Association of Architectural Educators in Nigeria PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2018 AARCHES NATIONAL CONFERENCE.pdf

Association of Architectural Educators in Nigeria
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
2018 AARCHES NATIONAL
CONFERENCE
21-24 FEBRUARY 2018
SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA-
NIGERIA
EDITORS
Musa Lawal Sagada
Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University
Joy Joshua Maina
Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University

ii
Proceedings of the 2018 National AARCHES Conference
21-24 February 2018 hosted by the Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University
Editors
Musa Lawal Sagada, Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University
Joy Joshua Maina, Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University
First published in 2018
DECLARATION
All papers in this publication have undergone peer review involving initial screening of
abstracts, review of full papers, reporting of comments to author, revision of papers by authors
and re-evaluation of re-submitted papers to ensure quality of content.
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
© AARCHES National Conference
Copyright of papers published in the AARCHES Conference Proceedings belong to authors of
papers.
All authors of papers published in the AARCHES National Conference Proceedings retain the
right to re-publish their work in any format without the need for further permission from
organisers of the AARCHES National Conferences. Authors are however requested to
acknowledge that the original paper was first published by AARCHES as part of the 2018
Conference Proceedings.
Reasonable steps have been taken to comply with copyright obligations. We however make no
warranties or representations that material obtained in the papers do not infringe the
intellectual property rights of any person. We do not authorise infringement of
copyrights/intellectual property rights by authors. If you believe that any material in this
publication has been inappropriately used, please contact the Secretariat at
aarchessecretary@yahoo.com or aarchesecretary@gmail.com.
AARCHES accepts no liability for copyright infringements or inappropriate use of material in
any paper published.

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AARCHES 2018 FEB SCIENTIFIC REVIEW COMMITEE
The conference organisers would like to express their profound gratitude to the
following people in no particular order for graciously reviewing papers submitted for
the conference.
Dr. L. O. Frank Department of Architecture, Rivers State University of Science
and Technology
Dr. O. F. Adedayo Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology,
Minna
Dr. I. Alkali Department of Architecture, Bayero University Kano
Dr. S. Khalil Department of Architecture, Bayero University Kano
Dr. Abdul Isa Department of Architecture, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
University Bauchi
Dr. N. E. Suleiman Department of Architecture, Kaduna State University
Dr. Z. Bako Department of Architecture,
Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola
Dr. Y. A. Bununu Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Ahmadu Bello
University
Dr. P. G. Chindo Department of Quantity Surveying, Ahmadu Bello University
Dr. A. M. Stanley Department of Building, Ahmadu Bello University
Dr. A. Abubakar Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University
Dr. D. Abdulsalam Department of Building, Ahmadu Bello University
Dr. H. Babangida Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University
D. I. Evanero Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University
M. M. Salihu Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University
M. Abubakar Department of Building, Ahmadu Bello University
D. E. Ejeh Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University
Z. Sada Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University
Z. S. Ibrahim Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University
R. I. Haruna Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University

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A. Etudaiye Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University
I. I. Ilyasu Department of Urban and Regional Planning,
Ahmadu Bello University
P. Ugochukwu Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University
H. G. Mshelia Department of Architecture, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri
Prof. M. L. Sagada Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University
Dr. J. J. Maina Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University
Dr. K. Shamang Department of Architecture, Kaduna State University
Dr. M. Saleh-Bala Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University

2018 AARCHES NATIONAL CONFERENCE, ZARIA 21-22 Feb.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
WELCOME ADDRESSS BY THE VICE CHANCELLOR. AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY .....4
KEYNOTE ADDRESS 1: EXPLORING QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES IN ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH Prof A. O. Olotuah......................................6
KEYNOTE ADDRESS 2: RECONFIGURING SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AMONG THE
TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES OF CENTRAL NIGERIA: A PANACEA FOR
SUSTAINABILITY OF THE BUILT TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND MUTUAL
COMMUNAL LIVING Prof Z. A. Uji...................................................................................................13
A CASE FOR INCLUSION OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN
ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION E. M. Sankey, P. G. Chindo & Y. G. Musa-Haddary.........29
ACHIEVING TRIPATITE PRIVACY LEVELS IN THE DESIGN OF THE MUSLIM HOME
USING ISLAMIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES H. Babangida, H. Sani-Katsina & M. M. Kankia38
ADVANCING DESIGN EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY COLLABORATION FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: A REVIEW E. A. Allu. ..................................54
AN APPRAISAL OF ACCIDENT RECORD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF NIGERIAN
CONSTRUCTION FIRMS M. Abubakar, M. Abdullahi, K. Bala & A. Abdul-Alim..............63
AN EVALUATION OF CUSTOMERS’ SATISFACTION OF SHOPPING MALL FACILITIES
AT ADO BAYERO SHOPPING MALL KANO U. Shaibu, A. M. Stanley & D. W. Dadu ......74
ASSESSING GENDER DIFFERENCES IN STUDENT PERCEPTION OF ENERGY
CONSUMING ACTIVITIES AND APPLIANCES IN HOSTELS (A PILOT STUDY OF
DANFODIO AND RIBADU, ABU) A. G. Maitaya & J. J. Maina..................................................82
ASSESSMENT OF LECTURE ROOMS IN FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA USING CLIMATE BASED DAYLIGHT MODELING
A. O. Okotete, A. S. Salisu & A. Batagarawa....................................................................................91
BARRIERS TO ADOPTION OF GREEN ROOF TECHNOLOGY IN NIGERIA’S BUILT
ENVIRONMENT INDUSTRY M. M. Salihu...................................................................................103
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION: A
CASE STUDY OF ZARIA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE A. T. Gidado & A. Abdullahi...117
EFFECTS OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE ON BUILDING MAINTENANCE O. L. Kange...132
EFFECT OF MIX RATIOS OF MAIZE COB AND LIGHT DENSITY POLYTHENE (LDPE)
ON THE POROSITY OF PARTICLEBOARDS A. E. O Eneh......................................................147
ENERGY EFFICIENT AND GREEN BUILDING DESIGNS: A TOOL FOR TEACHING
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PRINCIPLES IN NIGERIAN SCHOOLS OF ARCHITECTURE I. O.
Ayanniyi, A. E. Ikudayisi & V. O. Adegbehingbe.........................................................................156
ENVELOPE DESIGN IN WARM HUMID ZONES AS A TOOL TO OPTIMIZE INDOOR
THERMAL COMFORT T. Arowona, R. B. Tukur & M. L Sagada..........................................171
ERGONOMICS OF THREE-WHEELED WHEELCHAIR AS A MOBILITY-AID USED IN
KANO CITY M. M. Mai ........................................................................................................................179

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EVALUATION OF MAINTENANCE OF GREEN OPEN SPACES IN URBAN AREAS: A CASE
STUDY OF THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AKURE, NIGERIA T. G.
Adeleke, A. E. Ikudayisi & V. O. Adegbehingbe ..........................................................................189
EVALUATION OF PASSIVE PREPAREDNESS FOR FIRE OUTBREAKS IN WUSE MARKET
OF THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY OF NIGERIA: A PANACEA FOR REDUCING
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION U. S. Odaudu..........................................................................207
EVALUATING THE APPLICATION OF CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PLACE IN
URBAN RECREATION CENTRES IN NIGERIA A. Shehu, S. S. Tulpule & H. O. Saliu....217
GLOBAL TRENDS IN BUILDING PRACTICES AND THE NEED FOR IMPROVED DESIGN
MANAGEMENT TRAINING IN NIGERIA A. E. Ikudayisi & V. O. Adegbehingbe, ..........228
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IN COMPLEX BUILDINGS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF
ORGANISATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND SPATIAL CONFIGURATION STUDIES IN
HEALTHCARE SETTINGS D. E. Ejeh, S. N. Oluigbo & M. L. Sagada ...................................243
HUMAN EXPLORATION OF VISUAL PERCEPTION OF GEOMETRIC FORMS FOR
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS L. B. Muhammad ....................................................................253
INFLUENCE OF DESIGN-DEPENDENT ELEMENTS AND ARCHITECTURAL FORM ON
ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF SHOPPING MALLS IN COMPOSITE CLIMATE OF ABUJA
G. N. Y. Ngague, M. L. Sagada & R. B. Tukur.................................................................................260
INVESTIGATING PERFORMANCE ENHANCERS OF ARTISANS IN THE NIGERIAN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED ARTISANAL HUBS IN
F.C.T., ABUJA J. D. Maton, P. A. Kigun, S. A. Lawan & O. Nwanade ....................................271
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE TRAINING AND PRACTICE IN NIGERIA: STRATEGIES
FOR IMPROVEMENT U. M. Gidado & A. A. Alao.......................................................................285
PASSIVE COOLING STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE THERMAL COMFORT IN THE DESIGN
OF PROPOSED SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ABDUGUSAU POLYTECHNIC,
ZAMFARA STATE I. Y. Chafe, R. B. Tukur & M. L. Sagada.....................................................293
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CONTACT WITH MOUNTAIN LANDSCAPE COMPARED
WITH URBAN ENVIRONMENT ON HUMAN WELLBEING H. Ojobo & N. E. Suleiman
......................................................................................................................................................................303
RESTRUCTURING THE LANDSCAPE OF THE SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE TO ENCHANCE
USER SATISFACTION D. A. Ayeni, O. S. Olanrewaju & G. Fadairo.....................................316
RETROFIT OF WINDOW GLAZING FOR ENERGY EFFIECIENCY IN RESIDENTIAL
BUILDINGS IN ZARIA R. H. Ibrahim, A. Muwatakkil & M. A. Falaki.................................327
SEARCHING FOR THE UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE IN ARCHITECTURAL PARADIGMS M.
A. Musa, Z. Sada & U. M.Gidado........................................................................................................339
SOCIO CULTURAL ASPECTS OF SPACE USE IN MARKETS IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA: A
CASE STUDY OF KURMI AND KANTIN KWARI MARKETS M. A. Abba, J. J. Maina & M.
L. Sagada...................................................................................................................................................357
SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGN: FRAMEWORK FOR RESILIENT
REDEVELOPMENT OF CONGO-RUSSIA, JOS, NIGERIA J. S. D. Dantong..........................376

