines for
■ menarche and post menopausal states to strenthen
reproductive system and to deals with harmonal imbalances
respectively.
■ Siddha System believes in the principle of “Food itself is
medicine” and during this nursing period, lactating mothers are
advised to take the food rich in iron, protein and fibre so as to
prevent any nutritional disorders both to the child as well as the
mothers.

76. Diet duringTreatment
“Patthya" - some restrictions on the diet
during treatment. Avoiding certain food
types which otherwise aggravate the
balance of triguna and disturb the
curative abilities of medicine.
No restrictions for
wheat, milk, ghee, pulse, tender
vegetables, goat meat, sugar
turmeric, black pepper etc. and the
patients may take the food prepared
using these things.

77. Siddha
Formulations
■ Kashayam(extracts),
■ Churman (powder)
Lehiams (confections),
■ Tailams (medicated
oils)
■ Gulligai (pills),
Chenduram
complexes),
(metal
Bhasmam (calx prepared
by calcinations),
Ghritam (medicated ghee)
Mezhugu(waxes),or tinir
(distilled essence)

78. Types of formulations in
Siddha Syste
mSr. Groups Example
1 Kashayam Kashyam fir infants,Jaundice,piles.
2 Churnam Panchammruta,Kadukai,Ashwagandha.
3 Lehyam Amla lehya, Ginger lehya, Coconut lehya.
4 Tailam Bhringamla,Amlahat,Nutmeg,Neem etc.
5 Bhasmam Tortoise shell,Egg shell.Snake.Shrunga Bhasma.
6 Chenduram Rasa chendrum,Chendurams of Copper,magnet
7 Mezhugu Kasturi wax, Saffron wax,Turmeric wax.
8 Ghrtam Adhatoda Ghrta Brahmi Ghrta, Tender fruit ghrta.
9
Tablets Kasturi tablet,Saffron tablet,Palasanjivi tablet.

79. Important siddha drugs and their uses
Sr. Name Medicinal use
1 Aegle marmelos For constipation, Antipyretic
2 Allium sativam Digestgive, Anthelmintic.
3 Andrographis
paniculata
Stomachic, Antimalerial
4 Centella asiatica Nervine tonic, Diaphoretic
5 Curcuma longa Appertizer, Carminative,anaemia
6 Cyperus rotumndus Diuretic, CNS stimulant
7 Datura metal Immunostimulant, Antiasthamatic
8 Phyllanthus niruri Hepatoprotective, Anaemia
9 Sarcoca indica Uterine tonic, Antidiarrhoel
10 Sida cordifolea For menstrual bleeding
11 Terminalia Blood purifier, cardiotonic
12 Vitex nigundo Diuretic, antiarthiritic
13 Withanea somnifera Aphrodisiac, appetizer

80. HOMEOPATHIC
SYSTEM
OF MEDICINE

81. HOMEOPATHYSYSTEMOFMEDICINE
• Homeopathy is relatively a recent system of
medicine. The word “ Homeopathy” is
derived from two Greek words ,
• Homois meaning similar and pathos meaning
suffering.

82. • Homeopathy simply means treating diseases
with remedies, prescribed in minute doses,
which are capable of producing symptoms
similar to the disease when they taken by the
healthy people. It is based on the natural law
of healing. “Similia Similibus Curantur ” which
means “Likes are cured by likes”

83. ORIGINAND DEVELOPMENT
• Homoeopathy is a system of medical
Dr.Christiantreatment introduced by
Friedrich Samual Hahnenann, a German
physician. he had spread a long and useful
life of 88 years during which he benefited the
suffering humanity immense by introducing
this new systemof medicine.

84. DIFINATION & MEANNING
• Homoeopathy is a system of treatment
(branch of medical science) works on the
principle of ‘‘Similia similibus curenter’’.
• Means like cures like , further explanation is
that patient & medicine symptoms are
similar, it also called LAW OF SIMILA

85. ABOUTTHEFOUNDER DR.HAHNEMANN
TheFounder of homoeopathy wasborn on
10th
April, 1755 at Meissen in saxony of
Germany.
He wasbasically a M.D Medicine allopathic
doctor who turned in to Homoeopath.
He Died on 2ndjuly 1843.

86. DISCOVERYOFHOMOEOPATHY
• Because some dissatisfaction on that time
about there practicing way of treatment i.e.
allopathy, he relinquished ( to give up) the
medical practice and devoted himself in
translating the books, because Hahnemann
had knowledge about the various language.

