This document summarizes a chemical engineering experiment conducted by students at Koya University to determine lifting force for different solid objects immersed in water. The experiment measured the weight of aluminum, brass, and polyoxymethylene samples in air and water to calculate lifting force using the formula that it is equal to density times gravity times displaced volume. The results were presented in tables showing weights, displaced volumes, and calculated lifting forces for each material.
Cara Menggugurkan Sperma Yang Masuk Rahim Biyar Tidak Hamil
lifting force
1. Koya university
faculty of engineering
Chemical engineering department
Lifting force experiment
2022-2023
Experiment date :(5-10-2022)
Submitting date: (12-10-2022)
Prepared by : supervised by:
Dima Jawhar Ms.Lameha A. ali
Srwa tahir Mr.daban luqman
Rayan hawez
Sntia louay
Danya amir
2. Table of Contents
Aim of this Experiment: ................................................................................................................................3
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................3
The theory of lifting force can be expressed: ...........................................................................................3
Equipment and tools :...................................................................................................................................4
Procedure :....................................................................................................................................................5
Table Of Reading and data collection : .....................................................................................................6
Result and calculations : ..........................................................................................................................6
Table of calculations and results :.............................................................................................................7
Discussion......................................................................................................................................................8
References: ...................................................................................................................................................9
3. Aim of this Experiment:
Finding lifting force for a solid object when thrown into fluid (H2O).
Introduction
The lift force, lifting force or simply lift is a mechanical force generated by solid objects as they move
through a fluid. In general, the lift is an upward-acting force on an aircraft wing or airfoil. There are
several ways to explain how an airfoil generates lift.
Lift is generated when an object turns a fluid away from its direction of flow. When the object and fluid
move relative to each other, the object turns the fluid flow in a direction perpendicular to that flow, and
the force required to do this creates an equal and opposite force that is lift. The object may be moving
through a stationary fluid, or the fluid may be flowing past a stationary object— these two are effectively
identical as, in principle, it is only the frame of reference of the viewer which differs.
In the case of an aircraft wing, pressure regions turn the passing flow of air downward towards the
ground. These pressure regions exert an equal and opposite force on the wing, called lift, that supports the
aircraft in the air.
a floating object from sinking. When the object is immersed in water (or any other liquid), its weight pulls
it downwards. Buoyancy opposes that weight and has a magnitude directly proportional to the volume of
fluid that would otherwise occupy the space taken by the object – in other words, to the volume of the
displaced liquid.
The theory of lifting force can be expressed:
FA=P*g*Vdisplaced
FGwater=FG-FA
Where:
(fa=lifting force ,p=density of fluid, V=volume displacement, & g=gravity)
4. Equipment and tools :
1. Stand
2. Beaker 350ml.
3. Beaker 100ml.
4. Over flow beaker
5. Sample experiment: ( brass (CU) , ployoxymethelene, aluminum )
6. Spring balance.
7. Graduated cylinder.
Figure-1 : tools and equipments for lifting force experement.
5. Procedure :
1. Weight each sample experiment ( brass (CU) , polyoxymethylene, aluminum ) by the spring
balance, The mass is hung on the end of a spring and the deflection of the spring due to the
downwards gravitational force on the mass is measured against a scale. Fg measuring unite N
before putting it into water:
• Take an iron stand and suspend a spring balance to it.
• Study the spring balance, its scale and its least count.
• Record your observations.
2. Find the weight of the samples in air:
• Take the samples ( brass (CU) , polyoxymethylene, aluminum ), tie thread to it and suspend on
the hook of the spring balance.
• Record the weight of the samples in air. Let this weight be FGAir
3. Find the weight of the samples immersed in tap water and record the apparent loss in (mL) :
Take an overflow can, fill it with water such that its water level touches the spout of the overflow
can.
Keep an overflow can under the spring balance such that the sample gets fully immersed in the
water of the overflow can.
Keep a beaker whose volume (mL) is recorded, at the mouth of the spout of overflow can.