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STUDENTS` PERCEPTION AND SATISFACTION WITH OPEN PUBLIC SPACES: A PILOT
STUDY OF AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY M. A. Rufai & J. J. Maina .................................392
SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION THROUGH EFFECTIVE
COLLABORATION IN NIGERIA O. O. Olusoga & O. S. Fagbemi...........................................403
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN OF CLIMATE SENSITIVE FACULTY BUILDINGS IN NIGERIAN
UNIVERSITIES O. O. Ogunsote & B. P. Ogunsote.....................................................................411
THE NIGERIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS’S PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
EXAMINATION: THE EXAMINATION PROCESS AND PROFESSIONAL’S PERCEPTION
E. I. Aghimien, A.R. Adeoye, O. T. Omoniyi & O. A. Oladipo...................................................432
THE USE OF DATA BASED HOUSING AS A TOOL FOR OBTAINING SUSTAINABLE
HOUSING PROVISION, A CASE OF AINAH ESTATE KARU, F.C.T A. Usman ..................442
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: PERSPECTIVES ON THE ARGUNGU FISHING
FESTIVAL A. Bello & S. H. Rasheed...............................................................................................452
TOURISM FOR SUSTAINABLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA I. I.
Iliyasu ........................................................................................................................................................462
TOWARDS ENHANCING NATURAL VENTILATION USING INTEGRATED SOLAR
CHIMNEYS IN HOSPITAL BUILDINGS F. Abdulhamid, R. B. Tukur & A. Batagarawa
......................................................................................................................................................................478
URBAN FORM, TRANSPORTATION PATTERNS AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN KADUNA, NIGERIA Y. A. Bununu & A. Y. Ubangari
......................................................................................................................................................................489
URBAN HOUSING DESIGN CRISIS: THE CREATION OF BARE LANDS IN SELECTED
NIGERIAN CITIES O. F. Adedayo, A. J. Adedokun, B. N. Onwuka & D. O. Alonge.........507
USE OF TRIANGULATION FOR VALID AND RELIABLE PHD RESEARCH: A CASE STUDY
OF ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MALAYSIA I. A.
Alkali, A. S. Kawuwa & I. S. Khalil....................................................................................................518
USE OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS FOR EFFECTIVE HOUSING DELIVERY
IN NIGERIA O. Fakolade, M. O. Ogunrayewa & M. C. Odoala ..............................................525
USER SATISFACTION WITH FACULTY OF LAW COMPLEXES IN NIGERIA IN THE 21ST
CENTURY M. M. Mayaki & M. M. Mai...........................................................................................536
USING TREES AS SHELTERBELTS: A PANACEA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN
YOBE STATE, NIGERIA A. E. Etudaiye, P. Ugochukwu & A. Haladu.................................543

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WELCOME ADDRESSS BY THE VICE CHANCELLOR. AHMADU BELLO
UNIVERSITY
Presented By The Deputy Vice Chancellor Administration, Prof. Kabir Bala
Chairman of the Occasion,
Dean, Postgraduate Studies,
Dean, Faculty of Environmental Design,
Other Deans here present,
HODs and Professors,
Conferees,
Students,
Members of the Press,
Invited Guests,
Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen
First, I welcome each and everyone of you to this Association of Architectural
Educators Conference holding this year at the great Ahmadu Bello University.
I would also like to welcome you to our unique campus with its serene environment,
which is conducive for these kinds of activities. I am sure however, that it is home-
coming for many of you, ABU being home to the first School of Architecture in Nigeria.
The theme of this year’s conference, “Trends in 21st Century Architecture and
Sustainable Built Environment” is quite apt. Development in Materials Technology on
one hand and the global drive towards Sustainable Development on the other hand
make it imperative for architects to evolve building design that will take both
phenomena into account. Population trends, especially in developing countries are
increasing at a very rapid rate, thus making a corresponding need for infrastructure to
accommodate the number the people in the planet. Architecture will play a very central
role in the provision of these infrastructure.
The theme of the 9th World urban Forum (WUF), which recently held in Kuala Lumpur
in Malaysia was “Cities for all 2030”. Professional, Administrators, Governments and
many other stakeholders spent several days discussing issues of inclusivity in 21st
Century Cities. A broad spectrum of issues such as education, employment, health and
sanitation, and well-being etc. are involved. The 9th WUF was aimed at Habitat III
(Setting the New Urban Agenda) in Quito in October 2016. Again the contribution of
architecture to the realisation of this objective is quite obvious. A number of the 17
SDGs are infrastructure related.
Renewable energy has taken centre stage in the Sustainability dialogue. The reasons
are not far-fetched. Hydrocarbon based energy sources are being de-emphasised due
primarily
• Their contribution to the production of Green House Gases (GHGs) on the
environment
• Depletion of known reserves and the detrimental effect
It therefore presented a credible challenge to architecture to evolve designs that are
energy friendly. For instance the design of buildings that exploit passive instead of

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active energy sources has become extremely important. Some of the passive
phenomena include day light and natural ventilation.
Materials also constitute another important component of the sustainability debate.
The need to utilise environmentally friendly materials has also become more and more
important. The need to factor the issue-embodied energy in our buildings is imperative.
Lighter materials with the prospect of the re-use could be explored. The use of
traditional building materials (cement, stone, timber) should be thoroughly be
examined. In many parts of the world, Portland cement is no longer being produced,
having been taken over by blended varieties and the use of timber for temporary
operation such as formwork and scaffolding have been disallowed, with stiff penalties
for defaulters. Continued research in the field of materials and technology is therefore
necessary.
Architects also need to evolve design of infrastructure bearing in mind the possibility
of re-using the materials and components. Buildings should be designed in such a way
that they can be de-coupled or precisely deconstructed. This will promote very
important aspects of sustainability, recycling, reduction and reuse.
The need to factor in sustainability indicators in design is also very important. There is
an overarching need for architects to ‘green’ their designs. Green building rating should
be considered by the appropriate government agencies. But before then, architects can
perhaps do a lot by rating their design with an existing rating tool such as LEED,
BREAM, Green star etc.
These are the thoughts of a novice in architecture and I hope that I have raised some
important issue which will be more professionally and intellectually discussed in the
next two days.
I wish you fruitful deliberations.

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KEYNOTE ADDRESS 1:
EXPLORING QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN
ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH
PROF ABIODUN OLUKAYODE OLOTUAH
Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology Akure 34001 Nigeria
www.olotuah.com
ABSTRACT
Research is an important component of the engagement of academics. It is one of the
three duties of academics, with the other two being teaching and community service.
Academics are required to teach their research knowledge, and therefore research plays
a central and essential role in the functions of academics. Research is carried out to
enhance the various disciplines of study, and it is in this realization that architecture has
been properly integrated into the academia. There are various strategies of inquiry in
research. These are the types of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research
designs. Because research is systematic and therefore procedural a research design
provides specific directions guiding the conduct of a research. The quantitative strategy
of inquiry is an analytical method of obtaining numeric data, and analyzing and
interpreting the data statistically. The various data analytical techniques used for
independent observations and samples are highlighted in this paper alongside important
considerations to be taken cognizance of in the use of quantitative techniques in
architectural research.
Keywords: academics, data, quantitative, research, techniques.
INTRODUCTION
Research is a systematic enquiry carried out to obtain data to solve a given problem. It
is systematic because it is planned, designed, and procedural (i.e. it has steps which are
related, interconnected, and sequential). A degree of thoroughness and
painstakingness is expected in the research process which culminates into findings
that could be disseminated, accepted, and applied. Research is expected to be
replicable. When a research is conducted, it should be possible to repeat it elsewhere
under very similar conditions, and similar results as the first should be obtainable. This
calls for a well planned research design, and a well articulated strategy of inquiry.
Academics are required to be engaged in teaching, research, and community service.
Research is concerned with knowledge generation, dissemination, and application. It
is the fulcrum of the pursuit of academics, and a fruitful and fulfilling career in
academics is anchored upon a successful engagement in it. As argued by researchers
worldwide architecture should be based on the knowledge of people’s needs, and
without research, scholarship and a vigorous knowledge base, the profession of
architecture cannot take stands on significant health, economic, social, political or
ethical issues. A stable basis for knowledge in architecture and in the creation of the
built environment has been variously argued.