87. • In 1790, when Hahnemann was engaged in
translating Cullen’s materia medica his
attention was arrested by the remark of
author that cinchona bark cured malaria
because of its bitterness and tonic effects of
stomach. This explanation appeared
unsatisfactory to him. Hahnemann himself
ingested cinchona juice,

88. • He was attacked by symptoms very similar to
malarial fever. This unexpected result set up
in his mind a new train of thoughts and he
conducted similar experiments on himself and
other individuals with other medicines whose
curative action in certain diseases had been
well established.

89. • He found that in the healthy persons the
medicine produce symptoms very similar to
what they cure in diseasesindividuals.
• So he had led to the inference that medicine
cure disease only because they can produce
similar symptoms in healthy individuals. The
whole of homoeopathy derives from this Law.

90. FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPALOFHOMOEOPATHY
• 1. Law of Similia
• 2.Law of Simplex
• 3.Law of Minimum
• 4. Doctrine of Drug proving
• 5.Theory of Chronic disease
• 6.Theory of Vital force
• 7.Doctrine of Drug-dynamization

91. Principle
• The cause of the disease itself can be its
treatment i.e. Law of similar. This is the basic
principle of homeopathy.
• According to Hahnemann, diseases are
congenital and causedby genemutations.
• Toxic or poisonous substances are called
Miasmsare responsiblefor gene mutation

92. • Miasmsare of three types
• Psora
• Psychosis
• Syphilis
• These exist in a suppressed or sleeping state in
a person. As long as they are in that state, the
person does not suffer from diseases due to
resistance power.

93. • If any one of them stimulated , then the
person loses his resistance power and suffers
from diseases related to it. Therefore ,
Homeopathy iscalled a Geneticmedicine

94. Discovery of drugs
• The drugs are discovered by testing on
humans but not on animals . A drug is
administered on healthy person to induce
any one of the miasms and the symptoms of
the drugs are discovered

95. Treatment
• The treatment is based on he concept of
proving and prover
• Prover – Thehealthy person
• Proving – The symptoms (Physical, mental,
emotional changes) that are caused by the
various potencies of medicines in prover.

96. • For the treatment , the symptoms of the drug
are compared with the symptoms of the
patient. In other words the selection of the
drug depends upon the symptoms of the
drug and patient condition.

97. CHINESE SYSTEM OF
MEDICINE

98. • Traditional forms of medicine have been used in China
since the 3rd Century. Traditional Chinese Medicine
(TCM) system consist three parts.
Treatmen
t
Preventio
n
Theor
yYin-Yang
and Five
elements
Herbalism/
Acupuncture
Moxibustion /Cupping
Massage Therapy
Qi gong / tai-ji /
Meditation /
massage

100. •Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a unique, complete
medical system, that spans at least 2,000 years.
•In the earliest times, the Chinese, as most human
communities, often attributed major illness to evil spirits or
angry ancestors (family).
•As Chinese medicine began to take shape, the idea grew that
the body was composed of different organs, that each organ
performed different functions to ensure our health, and that
disease was a breakdown of these functions for a variety of
reasons.
•In Chinese medicine system, description of human
physiological and pathological processes differs markedly from
that of biomedicine.

101. Chinese physicians never
understood the role of bacteria and viruses as a cause
of disease. They attributed certain diseases to
environ- mental conditions, such as - wind, heat, cold,
and damp-ness(humidity), but they never developed the
technology to observe the microorganisms.

102. Yin-Yang and
Qi
• Traditional medicine revolves around the principles of Yin and
Yang, which are the opposites found in everything, such as
day (Yang) or night. (Yin)
• Practitioners believe that every person has a life force known as
“Qi.”
• The purpose of medicine is to establish a balance of the body’s
Qi.
Principles and Theory

103. Five elements
Theory
• The five vital organs (the heart,
liver, spleen, lungs, and
kidneys) are each seen as
corresponding to one of the
five elements of earth, wood,
metal, fire and water.)
• The five organs function in
an interlocked and
interconnected relationship.
• It is believed a pathological
change in any of the vital
organs will affect the health of

104. •The doctrines of yīn - yáng and the five phases make sense
of the universe by identifying correspondences between
different things. They are the product of “correlative
thinking,” that is, a kind of thinking that spots similarities
and connections between the many different aspects of our
world.
•“Yīn” and “yáng” originally referred to topographical
inclines. “Yīn” was defined as the north face of a mountain.
Similarly, “Yáng”
mountain.
was defined as the south face of a
Doctrine of Yīn and Yáng

105. It is used to describe function and relationship of these aspects
as part of a continuous process of transformation and change
in the universe. Applied to medicine, yin yang theory is used
to compare and contrast, and thus differentiate,
physiological and pathological phenomena.

