The document discusses the adaptations of plants to different habitats. It describes four main habitats - mesophytes, hydrophytes, halophytes, and xerophytes. Each habitat has distinct characteristics in terms of temperature, water availability, humidity, and soil type. The document then provides examples of plant species for each habitat. It explains the various adaptive features plants in each habitat have developed, such as leaf structures, stems, roots, and reproduction methods, which allow them to survive in their particular environment.

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Adaptation of Plants to Different Habitats
We will learn about the adaptations of plants
7.1 Adaptations of Plants
Types of plants habitats:
Halophytes
Hydrophytes
Xerophytes
Mesophytes
Examples of plants based on different habitats:
Mesophyte
Helianthus sp. (Sunflower)
Zea mays (Maize)
Musa sp. (Banana)
Durio sp. (Durian)
Hydrophyte
Submerged plants:
Hydrilla sp.
Elodea sp.
Uticularia sp.
Floating plants:
Nelumbium sp. (teratai)
Eichhornia sp. (keladi bunting)
Platia sp. (selada air)
Lemma sp. (kambang)
Halophyte
Avicennia sp.
Sonneratia sp.
Rhizophora sp.
Brugeria sp.
Pandanus sp.
Nyla sp.
Xerophyte
Cactus
Pineapple
Pine trees
Characteristics of different habitats:

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Types of plants based on habitat Chracteristics of habitat
Mesophyte
Optimum temperature
Sufficient water supply
Optimum air humidity
Appropriate soil texture
Hydrophyte
High temperature at water surface
Sufficient water supply
High air humidity
Muddy soil
Halophyte
High temperature
Insufficient of fresh water supply
Concentration of mineral salts in water is higher and changes
High air humidity
Sandy soil
Xerophyte
High temperature
Lack of water supply
Very low air humidity
Dry soil
Adaptive features of plants based on different habitats:
Hydrophyte
Adaptive features Explanation
Leaf
Cuticle is absent in leaves of submerged plants
Stomata are absent in leaves of submerged plants
Stomata are only present on upper epidermis of leaves
in floating plants
The upper leaf surface in floating leaves are coated
with waxy cuticle
Submerged plants have no stomata
Gaseous exchange for submerged plants is through
diffusion of gases in water
Stem
Presence of aerenchyma tissue to have air spaces
Vascular tissues are poor developed
To float plants
To absorb water and minerals by osmosis
Root
Roots are poorly developed
Roots that anchor the soil is not necessary
Reproduction
Reproduction is mainly by asexual methods
The flowers and seeds are less abundant
Pollination seldom or unavailable under water
Halophyte
Adaptive features Explaination
Leaf
Thick cuticle is present in the epidermal layer
Sunken stomata are present
Leaves are succulent
Salt glands are present on the leaf margin
To conserve water
To store water
To remove excess salt from
plants
Stem
Stems are hard woody and covered with thick bark
Vascular tissues are well developed
For support
To transport water and
minerals
Root
The roott systems are well developed with prop roots,cable roots,buttress roots or
pneumatophores
To anchor muudy soil firmly
For gases exchange
Reproduction
Viviparous seeds
Enable seedlings to be
survived

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Xerophyte
Adaptive features Explanation
Leaf
Thick cuticle is present in the epidermal layer
Sunken stomata are present
Leaves are succulent or rolled
The stoma open during night-time and remain close during
day-time
Leaves are reduced in size or needle-like
To conserve water
To store water
Stem
Stems are succulent or woody and covered with thick bark
Vascular tissues are well developed
To store water
To transport water effectively
Root
The root systems are well developed,elongated with root hairs
To absorbs and pending sources of water and
mineral salts
Reproduction
Sexual and asexual reproduction
To increase the survival of species
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