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The main objective of research is to extend the frontiers of knowledge thus
contributing to the knowledge base of the various disciplines of human endeavours. In
the process existing theories which were propounded from earlier researches are
tested resulting into profound discoveries many of which have earth-shaking effects
and impacts on humanity. New theories are built in many instances where existing
ones have been scientifically disproved. A higher-order objective of research is to
establish relationships between or among the variables investigated in the course of a
research. Often times this establishes a cause and effect relationship as is found in
experiments (true and quasi), and in many other instances a correlation is established
showing how the variables co-vary together. This is the case in non-experimental
researches such as surveys that are prevalent in social and applied sciences like
architecture. Various approaches and strategies abound in research notable among
which is the quantitative technique that is the subject of this keynote paper.
Quantitative techniques are essentially analytical means of resolving research
questions, setting out scientific methods of data gathering, statistical methods of data
analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organisation. The techniques are many and
varied and are based on mathematical methods as found in algebra, statistics,
biometrics, and econometrics. It is a numerical means of investigating various
phenomena.
STRATEGIES OF INQUIRY IN RESEARCH
i. Quantitative research
This is the strategy of inquiry in research involving quantitative or numeric
investigation of a particular phenomenon. It is an analytical procedure in which
data is collected scientifically, and is statistically analyzed and interpreted. It is
comprised of experimental and non experimental investigations.
a. Experiments investigate the effect/impact/influence of an explanatory
variable on an outcome variable; that is determining if a specific treatment
influences an outcome. There are true experiments (with randomized
assignment of subjects/variables to treatment conditions) and quasi
experiments (with non-randomized designs). Experiments determine
cause-effect relationships.
b. Non-experiments particularly correlational studies e.g survey research,
which is the quantitative or numeric study of populations, study samples
drawn from a population with the intent of generalizing on the population.
A survey could be cross-sectional or longitudinal with the use of
questionnaires as research instruments or structured interview for data
collection.
ii. Qualitative research
This is a research strategy that does not involve the numeric study of a
phenomenon. The various types of qualitative research as follows:
a. Ethnographic Studies
This has to do with culture-related activities. A culture group is studied over a
period of time, and data is obtained and analyzed appropriately.

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b. Narrative Studies
This has to do with participants' views or opinions about a particular subject.
The researcher rewrites the stories as given by the participants.
c. Phenomenological Studies
This is entirely dependent on the participants’ description of the essence of
human experiences on a phenomenon. The participants are observed and
studied as part of a research process.
d. Grounded Theory
Data is collected on a phenomenon and a theory is generated out of the views of
the participants. This is a type of theory generation.
e. Case Studies
This involves an in-depth study of a particular phenomenon.
iii. Mixed Methods Research
This is a triangulation of both quantitative and qualitative methods. It comprises:
a. Sequential Study,
b. Concurrent Study, and
c. Transformative Study
QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
Quantitative techniques take their roots from post positivism as a research philosophy,
which represents the thinking after positivism. Earlier researchers believed in the
absolute truth of knowledge. But research has shown that the harder work is done
towards getting to the truth, the further away it seems to be. The earth was once
assumed to be flat; and the atom was once believed to be indivisible. In social science
one cannot be absolutely positive about knowledge when studying the behaviour and
actions of humans. Knowledge is assumed to be conjectural, which means there is no
absolute truth to it. This is the root of post positivism. It is the scientific method; the
empirical science. Post positivism is a deterministic philosophy in which causes
probably determine effects or outcomes. This is the theory of determinism in which
cause and effect relationships are examined in experiments especially in the physical,
natural, and applied sciences. Medicine is a life science in which cause and effect
relationships have not been established in many instances.
As an empirical science post positivism employs reductionism which is a procedure
that reduces ideas into smaller discrete units that can be studied. These are known as
variables. They are quantities the values of which change from one unit of investigation
to another. They are tangible and can be studied, that is they are observable and
measurable. They are thus subject to empirical investigations.
Post positivism takes a look at theories and makes an attempt to verify them. This is
called deductive research. A theory is first selected at the outset of a research, and then
it is tested and verified from data collected and analyzed. Post positivism is a scientific
approach based upon observable and verifiable evidence (data) which is statistically
analyzed and interpreted.

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Setting-up Statistical Decisions
Research is carried out to make informed decisions i.e. decisions that are not based on
intuition, experience or hearsay. Quantitative techniques require well articulated
research plans showing the procedures for data gathering, analysis, interpretation, and
presentation. They are based upon empirical investigations, in which data is collected
by the use of a scientific procedure, and the data is analyzed and interpreted
statistically. In quantitative research, there are three types of investigations that are
carried out. viz;
1. Investigation of relationships between variables
2. Investigation of differences between variables
3. Investigation of frequencies of variables.
For the purpose of data analysis the first and primary exercise is to choose the right
statistical tool(s). This procedure depends upon a number of factors, viz:
1. Type of investigation to be carried out.
2. Type of variables involved in the investigation
3. Number of variables involved in the investigation
4. Size of the sample
5. The pre-conditions for the use of the tools.
The major statistical tools used in quantitative data analysis for independent
observations are as follows:
1. Phi Correlation Analysis: When there are two nominal variables and the
relationship/effect/impact between them is being investigated, the Phi
Correlation Analysis is done.
2. Chi square Test: When there are two nominal variables and significant
relationship, between them is being investigated the Chi Square Test is
employed. (A significant relationship is one that is not due to chance, random
error, and/or sampling fluctuations)
3. One-Way Chi square Test: When there is only one nominal variable with many
levels and significant relationship between the levels is being investigated the
One-Way Chi square Test is employed.
4. Fisher’s Exact Test: When there are two nominal variables, each with two levels
only (dichotomous variables) and significant relationship between the
variables is being investigated the Fisher’s Exact Test is employed.
5. Goodman and Kruskal’s Gamma Test: Where there are two ordinal variables,
and the strength and direction of the association between them is being
investigated the Goodman and Kruskal’s Gamma Test is employed. It is a
measure of rank correlation.
6. Spearman Correlation Analysis:-Where there are two ordinal variables and
significant relationship between them is being investigated, the Spearman
Correlation Analysis is done.
7. Kendall Tau Analysis: - Where there are two ordinal variables and the sample
size (number of participants) is large (more than 8), and significant relationship
between the two variables is being investigated, the Kendall Tau analysis is
done.

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8. Kendall W analysis: - when there are 3 ordinal variables and agreement or
concordance between them is being investigated, the Kendall W Analysis is
done. It is also called the Analysis of Concordance.
9. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis: - When there are 2 interval
variables and significant relationship between them is being investigated, the
Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis is done.
10. Multiple Regression Analysis: When there are more than 2 interval variables
and significant relationship between them is being characterised the multiple
regression analysis is employed. Depending upon the types and calibration of
the dependent and independent variables involved there are different types of
the multiple regression analysis viz
a. Ordinary least square regression analysis
b. Binary logit regression analysis
c. Multinomial regression analysis
d. Ordinal regression analysis
e. Categorical regression analysis
11. Biserial Correlation Analysis:- When there are an interval variable, and a
nominal variable that was converted from an interval variable, and significant
relationship between them is being investigated, the Biserial Correlation
Analysis is done
12. Point Biserial Correlation Analysis: - When there are an interval variable and a
naturally occurring nominal variable, and significant relationship between
them is being investigated, the Point Biserial Correlation Analysis is done.
13. Tetrachonic Correlation Analysis:- When there are 2 nominal variables
converted from interval variables and significant relationship between them is
being investigated the Tetrachoric Correlation Analysis is done.
14. Kolmogorov-Smirnoff Test:- When there are two nominal variables and
significant difference between them is being investigated, the Kolmogorov-
Smirnoff Test is employed
15. Mann Whitney Test (U):- When there are two ordinal variables and significant
difference between them is being investigated, the Mann Whitney Test is carried
out.
16. Mood’s Median Test:- When there are two ordinal variables and significant
difference between their medians is being investigated the Mood’s Median Test
is employed. This is a special case of the Pearson’s Chi square test for ordinal
variables
17. Kruskal Wallis Test (H):- When there are more than two ordinal variables and
significant difference between them is being investigated, Kruskal Wallis Test is
employed.
18. Student T-Test:- When there are two interval variables and significant
difference between them is being investigated, the Student T-test is employed.
19. Z-test:- This is the same as used for Student T-test but for large number of
participants (large sample size i.e. greater than 30).
20. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA):- When there are more than 2 interval variables
and significant difference between them is being investigated the ANOVA is
done. There are the One-Way and Two-Way ANOVA depending on the number
of variables being investigated.

11
Following on from choosing the right statistical tool(s) there are important steps and
decisions required to guide the course of the research. Each statistical technique has
its pre-conditions for its use failing which a mass of useless data may be amassed.
Checks and balances are catered for by the proper application of the concept of
“standard error” emanating in the course of the research. Due to logistical reasons, in
practically every instance samples are drawn from populations upon which
generalizations are made. The samples need to be truly representative for
generalization to be feasible and as such sampling errors can be computed to guide the
process. The level of precision to be applied in a research is adopted at the outset of the
research, and this is often a prescribed standard for a particular discipline. In
architecture, as in most social and applied sciences, the level of precision which is the
level of significance is 5% corresponding to 95% confidence level. This is the indication
that at the worst case scenario data obtained and analyzed could only have been due
to chance, random error, and/or sampling fluctuations at the most at 5%. It is an
indication that the probability of committing Type-1 errors is 5% at most.
Adequate knowledge of the statistical tools from first principles would enable the
determination of observed or calculated values. Statistics are values obtained from
samples drawn from populations, whereas parameters are values obtainable if the
entire population were investigated. Statistics are used in research to estimate
population parameters. This is an important goal of the sampling theory, aside from
statistical inferences (generalisation) which are the very essence of the research itself.
Statistical packages found on computers (such as the SPSS – Statistical Packages of
Social Sciences) have taken the place of manual computations from first principles
since this is a digital age. The use of statistical packages enables quicker and more
thorough computations as long as the choices and procedures are accurately taken and
followed. However statistical packages do not interpret research results and
inadequacies in the fundamentals of quantitative techniques would vitiate the quality
of an otherwise good research.
CONCLUSION
A good mastery of the various data analytical techniques would aid the proper and
appropriate use of quantitative strategy in research. Of particular importance are the
correct interpretations of results obtained in data analysis, as well as the practical and
policy implications of the research findings. Quantitative strategy is analytical and it
requires careful applications of mathematical methods to research problems in social
and applied sciences like architecture. The correct use of statistical packages like the
SPSS is contingent upon a thorough understanding of the principles and science of each
analytical tool. Quantitative techniques are analytical means of carrying out research,
which is a major pre-occupation of architect-academics.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Agbadudu, A. B. (2009) Basic Statistics for Management Students and Practitioners, A.
B. Mudiaga Limited, Ambik Press, Benin City
Agbonifoh B. A. (1999) Research Methodology in the Social Sciences and Education,
Uniben Press, University of Benin, Benin
Brown, J. D. (1988) Understanding Research in Second Language Learning – a teacher’s
guide to statistics and research design, Cambridge University Press