106. •Yīn and yáng are applied to medicine in numerous ways. For
example, they classify partsof the
body.
yáng, while the lower body is yīn.
The upper body is
•When a person is healthy, these yīn and yáng aspects of
the body are “in harmony”. (syncronization)
•Diseaseisattributed to many different causes, but is
almost invariably linked to a disturbance of the body’s
normal yīn- yáng relationship. This may take different forms,
depending on the nature and location of the disease.

107. Taiji diagram - The classic yin and yang
diagram.

108. Dept of Pharmacognosy 11
Yīn and
Yáng in
Nature
Yīn (lower) Yáng (upper)
Night Day
Dark Light
Cold Heat
Earth Heaven

109. Yīn and
Yáng in
Body
Dept of Pharmacognosy 12
Yīn Yáng
Lower body Upper body
Chest & abdomen Shoulders & back
Interior Exterior
Viscera (internal organ) Bowels (intestine)
Fluids Qì (Gas)

110. TREATMENTS
•Herbalism
•Acupuncture
•Moxibustion
•Cupping
•Massage Therapy

111. Treatment: Herbalism
• Chinese herbal medicine has been used by Chinese people to treat
diseases for over 4,000 years.
• Herbs consists mainly of natural medicinal materials such as
plants,
■ animal parts, and minerals of medicinal value.
• Each ingredient has unique characteristics.
• The ingredients work in harmony to help a person’sbody.
• It is believed that herbs can help boost Qi and balanceYin/Yang.

112. Making Chinese Medicine
and Cooking food with
herbs
Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine --
mixing different kinds of herb to make
medicine that will cure diseases.
Chinese patent medicine (simplified Chinese;
traditional Chinese) are herbal medicines
generally consist of extracted condensed pills
called tea pills, which are usually small,
spherical, and black, appearing like black pearls.

113. Treatment: Acupuncture
• Acupuncture involves the stimulation of anatomical points on
the body with thin needled.
• Acupuncture patients usually feel little to no pain.
• Acupuncture needles are hair-thin and are manipulated
either by hand or electricity.

114. Treatment: Moxibustion
• Moxibustion is a traditional Chinese medicine technique that
involves the burning of mugwort, a small, spongy herb, to
facilitate healing.
• The purpose is to strengthen
the blood and improve Qi flow.
• Direct and indirect methods.
• Traditionally used to treat colds.
• But it is not for everyone.
• Because it is used specifically for patients suffering from cold
or stagnant constitutions, it should not be used on anyone
diagnosed with too much heat.

115. Treatment: Cupping
• Cupping therapy is a form of CTM in which cups are
placed on the skin to create suction.
• The cups can be made of a variety of materials,
including:
• Glass
• Bamboo
• Earthenware
• The suction of the cups mobilizes blood flow to promote
the healing of a broad range of medical ailments.

116. Treatment: Massage
• Chinese massage is known as Tui Na
• Uses wave-like motions to loosen joints and nourish
muscles.
• Brings awareness back to a person’s body, making it
a first step in the healing process.
• Stimulates the flow of Qi, blood and body fluids
• Can be used to treat pain, stress or digestion
problems.

117. Prevention and
Maintenance
• TCM attaches great importance to the prevention of
diseases, and Chinese people believe prevention is
better than cure.
•Nutritional Balance,
•Eating the right type of food,
•Massage,
•Qi-Gong, Tai Chi and
•Meditation.

118. Qigong
• Qigong is a Chinese form of exercise.
• It regulates the mind and breathing to promote the flow
of Qi.
• Qigong is often used to treat
diseases.
• External Qigong is performed on a person by a Qigong
master
• Internal Qigong is practiced by oneself.

119. Tai-ji quan
• Tai-ji quanis an internal Chinese martial art
practiced for both its defense training and its
health benefits.
• The study of Tai-ji quan primarily involves
three aspects:
• Health
• Meditation
• Martial art

120. Meditation
• Meditation has been practiced for thousands of years.
• It involves focusing on one thing, such
as breathing patterns, while clearing all other thoughts from the mind.
• Meditation is used to replenish the
flow of Qi, which helps to ward off illnesses.
• People may experience various
feelings during meditation. Some
people may begin to feel overjoyed,
while others may experience extreme
sadness, and even cry.
• Meditation is also popularly practiced
in western countries as a means of stress relief.

121. THANKYOU
siupa.pharma@gmail.com