As soon as the samples is suspended in water the weight on spring balance scale is recorded. This
loss in weight is due to buoyancy record it as FGH2O .
Collect the water that has overflown in a beaker till the last drop that comes out of the spout.
Measure the beaker in (mL) let this be volume displaced .
6. Figure-2 : steps of lifting force experiment.
Table Of Reading and data collection :
Material of the body FG (N) FGwater (N)
Volume displaced
(Vdis)(mL)
aluminum 2.3 1.45 85
brass 4.65 4.1 60
polyoxymethylene 1.25 0.35 86
Result and calculations :
FA = ρ g v
Aluminum: ρ=1
gm
cm3
-1000
kg
m3
g=9.8 g/s2
Vdis =85 mL 8.5*10^-5 m3
FA=1000*9.8*8.5*10^-5=0.83385
FGwater=FG-FA=2.3-0.83385=1.46
7. Brass : ρ=1
gm
cm3
-1000
kg
m3
g=9.8 g/s2
Vdis=606*10^-5 m3
FA=1000*9.8*8.5*6*10^-5=0.588
FGwater=FG-FA=4.65-0.588=4.062
Polyoxymethylene: ρ=1
gm
cm3
-1000
kg
m3
g=9.8 g/s2
Vdis=868.6*10^-5 m3
FA=1000*9.8*8.6*10^-5=0.8428
FGwater=FG-FA=1.2-0.8428=0.3572
Table of calculations and results :
material FG (Air) FG
(water)
(exp.)
FG
(water)
theory
FA Volume
(displeased)
AL 2.3 1.45 1.46 0.83385 85
brass 4.65 4.1 4.062 0.588 60
polyoxymethelene 1.25 0.35 0.3572 0.8428 86
9. References:
1. NCERT(2012),Lifting force experiment. Available at : https://www.cbsetuts.com/ncert-class-9-
science-lab-manual-archimedes-principle/
2. Gteek(2010),Polyoxy Methelene,digital pictures. Available at :
https://www.gteek.com/image/cache/catalog/Engineering_plastics/POM/Polyacetal_POM_C-rod-
1200x900.jpg
3. Otalum(2017),aluminum,digital pictures. Available at :
https://www.otalum.com/uploads/image/20201118/09/aluminum-round-bars2.jpg
4. Aluminumwarehouse(2018),brass bar,digital pictures. Available at :
https://www.aluminiumwarehouse.co.uk/media/catalog/product/cache/3/image/1000x/9df78eab3
3525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/a/w/aw_brass_round_bar_cat_3.jpg
5. CLAIRE MILLER(2017), Aerodynamics: The Theory of Lifting force. Available at :
https://owlcation.com/stem/Aerodynamics-The-Theory-of-Lift
6. Fluid mechanics, By R. K. Bansal(2013), DRAG AND LIFT FORCE IN FLUID MECHANICS.
Available at : https://www.hkdivedi.com/2018/11/drag-and-lift-force-in-fluid-
mechanics.html?m=1
7. Illustration , overflow cup: https://azeheb.com/overflow-cup-plastic.html [accessed date: 1 /10
/2021]
8. Illustration , lab stand , available at: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/laboratory-stand-
18638642791.html [accessed date: 1 /10 /2021]
9. Feng, J., Hu, H.H. and Joseph, D.D., 1994. Direct simulation of initial value problems for the
motion of solid bodies in a Newtonian fluid. Part 2. Couette and Poiseuille flows. Journal of fluid
mechanics, 277, pp.271-301. Available at : https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-
fluid-mechanics/article/abs/direct-simulation-of-initial-value-problems-for-the-motion-of-solid-
bodies-in-a-newtonian-fluid-part-2-couette-and-poiseuille-
flows/663FE066E132BD56516ECF861B5222F5
10. Weltner, K., 1987. A comparison of explanations of the aerodynamic lifting force. American
Journal of Physics, 55(1), pp.50-54. Available at :
https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1119/1.14960