12
Creswell, J. W. (2009) Research Design – Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed
MethodsApproaches, Sage Publications, Inc. California
Habraken, J. (2003) “Questions that will not go away: Some remarks on long term
trends in architecture and their impact on architectural education” Keynote
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Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the European Association of Architectural
Education – EAAE, Hania, Crete, Greece, 32-42.
Ikponmosa, O. (2006) Fundamentals of Statistics in Education and the Social Sciences
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Edition, National Book Consortium, Lagos & Accra
Kothari, C. R. (2004) Research Methodology – methods and techniques, New Age
International (P) Limited, Publishers, New Delhi
Mitchell, M. L. and Jolley, J. M. (2004) Research Design Explained 5th Edition, Thomson
Wadsworth, Canada
Morenikeji, W. (2006) Research and Analytical Methods (for Social Scientists, Planners,
and Environmentalists), Jos University Press Ltd
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Architectural Educators in Nigeria (AARCHES), 77-90
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Provision in Nigeria” CEBE Transactions, Online Journal of Centre for Education in
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http://dx.doi.org/10.11120/tran.2009.06010086
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home: Words, interpretations, meaning, and environments. Hants, UK: Avebury, 25–
51.
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Saudi Arabia” Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 11 (1), 67-76.
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State University.
Spiegel, M. R. and Stephens, L. J. (2004) Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of
Statistics 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi

13
KEYNOTE ADDRESS 2:
RECONFIGURING SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AMONG THE
TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES OF CENTRAL NIGERIA: A PANACEA
FOR SUSTAINABILITY OF THE BUILT TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENT
AND MUTUAL COMMUNAL LIVING
PROF ZANZAN AKAKA UJI
Department of Architecture, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.
Correspondence email: ujizanakaka@yahoo.com
A proposal for the reorganization of settlement patterns of local communities within the Central
Region of Nigeriato enhance better development and sustainability of the settlements againstthe
effects of somenatural disasters, constant armed conflicts and generalized acts of violence which
always result to destruction of homes and lives and displacement of survivors.
ABSTRACT
Successive governments in Nigeria have found it difficult to tackle the problem of
recurrent sectarian and communal clashes in the country. These crises have rendered
communities desolate, destroyed homes, farms, lives and means of livelihood and created
large populations of Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs)-displaced from their places of
habitation. The reason why such large populations are so easily decimated and/or
displaced is the nature of the settlements consisting of isolated home steads arranged in
isolated clusters of two, three, or fourhuts, sparsely scattered and spread over a large
region with a terrain that may be inaccessible by the most common means of vehicular
transportation. Besides, this extant settlement pattern does not permit easy enough
access of the residents to government services and amenities which are usually aligned
along, under, overhead or by the shoulders of roads. This study advocates a
reconfiguration of the settlement pattern of the local communities in formations of
clusters of neighbourhood units with township characteristics, in proximity to main
access ways and arteries. The aim is to generate proposals of moreclose-knit and
sustainable communities whose reconfigured pattern will enable them have improved
access to government-provided services and amenities. It is hoped that this re-
configuration of settlements will also make them less vulnerable to attacks and hence
ensure resilience against destruction of the existing dwellings and displacement of
persons arising from the incessant crises and conflicts in Nigeria.
Keywords: Crises, Conflicts, Disasters, internally Displaced Persons, Sustainable
Communities
INTRODUCTION
In the last couple of decades, there has continued to be recurrent spates of armed
conflicts and generalized violencein Nigeria, including violations of human rights or
vulnerable communities resulting intoforced displacement of persons from their usual
places of habitation, their homes, farms and property having been raided, destroyed
and laid waste, rendering the fleeing populace completely homeless and into a state of
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). The displacements have their roots from both
natural and man-made disasters (UN Guidelines, 2009)

14
It is a well-known fact that, some of the displacements of rural dwellers from their
homes emanate from natural disasters, like desertification, flooding, erosion, etc.
However, many more of the displacements have occurred as result of conflict-induced
crises, inter-ethnic wars, religious conflicts, boundary disputes, land ownership
disagreements, chief tainship affairs disputes, political party differences and election
disputes, or sometimes even reprisal attacks by one community over another
inretaliation for perceived earlier infraction of the latter community over the former
(Becker and Stauffer,1994). Indeed, continuing crisis seem to have escalatedin the last
decade between nomadic herdsmen and sedentary farmers with the cattle of the
former allegedly grazing, not just ordinary grass, but farm crops of farmers, whose
protest usually result into instant physical conflict occasioning loss of lives and
destruction of farms, homes properties andlivestock. Those who escape being killed,
nevertheless, inevitably join the increasing populations of IDPs (UNHCR,2013; Ferris
& Stark, 2012).
In all cases, within the Middle Belt zone of Nigeria, especially around the Benue valley,
displacement of persons, arising from conflicts, appear to have been so easy, due,
largely, to the scattered nature of settlement formations of nucleated homesteads in
deep inaccessible hinterlands,which make themvulnerable and easy targets for attacks
and the transient materials used for the construction of buildings, easy features for
destruction (Uji, 2014) This project thus aims to present proposals that seek to bring
these scattered home steads together into larger clusters with more closely knit
formations of settlements planned and organized in patterns with township
characteristics, with better organized road network and land use to ensure easier
access to government-provided services. It is also envisaged that larger cluster sakin
to urban neighbourhood formations, will, in themselves constitute a form of mutual
security with a better network of surfaced motorable roads, with services and better
security, much of their vulnerability to incessant attacks would have been considerably
reduced, even if not entirely eliminated.
Communities’ Vulnerability to Physical Attacks in Times of Crises
There are some obvious factors that predispose communities so easily to physical
attacks when ever disputes degenerate into a state of conflict situation. These factors
include (though are not necessarily limited to): location of the communities, settlement
patterns, lack of good accesses into the communities, materials used for construction
of dwellings, quality of the physical environment and quality of life of the people
themselves (Uji, 2010). We shall briefly take a look at these factors.
Location of Communitiesand SettlementPatterns
For most of our localrural communities, settlements are usually located in vulnerable
areas like remote isolated hinterlands, hillsides, swampy areas, or deep within forests
that make the homes invisible and inaccessible by vehicular traffic, or around valleys
that make the homes vulnerable to any form of attacks. To worsen matters, instead of
settling in larger clusters of home layouts with characteristics of townships, the
communities consist of small nucleated pockets of homesteads, making each isolated
homestead an easier target for invading enemies. In times of crises, they suffer
enormous amounts of property losses, homes, farms and human lives. They usually
return surreptitiously after the crises and rebuild their homes, the same way, to await
another round of crises (which are bound to erupt, yet again, sooner or later) Oluyemi-

15
Kusa, Iheme, Opara, Obafemi and Ochogwu, 2008). The commonest types of conflicts
such communities are subjected to, are mostly those caused by clashes with nomadic
cattle rearers, whose cattle, quite often, maygraze on the cropson the farmlands of the
local people destroying the peoples’ only means of livelihood. Because of the nomadic
nature oftheir life, constantly moving through forests, mountains, hills, valleys and
unpredictable terrains, throughout the vastness of the country, the nomads usually
carry weapons, presumably to protectthemselves against wild animals and other forms
of unpredictable danger. It is these same weapons that come in handy when they have
conflicts with communities they run into along their way. On the other hand, the local
communities, being only sedentary farmers, are usually without arms. Hence in any out
break of hostilities, the unarmed communities invariably suffer heavier losses than the
invading Nomads who, in any case,have no homes to be destroyed anyway.
Fig. 2. Isolated locations and settlement patternsas major factors of vulnerability
Fig. 2-.(a) and (b) below:Typical village settingof scattered isolated homesteads. Source: Author’s field
photographs

16
With isolated homesteads of 3, 4, or just 5 huts located kilometers away from the next
such homesteads, leaving a wide expanse of land in between for farming, whenever
conflicts/crises arise, it is easy for attackers to clear off such homes with little or no
resistance from the unarmed resident farmers
Materials Used for Building the Residents
Most of the houses occupied by the residents within the areas under study, are made
of unprocessed local materials–mud, reeds and thatch (of grass and leaves)
(Schreckenbach and Abankwa, 1982). Most of these materials are transient materials
highly vulnerable to fire hazards. Thus in time of crises, there is hardly anyhope of any
of them, especially the roofs made from those materials, effectively resisting or
withstanding destruction.
Fig. 2-3. Local transient building materials. Source: Author’sfield photographs
Physical, social and economic conditions of and within the living environment
Most residents are local subsistent farmers,using primary means of farming with
hardly any opportunities to graduate to mechanized system of secondary/tertiary
farming.There are hardly any motorable accesses from the cities to the villages. As
itinerant subsistent farmers, conveying any agricultural products to the market for sale
is an arduous task. In any case,with a hoe and cutlass remaining the main tools of
farming, there is barely enough at harvest to feed the family, talk less of taking anything
to the market. A lot of them have no access to loans (nor are they even aware of any
existing public grants to local farmers). There are quite a number of local craftsmen
and others with several talents in the production of wood/metal products, brick-layers
masonry workers and other locals skilled in weaving, carving, pottery, basketry and
numerous other equipment, tools and artifacts. Yet they are limited by lack of
exposure, lack of education, lack of access to the outside world, lack of funds to make
an economic enterprise out of these skilled ventures, etc. There are no shops, except

17
markets, which are periodic and located miles away from the homesteads with no
motorable accesses to them. There are no hospitals. The sick have to be conveyed to
townships (miles away) usually on bicycles, motorcycles or on foot. Schools are few
and far in between, but then, only at the elementary level, poorly staffed and poorly
operated. Most residents have never heard of matters like sewage disposal or water
closets–they use the surrounding bushes to relieve themselves. There is no pipe-borne
water or electricity. The quality of life is generally low (Zirra and Garba, 2006).The
drudgery and drabness of rural life, as encapsulated here, tends to push the youth out
into the cities in search of better life, leaving mostly the old folks and children who are,
naturally, not strong enough to repel or even withstand any attackers with any
formidableness. With this scenario of vulnerable communities, that come under attack
in times of crises, it is easy tosee why destruction of such communities is almost always
a fait accompli.
Spatial Reconfiguration, Material Use and theConcept of Sustainabilty
Because traditional architecture depends so much on sourcing of indigenous materials
for the assembly of its various components into buildings, the danger of ultimate
depletion of the local materials is palpable, hence an inescapable expectation is for us
to continue to look for an understanding of wayson how to deploy these materials in
such a way that, that risk is completely eliminated, or, at least, so substantially
minimized, as to pose no threat to future utilization of the same materials. That
knowledgeis available through the concept of sustainability. What is even more
potentially impactful on the human environment, requiring an urgent need to embrace
principles of sustainability is the fact that a variety of changes are occurring in the
environment that potentially pose serious danger to the environment as it is. These
events range from environmental changes due to natural disasters such as climate
change, earthquakes, hurricanes, typhoons, tsunamis, seismic earth movements, etc.
Although in Nigeria, as in most of Africa, the disasters just listed have not presented
effects in, as devastating a manner, as is the case with other regions of the World, other
natural disasters like desertification, deforestation, erosion and flooding have
continued to exert their own impact with effects just as debilitating. But even more
frightening are the activities of human beings themselves in creating human disasters
for themselves and for the rest of us. Such acts as has already been noted earlier in this
paper, include communal conflicts, wars, upheavals, disputes and general acts of
violence or terrorism againstone another that have caused environmental devastation,
loss of human lives and properties and displacement of persons repeatedly in a cyclical
manner (as though to say, because we were lucky to have been subjected to less natural
disasters by God, we must nevertheless create more of our own). The effects of such
devastation is being acutely felt from Libya to Liberia, ‘neighbouring’ Syria to Somalia,
Eritrea to Sudan, and Congo, in Central Africa, to Nigeria (with echoes and
reverberations from Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, etc.). Nigeria is still in the throes of the
debilitating effects of terrorist activitiesby the ‘Boko Haram’ terrorist group in the
North-Eastern part of the country, cattle herdsmen killingsand displacement of
farmers in the Middle Belt part of the country and, to some extent, occasional sparks
from militant activities from the riverine areas, protesting the despoliation of their
environment. In all these cases the environment is usually left in such a state that
concerted efforts must take years towards restoration and restitution (see generally,
Gyuse & Oga, 2006; Adamu, 2010; Haruna, 2010; Agzaku, 2006; Oluyemi-Kusa, Iheme,
Opara and Ochogwu, 2008). It is thus imperative that, not only shall we need a strong,

18
restorative and regenerating means of taking care of our environment in Africa (even
in anticipation of the inevitability of continuing occurrence of some of these negative
human activities) we also need a good education and knowledge of such a concept and
its redeeming effects. This concept is what is known as sustainability (Adebayo & Iweka
2009). By its historical emergence, principally from utilitarian considerations and
needs, traditional architecture, naturally, depended largely on local materials for home
construction. This therefore made it imperative that the deployment of local materials,
if it was to continue to be useful, had to be more amenable to the principles of
sustainability, as shall be explained here presently. Sustainability in the built
environment, it must be noted, is a situation that describes environmentally conscious
design techniques used in the organization of the given environment (see Wikipedia,
accessed, Jan. 12,2012). Sustainable architecture, according to the author, seeks to
minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency and
moderation in the use of materials and energy and development space. Theidea of
sustainability or ecological design is actually to ensure that our actions and decisions
today do not inhibit the opportunities of future generations. This is why the concept of
sustainabilityis becoming increasingly important, especially in matters of the natural
and physical environment.
The United Nations Commission on Environment and Development (UNCED)
maintains that athing issustainable if it meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Becker &
Stauffer, 1994). Applied to the environment, it means that the physical components,
structure, materials, the health, safety and the security of the environment, etc. must
be all sustainable for the environment to be considered sustainable. Thus, the idea of
environmental sustainability is to leave the earth in as a good, or better shape for future
generations, as, or, than we found it for ourselves. Thus human activity is only
environmentally sustainable when it can be performed or maintained infinitely
without depleting natural resources or degrading the natural environment (see
Adebayo and Iweka, 2009). These ideas on sustainability are anchored on the following
principles:
• Resource consumption would be minimal;
• Material consumed would be made entirely of 100% past-consumer recycled
materials, or from renewable resources (which were harvested without harm
to the environment and without depletion of the resource base);
• Recycling of waste streams would be 100%;
• Energy would be conserved and energy supply would be entirely renewable and
non-polluting, such as solar, thermal, electric, wind-power, bio-mass, etc. In
terms of buildings, these ideas may be summarized in a tabular form as shown
in Table 4.1 (Adebayo & Iweka, 2009)

19
Table 4.1. Principles of Sustainability
Source: Adebayo and Iweka, (2009)
There are several ways of planning and building environments in order to
achieve sustainability, as suggested by the principles in Table 4.1. Ideally, for a
sustainable environment to be considered to have been fully achieved, all the five
principles must be seen to have been incorporated into the planning, building and
operation of such an environment. In practical terms, however, the aim is to
worktowards in corporation of as many of the principles aspossible.
In spatial terms, sustainability will suggest response to flexibility of functional
use, adaptabilityto differing needs, planning that generally anticipates and takes care
of possible future changes, ensuring a sense of community in sharing responsibilities,
opportunities, security, services, communal and social spaces, garden spaces, means of
transportation, recreation amenities and good access to public utilities. In other words,
individualism tends to be minimized in favour of shared togetherness and
communalism. Thus rural traditional village settlement formations such as have been
shown (especially) of the central Nigerian communities will benefit more from the
concept of re-planning based on principles of sustainability more than the extant
inflexible configuration they tend to manifest at the moment. It isthus, this principle
that has been employed in suggesting ways and principles in which the traditional
settlements of the communities of Central Nigeria can be reconfigured to enhance
better access to amenities services of modern living, ensure sustainability of the
dwelling environment as well as promote better mutual communal living.
Strategies for Reconfiguring Settlement Patterns: Physical Factors
The need tocome together and rebuild a close-knit set of settlements with modern
principles of planning appears to be the most effective way to ensure easier access to
services such as roads as well as other amenities like electricity, communication lines
and other infrastructure. A close-knit settlement will, itself, also constitute a good form
of security and defense for the community against any future predatory attacks. It
should be noted that predatory attacks of local communities, such as being mentioned
here, are characteristics mainly ofrural dwellers. Such attacks can hardly ever be
contemplated about settlements in the urban areas. Indeed, in the urban areas
(especially in areas that may be designated as relatively high-density areas) any
conflicts may only arise from other causes such as from co-disputants, who may be the
former’s rivals to a given cause, a large variety of such settlements are so closely laid
out that, in a lot of cases, they are congested. Some of the techniques mostsuitable to
be deployed towards re-planning and re-building of rural communities,
inappropriately located, include Identification of theparticular area to be replanned
(where the area is already identifiable by way of an existing layout plan/map with

20
clearly defined boundaries, re-planning can easily start straight away with a suitable
road and circulation network, followed by landuse planning and the necessary detail
planning of neighbourhoods and connunities, etc).
However, where the area is not clearly identifiable, then the following steps can be
adopted:
(i) Take a google satellite image of the area to be able to define boundaries more
succinctly;
(ii) Design a most suitable road and circulation network;
(iii) Design a landuse pattern within the area, demarcating and specifying
neighbourhood enclaves and communities, residential areas, institutional areas,
commercial areas, health centres and (perhaps) light industries, with
accompanying designations for infrastructure and servicelines along routes.
(iv) With this framework avariety of details of neighbourhood design types can be
introduced, either as prototypes, or any other suitable varieties may be permitted
(see attached proposals alongthe lines suggested).
Fig. 4.1Map of an existing layout of local governments showing clearly demarcatedboundaries. The re-
planning of suchcommunities can easily be carried out beginning with a clear road network and land use
planning followed by introduction of neighbourhood planning, neighbourhood centres, community
centres and other uses (Source: Dar-Al Handasah, 1977)

21
Fig. 4.2A google earth satellite image of a community showing existing development and the rest of the
undeveloped areas. Using this image map, communities can be identified as well as their boundaries. The
process of re-planning can thenbe undertaken as shown in Figs. 3.3, 3.6 and3.7 Source of Map: Dar-
AlHandasah, 1974
Fig. 4.3 Proposed Land use map of Idah Town (Source: Dar-Al Handasah, 1977). Using this land
use map as a planning concept, this can be applied to a neighbourhood, a community, a town, a district, or
even a whole region, with correspondingunits beingdesignated as neighbourhoods, communities, towns,
or districts and re-planned within them in appropriate manner

22
Fig. 4.4 Proposed Land Use Map of Idah Town (Source: Dar-Al Handasah, 1977) fully developed with a
complete network of roads and other infrastructure, neighbourhood centres, community centrec,town
centres, or districts and re-planned within them in appropriate manner.It is to be noted that the wide
expanse of land reserved on the right side will bedemarcated into plot sizes and reallocated to individuals,
or groups for group mechanized farming, recreation and hunting.
Fig. 4.5 A proposed neighbouhood concept (Source: Uji, 2017). This concept of a neighbourhood plan
layout, taken fromthe author’s earlier proposal for an IDP camp, can be introduced into the appropriate
land use portions of the overall areabeing planned, with necessary variations, either as a neighbourhood
layout, or a community layout,

23
Fig. 4.6 Abird’s eye view of the proposed neighbouhood concept
(Source: Uji, 2017) in Fig. 3.7
Fig. 3.7 An alternative proposal of a neighbourhood concept to Fig. 3.7

24
Fig. 4.8 Abird’s eye view of the proposal in Fig.3.9
Where it is considered expedient to retain the concept of traditional settlement with
the housing configuration of, say, circular houses, some thought may need to be given
to accommodating and retaining this sort of pattern within the already planned
neighbourhood enclaves as appropriate variabilities mayreasonably allow, without
causing any distortion to the overall planning (as shown below).
Fig.4.9 A modified proposal of the traditional settlement formation within the traditional rural
communities. Such a proposal can be introduced as an alternative planning concept for neighbourhood
design, either entirely with curvelinear buildings as found within the traditional layout, or with a mixture
of rectilinear building types as modern trends and interest may appear to make a demand for such a
mixture. Spurce: Author’s conceptual planning, November, 2017

25
However, the retention of the traditional circular design pattern will be done bearing
in mind theneed for reconfiguration of the traditional concept of a room being also a
complete house and roofed with transient frame of reeds and grass thatch. A
reconfigured approach, while retaining the round form, will consider redesigning the
form to accommodate more than a room and introducing more sustainable materials
of seasoned timber as roof frame and a particular type of resilient type of spear grass
(called‘acho’) that has fire-resistance properties in much the same way as corrugated
metal sheets, for roofing.
Fig. 4.10 (a)The core traditional home and house configuration where a single round hut may serve as
both a room and acomplete house
Fig. 4.10 (b) Viewsof the grass thatched conical form of the typical traditional house form

26
Fig.4.11 A Reconfigured Circular Dwelling designed to accommodate as many asthree or even four rooms
roofed with elephant grass called ‘acho’with fire-resistance equivalent to corrugated metal sheet
Challenges
Projects of this nature will certainly face foreseeable mindset and other challenges
such as:
• Resistance to change in settlement pattern of age-long traditions and culture of
land tenure system.
• Fear and doubt of government intentions and anxiety about what becomes of
abandoned homesteads, grave and ancestral lands.
• Age long traditional burial practiceswhere the dead are buried either in the
courtyard of the homestead or close by the backyard under the belief that
ancestral spirits will protect the living and be intercession with the deity.
• Use of such graves as proof of ancestral and customary ownership of land.
• Other customary challenges–psychological, sociological, etc.
• Financial cost of infrastructure and other amenities.
Tackling the Challenges
• Mass campaigns and mobilization of traditional rulers, local civil societies and
other Diaspora groups, the clergy, relevant labour groups, youth groups,
community leaders, farmers groups, market groups, etc. to be carried along on
the overwhelming advantages of urbanized settlements.
• Survey and certification of family customary land and farm lands.
• Education (child & adult) will eventually change the mindset from remote rural
settlement to urbanized settlement.

27
• Schools and churches will be mobilized to teach, sensitize and preach the
advantages of urbanized settlements.
• Child and adult education shall be made free and compulsory.
• Employment, health, social and sportingfacilities provided in the pilot projects
will attract people to relocate.
• After a decade or two of successful implementation, urban settlements will
become the vogue and will hopefully become a reference icon to be copied.
• No one will be compelled to relocate to these reconfigured and replanned
urban-like settlements; it is expected/hoped the attraction of amenities will
exert the necessary pull to make people to move voluntarily.
• Government has to commit itself to the political will in the project by:
• Providing the funds as and when due.
• Establishing policy and regulatory agencies specially committed to the projects
such as a Ministry of New Townships (Lagos example), Ministry of Housing &
Urban Developmentheaded by Deputy Governor or some high ranking official
in the Governor’s office (UK & SouthAfrica examples), Ministry of Rural
Infrastructure Development and other Development agencies.
Appraisal, Summary and Conclusion
This paper has addressed the issue of conflicts in Nigeria as one of the major causes of
human-madedisasters among communities in the country.To the extent that Nigeria
suffers much less than a lot ofother countries of the World from natural disasters like
earthquakes, typhoons, hurricanes, tsunamis andeven flooding (which only recently
reared its head as a disaster) the country appears to deliberately courttrouble for itself
in form of unending man-made disasters (Uji, 2014).Such disasters come from the
wayseveral communities and individuals continue to create so many triggers of crises
that most often result into physical conflicts, destruction and devastation of vast
communities, rendering millions homeless. The paper laments that, government’s
response has most often merely consisted of raising panels for purposes of establishing
‘immediate and remote causes’ of the conflicts, drawing up white papers andthen
leaving the scene till further eruptionsof such crises occur elsewhere (Ekeh, 1999). The
people arethus usually left on their own to take care of themselves and pick up the
pieces of their lives in the after math of the crises. The focus of this paper was,
therefore, on how such vulnerable settlements and devastated communities could be
replanned and/or rebuilt to attain a formidable level of sustainability as a cautionary
measure against destructions and loss of lives that cyclically result from such crises
(Gyuseand Oga, 2006)
The paper, furthermore, made suggestions which focused on strategies for carrying out
the rebuilding process on the communities oreliminating the communities’
vulnerability in the environment, improving on the quality of the social, economic and
physical environment and, hence, quality of life ofthe communities’ residents. The
strategies also focused on improving the prospects of the community’s future
generations through innovative strategies for rebuilding their homes to ensure that
very little islost during crises and a lot more is reclaimed from the rubbles of the
destroyed homes after crises Sustainable redevelopment, using the right strategies, as
espoused in this paper will thus allow traumatized people to begin taking control of
their future, and ensuring that, that control is formidably and reasonably available to

28
their future generations without any unnecessary anxiety towards the prospects of
other crises that may yet attempt to spawn further future disasters.
REFERENCES
Adebayo, K. A. and Iweka, A. C.O. (2009). Sustainable Design and Construction of
Buildings: The Concept of Designfor Deconstruction. Architects Registration Council
of Nigeria (ARCON) Colloquium Proceedings, April 25–29
Agzaku, C. B. (2006). The Kwalla–Tiv Ethnic Conflict in Qua–an-Pan local Government
Area of Plateau State, inGyuse, T. T. andOga, A. (2006). Conflicts in the Benue
Valley.Makurdi: Benue State University Press.
Ayua, I. A. (2006). The Historic and Legal Roots of Conflicts in the benue Valley, inGyuse,
T.T. andOga, A.(Ed): Conflicts in the Benue Valley.Makurdi: Benue State University
Press.
Becker, W. S. andStauffer, R. F. (1994). Rebuilding for the Future: A Guide to Sustainable
Redevelopment forDisaster-Affected Communities.US Department of Energy.
Ekeh, C. (1999). Nigeria: Aguleri-Umuleri Conflict: The Theater of
TraditionalWar.www.connflictprevention.net
Gyuse, T.T. and Oga, A. (2006) (Eds).Conflicts in the Benue Valley.Makurdi: Benue State
University Press
Kamar, K. A. M., Hamid, Z. A., Azman, M. N. A. and Ahamad, M. S. S. (2011). Industrialized
Building System(IBS): Revisiting Issues of Definition and
Classification.International Journal of Emerging Science.1(2): 120-132, June
Oluyemi-Kusa, D., Iheme, F. O., Opara, P. O., Obafemi, L.and Ochogwu,
J(2008)(Eds).Strategic Conflict Assessment of Nigeria: Consolidated and Zonal
Reports.Abuja: Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution.
Schreckenbach, H. andAbankwa, J. G. K. (1982). Construction Technology for a Tropical
Developing Country.DeutscheGesellschaft for Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
GmbH (German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) DagHammarskjold
Postlach 5180, D. 6236, Eschborn 1 for the Department of Architecture University
of Sciwnce and Technology Kumasi, Ghana, West Africa.
Uji, Z. A. (2010). Building Collapse in Nigeria and the Collapse of National Values.
Unpublished Book Manuscript.
Uji, Z. A. (2017). Deploying African Traditional Architecture for Environmental
Sustainability in Africa. A lead paper, presented at the International
Symposium/Colloquium on Black and African Arts and Culture and the 21stCentury
Imperatives at the Commemoration Ceremony of the Fortieth Anniversary of the
Second World Black and African Festivalof Arts and Culture (FESTAC ’77) at the
Golden Tulip Hotel FESTAC Town, Lagos, Nigeria
Umaru, I, (2006). Exploring the Economic Underpinnings of the Toto Ethnic Conflicts
in Nasarawa State of Nigeria: A Primer, in Gyuse, T.T. and Oga, A.(Eds.): Conflicts in
the Benue Valley. Makurdi: Benue University Press
United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, 2009
United Nations High Commission of Refugees (1998). Internal Displacement
Monitoring Centre (IMDC), the NorwegianRefugee Council
Zirra, Z. F. and Garba, U. (2006). Socio-Economic Dimension of Conflicts in the Benue
Valley: an Overview of the Farmers-Nomads Conflict in Adamawa Central, Adamawa
State of Nigeria, in Gyuse, T.T. and Oga, A. (Eds.): Conflicts in the Benue Valley.
Makurdi: Benue State University Press.

29
A CASE FOR INCLUSION OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN
ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION
EMMANUEL MUSA SANKEY*
Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
*Correspondence email: esankey11@gmail.com
PETER GANGAS CHINDO
Department of Quantity Surveying, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
YAKUBU G. MUSA-HADDARY
Department of Quantity Surveying, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
ABSTRACT
Some accidents during construction, operation and/or maintenance phases have been
linked to designs, which is partly attributable to Architects’ poor or lack of knowledge of
occupational safety and health (OSH). This knowledge deficiency is being filled by
including OSH content in the curriculum in some jurisdictions. However, in a previous
study, a content analysis of the curriculum (both undergraduate, postgraduate
programmes) of a foremost School of Architecture in Nigeria showed there is no OSH
content, and it is not a requirement for accreditation by the National Universities
Commission (NUC). This paper presents a case for the inclusion of OSH education in the
curriculum of architectural education, which is in compliance with Article 14 of the OSH
Convention 1981 (No. 155) which Nigeria ratified on May 3, 1994, requiring OSH
education and training at all levels of education. Also, Article 6.1 (xii) of the National
Policy on Occupational Safety and Health (2006) of Nigeria, advocates for OSH
education/training and research in institutions of learning. This is significant in the
context of the major roles play by architects in the Nigerian construction industry,
particularly the building sub-sector. It is recommended that OSH be integrated into the
architecture curriculum to develop consciousness of safety, value for human life and
environment for healthy living.
Keywords: Occupational safety and health, education, curriculum, architecture
INTRODUCTION
The construction industry (CI) which is
the main operational domain of
architects is burden with fatalities,
injuries and ill-health incidents.
According to Alli (2008) every year
54,000 workers die and 42 million work-
related accidents that cause at least three
days absence from work occur in sub-
Sahara Africa. The global cost of deaths
and injuries is about 4% of global gross
national product (cost includes
compensation, lost working time,
interruption of production, training and
retraining, medical expenses, and
others).

30
Among the causes of construction site
accidents and ill-health identified, are
those that originate from the design as
they are attributable to design decisions
taken upstream the project lifecycle
(before the physical site works). They are
majorly due to design professionals’
knowledge deficiencies regarding
occupational safety and health (OSH).
Some of these are causes that could be
eliminated, substituted, or reduced to
controllable level, but poor or lack of
knowledge in OSH concepts (Idoro, 2011;
Lutey and Knoll, 2010; Okoye and Okoli,
2014) have remain a major barrier. Thus,
the inclusion of OSH in the curricular of
design disciplines (including
architecture) has been identified
(Tepper, 1994; Smallwood, 1996;
Gambatese and Hinze, 1999; Carpenter et
al., 2004; Zaneldin, Maraqa, Sweedan,
2014). It is a veritable means to implant
safety competence (knowledge, skills,
values, attitudes, and abilities) in
students as integral part of the
architecture technical competence.
Though in Nigeria, there are no specific
legislations or accreditation
requirements for inclusion of OSH in
architecture education (Sankey, Chindo
and Musa-Haddary, 2016), there are
regulations and compelling international
conventions Nigeria is signatory to, and
internationally recognised best practices
to benchmark. Article 6.1 (xii) of the
National policy on occupational safety
and health (2006) of Nigeria, and Article
14 of the Occupational Safety and Health
Convention 1981 (No155) ratified by
Nigeria, require OSH education and
training at all levels of education (Federal
Ministry of Labour and Employment,
2006; International Labour Office [ILO],
1981) to promote accident prevention
and protection. In the United Kingdom
(UK), the advent of the Construction
(Design and Management) Regulations
(CDM) 1994 (subsequently reviewed in
2007 and later in 2015) brought about the
inclusion of OSH content in curriculum. It
is similar in other jurisdictions such as
South Africa, Australia, Canada,
European Union member countries, New
Zealand, and so on.
A previous study of one of the foremost
schools of architecture in Nigeria
identified lack of OSH content in the
architecture curriculum and there is no
such requirement by the National
Universities Commission (NUC), the body
accrediting university education (Sankey
et al., 2016). It is only provided that
“Student Industrial Work Experience
Scheme (SIWES) is to expose the student
to knowledge of Health and Safety issues
on construction sites” (NUC, 2014 Draft,
p 27). A content analysis of the
curriculum for undergraduate, Masters
degree, and PhD taught courses was
done, including the requirements of the
NUC’s Benchmark Minimum Academic
Standards (BMAS). Consequently, this
paper presents a case for OSH content in
architecture curriculum through which
students could be prepared and
equipped to influence and practice safety
in the CI.
This section of the paper is followed by
the need to include OSH education in the
architecture curriculum, influence of
design on safety, how to include OSH in
architecture curriculum, conclusion,
recommendations, and references.
NEED TO INCLUDE OSH EDUCATION
IN ARCHITECTURE CURRICULUM
The Value place on human life and
wellbeing makes OSH education in the
curriculum a necessity to be able to curb
work accidents and diseases, and their
associated social and economic impacts.
More so, studies have established that
designs are link to construction site
accidents (Behm, 2005). 90% of
contractors interviewed, suggested the
inclusion of construction safety
education in the curricular of
architecture and engineering education

31
(Smallwood, 1996) to improve OSH on
construction sites.
According to Alli (2008, p.vii) OSH is the
“science of the anticipation, recognition,
evaluation, and control of hazards arising
in or from the workplace that could
impair the health and well-being of
workers, taking into account the possible
impact on the surrounding communities
and the general environment”.
Through OSH education, students
(before they get to the workplace)
develop the competence to identify
hazards, assess risk and identify possible
control to prevent accidents. Graduate
architects, without OSH education, enter
the workplace deficient in knowledge of
their safety responsibilities and the
necessary OSH rudiments, except their
natural safety-instincts. Therefore, safety
principles and management must be
learned (Lutey and Knoll, 2010) to be
able to predict and prevent accidents
(Elangovan, Mohammed & Mohan,
2005). Professionals whose education
contained OSH exhibited higher safety
perception, safety compliance, and lower
accident involvement than those with
university education only (Gyekye and
Salminen, 2009).
The Health and Safety Authority (2007,
p6) has articulated the objectives of
safety and health in the curriculum as:
• Fostering a ‘prevention culture’ in
young people and an appreciation of
the centrality of human behaviour
to accident prevention
• Fostering an understanding of and
sensible approach towards risk
assessment
• Generating awareness of hazards
• Enabling the identification and use
of controls to prevent accidents
• Understanding key concepts and
terminology in relation to health
and safety
• Basic knowledge of health and
safety legislation
• Knowledge of where to source and
access relevant information
• Particular aspects of subjects and
educational programmes such as
manual handling ergonomics,
chemical safety etc.
• Embedding engagement with health
and safety issues in educational
activities related to work
experience, preparation for the
world of work and transition to
working life.
OSH Legislations/Contractual
Responsibility
Construction site safety is traditionally
considered the duty of the contractors in
Nigeria’s procurement contracts, but
there is a paradigm shift in the global
safety trend. Project team members have
safety responsibilities to discharge. The
training of students of architecture needs
to prepare them with the requisite
knowledge for participation in the global
competitive marketplace. Some
internationally recognised regulations
and codes (ILO, 1981; ILO, 1992; CDM
Regulations 2015; ISO 18001) place on
the designer (architect) significant
responsibilities to ensure workers safety.
In the CDM Regulations like the ILO 1992
Code, architects (as design professionals)
have the responsibility to:
i. Check that clients are aware of
their duties (OSH)
ii. Eliminate hazards and reduce
risks during design
iii. Provide information about
remaining risks
iv. Check that CDM co-ordinator has
been appointed
v. Provide any information needed
for the health and safety file
In carrying out these duties, designers
need to consider the hazards and risks to
those who:
(a) carry out construction work
including demolition;

32
(b) clean any window or transparent
or translucent wall, ceiling or roof in or on
a structure or maintain the permanent
fixtures and fittings;
(c) use a structure designed as a place
of work;
(d) may be affected by such work, for
example customers or the general public
It is therefore imperative that the
knowledge and competence of architects
should have safety as a project objective
alongside the considerations of time,
cost, and quality.
Opportunity to Influence OSH
Architects perform functions such as
designers, Schedulers/planners,
supervisors, project managers, directors
in construction firms, consulting firms,
regulatory agencies, and as in-house
professionals in different organisations.
Therefore, beyond responsibility, they
have ample opportunity to influence
safety by:
฀ insisting on compliance with
contractual obligations regarding
safety (by use of approvals),
฀ influencing safety perceptions and
attitudes of workers,
฀ motivating client and contractor for
worker safety (moral and business
benefits of OSH)
฀ promoting OSH during management
meetings, and/or site meetings
฀ toolbox talks in contracting firms
However, the ability to carry out these
roles is hinged on acquisition of relevant
OSH education, which develops the
competence to identify hazards, assess
risks, and determine appropriate
preventive and protective safety
measures.
Knowledge of Hierarchy of Safety
Controls
A good grabs of the concept of
prioritization of control measures in
safety management is required as helps
in the understanding of appropriate
measures in curbing accidents and
diseases on construction projects. A
typical hierarchy is shown in figure 1.
In the hierarchy of controls, eliminating
hazards from the worker (prevention) is
given priority over protecting the worker
from the hazards. The hierarchy funnels
down in effectiveness from removing the
hazards (elimination), then replacing the
hazard with a safer substitute
(substitution), then engineering controls
where the hazard is isolated from the
worker, then administrative control
which involves altering the work process
to fit the worker, and lastly, the least
effective control is the worker using
personal protective equipment to
achieve some level protection against
some identified hazards.
Figure 1: Safety hierarchy of controls. Source: CDC Hierachy of Controls

33
The significance of this has been
corroborated by studies which show
there is greater ability to influence safety
early in a project’s life cycle and that such
influence reduces from the conceptual
design phase to the demolition phase
(Gambatese, Behm & Rajendran, 2008;
Swuste, Frijters & Guldenmund, 2012;
Zaneldin et al., 2014; Behm, Culvenor, &
Dixon, 2014).
Figure 2: Business/Economic Case. Source:Behm (2005)
The training of architects should help
provide solutions to problems in the built
environment, and these solutions should
be seen to be sustainable not only with
respect to the environment but also of
social, and economic prudence.
Occupational accidents and ill-health
leave in their trail economic and/or
social affliction on the individual(s),
employer, and society at large. OSH
affects reputation and impacts profit,
time, and quality of project. Therefore,
the curriculum should help students
imbibe the motivation for effective OSH
practices in business operations and
management. The ILO (n.d. p 19)
identified the implications of poor OSH
as:
(a) Incidents (accidents) have a very
negative effect on staff motivation
and morale, therefore reducing
productivity
(b) Incidents cause delays and
disruption, which has financial
costs
(c) Delays and disruption may result in
overall project delays
(d) Incidents may result in damage to
the works, requiring remedial work
(e) The number and severity of
incidents has an effect on insurance
premiums
(f) A poor reputation for OSH makes it
difficult to recruit good employees
(g) A poor reputation for OSH may
influence potential clients, who may not
wish to have their own reputations
tarnished.
The training of the architect should
entrench the capacity to help businesses
improve their safety reputation, staff
morale and productivity, reduce losses
from OSH issues, and profits ultimately.
Also, architecture graduates become
employable in OSH regulatory agencies
and organizations that require OSH skills
from applicants. In addition, they can
make a career as safety professionals.
Developing Safety-first Attitude and
Behaviour
The learning process develops the ability
to integrate widespread safety principles
(Perrin and Laurent, 2008), influence
perceptions, attitudes, and ultimately

34
behaviour that fosters built-in
motivation for safe and healthy practices.
It develops a “safety-first mind-set” in
students (Health and Safety Authority,
2014) making it part and parcel of
architecture competence, and therefore
enabling them protect themselves and
those around them. OSH in the
curriculum is a vital medium to mould
and “engrave” safety value in the minds
of students who are mostly young and
new to the workplace. For it is less
demanding to change the attitude of, or
teach young minds (Lew and Carpenter,
1995; Alli, 2008; Chindo and Adogbo,
2011). These upcoming professionals are
more amenable to consider safety
matters as integral part of their discipline
unlike veteran architects with little/no
safety value that prefer to maintain the
status-quo where safety is not an issue
for concern because they perceive
construction to be inherently hazardous.
Moral and Ethical values
Safety in construction is a moral and
ethical responsibility that recognises the
sanctity of human life and wellbeing,
including protection from damage and
loss. According to ILO ( ) safety and
health is a human right, and it is a value,
which makes human damage
incalculable. The attention given OSH
depends on the value placed on human
life in any society. Toole (2002) noted
that moral reasons should make
construction safety the concerns of
people (individuals and organizations)
involve in construction projects. Tepper
(1994) argued that the ultimate
motivator for compliance to safe
practices is the moral “need to reduce
pain and suffering to workers and their
families”. Moral reasons compel people
to indulge in voluntary compliance to
safety laws and regulations. Therefore,
when the tenets of OSH are emphasize
as part of the curriculum, it is most
likely that human value become
ingrained in the minds of young people.
INFLUENCE OF DESIGN ON SAFETY
Studies have established that design
decisions influence safety of site workers
(Gambatese et al., 2008; Behm, et al
2014). In a study by Smallwood (1996),
50% of contractors responded that
design affects construction safety and
health, Behm (2005) 42% of 224 fatality
cases were linked to design. Many of the
OSH problems encounter during
construction and operation phases can
be avoided if due consideration and
effort are invested during the project
brief and design phases. Architects need
to acquire the competence to eliminate
or reduce hazards originating from
designs to significantly contribute to the
efforts to improve site safety.
HOW TO INCLUDE OSH IN THE
CURRICULUM
Different views have been presented
over the approach to teach safety (Lew
and Carpenter, 1995; Perrin and Laurent,
2008). Construction safety can be taught
as a separate course, module in other
courses, or part of other courses. Though
Perrin and Laurent (2008) noted the use
of module in other courses, these
researches however identified its
disadvantages to include lack of interest,
knowledge, and experience of staff to
teach OSH. A stand-alone course is
without these constrains but has the
challenge of time slot in an already
crowded curriculum. To achieve
seamless teaching and mind-set
modifications, safety is better taught as
integral part of courses such as design,
building construction, structures, Law
and arbitration, building measurement,
maintenance, mechanical and electrical
services. But that will require the interest
and knowledge the lecturers in OSH.
There is need to promote OSH education
among lecturers, get those with interest

35
to train. However, it can start as a module
in design, building construction,
structures, and law and arbitration.
Alternatively, OSH can be taught through
workshops or seminars or some avenues
where participation is mandatory
(cognate course), assessed and graded.
CONCLUSION
Architects’ knowledge of OSH concepts
and management will improve safety on
building construction sites through use
of safer designs, supervision and
compliance to safety regulations. OSH
education will enable architects
benchmark safety best practices to
improve safety concerns on their
projects.
Though NUC who accredits university
architecture programmes has not placed
any OSH requirements on the
universities, it advocates for infusion into
the students the “understanding of the
context of design and construction” as it
affects people and the environment.
Inclusion of OSH education in
architecture curriculum is in tandem
with NUC’s objective of developing
“courses to meet the changing needs of
architectural education arising from
changing social, economic, psychological
and technological environment”. While
NUC requires students to learn OSH
during Student Industrial Work
Experience Scheme (SIWES) from the
Nigerian construction industry, which
has no reputation for good OSH practices,
emphasis needs to be on the curriculum
with the schools in the lead.
RECOMMENDATION
The value of human life is a moral and
ethical responsibility to uphold and
improve its sanctity. OSH in the
education of architects is needed to
achieve improvement on site safety, as
required in the ILO Convention No. 155.
Architecture students should rather be
taught OSH as part of the curriculum and
be further emphasised during SIWES,
instead of confining OSH to SIWES only.
The NUC should include OSH as a
requirement for the accreditation of
architecture and other related courses,
which will increase OSH awareness,
knowledge, and build competence for
industry practices.
Departments can teach OSH as a course
or module in other courses or part of
courses, depending on the peculiarities
of their curriculum space (time),
availability and interest of academics,
and materials.
For a start, resource persons can be
sourced from outside the department
and from industry before building the
desired in-house resource through staff
training.
There is need to bridge the disconnection
between government and the
institutions that could help drive the
implementation of, and compliance to
government policies and undertakings of
international conventions and treaties.
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from
http://www.ascee.org/public/confe
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38
ACHIEVING TRIPATITE PRIVACY LEVELS IN THE DESIGN OF THE
MUSLIM HOME USING ISLAMIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES
HAMZA BABANGIDA*
*Corresponding author’s email: babanhamza@gmail.com
HALIMA SANI-KATSINA
M.M. KANKIA
Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, Katsina
ABSTRACT
Tripartite privacy levels in the context of this paper refer to the three levels at which
spaces and other elements of design are used to achieve the privacy of family against the
outside world, against those allowed into the house and between family members
themselves. The Islamic Design Principles (IDP), are contextually referred to general
guides in the context of the Islamic legal system (Sharia) for application in the
management of existing Muslim built environment and development of new ones.
Accordingly, they were developed from various Sharia sources among which include the,
Qur’an and the Hadith, as primary sources. The aim of this paper is to firstly, identify the
Islamic Design Principles which apply to architecture and to secondly, use same to
demonstrate how they could be applied to achieve family privacy in residential design of
Muslim faithful. The research identified Islamic Principles and their relevance to
residential architecture on one hand and documentation of floor plans of existing houses
designed for and occupied by Muslims in Nigeria on the other. A four-bedroom duplex
among the documented houses was used to demonstrate how family privacy could be
achieved using the IDP at various design stages such as spatial rearrangement,
reorientation and reconfiguration of functional spaces as well as use of elements of design
such as perimeter fence, trees and shrubs. In the redesigned floor plans, the design
elements that were integrated include those which affected bedrooms, living rooms and
other spaces for family interactions. Overall, the outcome of this paper adds to our
understanding of the role the IDP could play in no distant future on novel design
approaches that supports the use of new architectural forms, shapes and design elements
to provide privacy needs of Muslim faithful.
Keywords: Architectural Design, Islamic Design Principles, Privacy, Residential architecture,
Sharia

Association of Architectural Educators in Nigeria PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2018 AARCHES NATIONAL CONFERENCE.pdf

Association of Architectural Educators in Nigeria PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2018 AARCHES NATIONAL CONFERENCE.pdf

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