Dissertation on BOICLIMATE ARCHITECTURE:Hot and Dry Climate.

1. BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the academic requirement of Graduation in
Architecture.
Submitted by-
RACHITA DALPATI
0809AR201073
Under the guidance of –
AR. SHAILJA SONI
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
IPS ACADEMY, INDORE
RAJIV GANDHI PRIDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDHYALAYA
(UNIVETSITY OF TECHNOLOGY OF MADHYA PRADESH)

2. BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the academic requirement of Graduation in
Architecture.
Submitted by-
RACHITA DALPATI
0809AR201073
Under the guidance of –
AR. SHAILJA SONI
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
IPS ACADEMY, INDORE
RAJIV GANDHI PRIDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDHYALAYA
(UNIVETSITY OF TECHNOLOGY OF MADHYA PRADESH)

3. ACKNOWLEDEMENT
I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude towards Prof. Ar. MANITA SAXENA,
Principal, School of Architecture, I.P.S Academy, who provided us with the opportunity of
completing this dissertation with a lot of support and motivation. I am extremely thankful to
Ar. SHAILJA SONI for her constant support and guidance towards the completion of this
project. This dissertation would not have been possible without her motivation and help. I am
thankful to our coordinator Ar. ANUGYA SHARAN and Ar. YASHIKA GARG for their
valuable guidance.
Lastly, I would like to thank all those who have directly or indirectly contributed to the
making of the report and helped me in the data collection. Nothing would have been possible
without them.
RACHITA DALPATI

4. STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY & ETHICS DECLERATION
I declare that the research entitled “BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE” is the Bonafede
research work carried out by me, under the guidance of AR. Shailja Soni, further I declare that
this has not been previously formed the basis of award of any degree, diploma, associateship
or other similar degrees or diplomas and has not been submitted anywhere else. I hereby give
consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for photocopy and inter-library loan,
and for the title and summary to be made available to other organizations.
Place: Indore Rachita Dalpati
Date:

5. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled “BIOCLIMATIC ARCHTECTURE” is the
Bonafede work of Ms. Rachita Dalpati, in partial fulfillment of the academic requirements for
the award of “Bachelors of Architecture Degree”. This work is carried out by her, Under my
guidance and supervision.
Dr. (Prof) Manita Saxena Ar. Shailja Soni
(Principal) (Dissertation Guide)
Ar. Anugya Sharan Ar. Yashika Gupta
(Dissertation coordinator) (Dissertation coordinator)
Place: Indore
Date:

6. ABSTRACT
A building's bioclimatic design is the design that governs the climate of each region and seeks
to ensure the essential conditions with low energy usage while utilizing the available
environmental sources. The primary goal of bioclimatic design is to help save energy for
lighting, heating, and cooling of buildings. Thermal protection shells, passive solar system
approaches, natural cooling and natural lighting techniques are some of the strategies utilized
in bioclimatic design. The primary goal of bioclimatic design is to adapt buildings to the local
climate of the environment while maintaining thermal comfort conditions inside. Traditional
settlements are sustainable in terms of natural context and available resources. The purpose of
this research is to investigate the environmental behavior of Vernacular architecture and the
identification of several aspects that contribute significantly to establishing a pleasant
environment and thermal comfort within traditional structures and their surroundings.
Identify solutions that give human comfort conditions in buildings based on the principles of
traditional architecture that have been understood for ages. In conclusion, bioclimatic
architecture is not just a design trend, but a critical response to the challenges of our time. By
aligning buildings with their surrounding climate and prioritizing natural systems, we can
create environmentally sustainable structures that enhance human well-being and contribute
to a healthier planet.

7. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................1
1.1) Aim: .....................................................................................................................................1
1.2) Objective:.............................................................................................................................1
1.3) Need: ....................................................................................................................................1
1.4) Scope:...................................................................................................................................1
1.5 Limitations: ...........................................................................................................................2
1.6 Research methodology:........................................................................................................2
2. HOT & DRY CLIMATE......................................................................................................3
2.1 Characteristics of hot & dry climate....................................................................................3
2.2 Hot & dry climatic zones of India .......................................................................................3
2.3 Climatic factors.....................................................................................................................4
2.4 Climatic problems and seasonal variation ..........................................................................5
3. TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICES IN HOT & DRY REGION .....6
3.1 Historical examples of indigenous architecture..................................................................6
3.2 HAWA MAHAL, JAIPUR..................................................................................................7
3.3 AMBER FORT, JAIPUR.....................................................................................................8
3.4 PATWON KI HAVELI, JAISALMER.............................................................................10
3.5 TAJ MAHAL, AGRA........................................................................................................12
4.PASSIVE DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR HOT & DRY CLIMATE .................................14
4.1 Passive techniques and characteristics ..............................................................................14
4.2 Various Methods to reduce heat gain in a building..........................................................14
4.3 Building form & orientation ..............................................................................................15
4.4 Shading solutions for reducing heat gain..........................................................................16
4.5 Reflecting surfaces .............................................................................................................18
4.6 Building surface cooling ....................................................................................................18
4.6 Roof ponds..........................................................................................................................19
4.7 Solar Chimney ....................................................................................................................19
4.8 Courtyard effect ..................................................................................................................20
4.9 Air vent & wind tower .......................................................................................................21
4.10 Evaporative cooling..........................................................................................................21

8. 4.11 Air cooling by tunnels......................................................................................................22
4.12 Thermal storage ................................................................................................................23
4.13 Passive down draught evaporative cooling.....................................................................24
5.ACTIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR HOT & DRY CLIMATE.................................26
5.1 What is Active design strategies........................................................................................26
5.2 Types of active design strategies .......................................................................................26
5.3 Evaporative cooling............................................................................................................26
5.4 Mechanical ventilation .......................................................................................................28
5.5 Building automation and control systems.........................................................................29
5.6 Solar Photovoltaic system..................................................................................................29
5.7 Rainwater harvesting..........................................................................................................30
5.8 Grey water system ..............................................................................................................32
5.9 High performance insulation..............................................................................................33
6.BULDING MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGIES................................................................34
6.1Sustainable Materials-.........................................................................................................34
6.2 Thermal mass materials......................................................................................................35
6.3 Reflective & roof cooling materials ..................................................................................37
6.4 Biodegradable & recyclable materials ..............................................................................38
7. CASE STUDIES IN HOT & DRY CLIMATE ...............................................................42
7.1 Sangath- an architect’s studio, Ahmedabad......................................................................42
7.2 Torrent research center, Ahmedabad.................................................................................46
7.3 Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad) .......................................................49
8. CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................53
9. REFRENCES.......................................................................................................................54

9. 1
1. INTRODUCTION
Bioclimatic architecture is a way of designing buildings based on the local climate, with the
aim of ensuring thermal comfort using environmental resources. They must also blend into
their natural surroundings. The main aims of bioclimatic architecture are to create healthy,
comfortable homes for the inhabitants of these buildings, while respecting the environment.
This approach integrates the building with its environment by optimizing the use of solar
energy, natural ventilation, and other passive design strategies, resulting in energy efficiency,
sustainability, and enhanced occupant well-being. To do this, it is essential to avoid using
polluting materials, ensure the wellbeing of local biodiversity and make efficient use of
energy, building materials, water and other resources. By integrating local materials and
traditional architectural practices, bioclimatic designs can preserve cultural heritage while
promoting sustainable living.
1.1) Aim: To critically analyze the principles and design strategies of bioclimatic architecture
to demonstrate its effectiveness in creating sustainable, energy-efficient, and comfortable
built environments.
1.2) Objective: To study-
 The meaning of Bioclimatic Architecture
 Basic principles of Bioclimatic architecture
 Bioclimatic design strategies
 Hot & dry climate Case study
1.3) Need: The need for bioclimatic architecture arises from the urgent need to address
climate change, resource depletion, and the quest for improved living standards. Buildings
account for a significant portion of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
Bioclimatic architecture offers a way to reduce these emissions by optimizing energy use and
minimizing reliance on non-renewable energy sources. Bioclimatic design strategies can
significantly lower energy consumption for heating, cooling, and lighting, leading to reduced
operational costs and decreased environmental impact. By minimizing energy use, carbon
emissions, and other negative environmental effects, bioclimatic architecture contributes to
the preservation of ecosystems and biodiversity. Bioclimatic designs create indoor spaces that
offer stable temperatures, improved air quality, and ample natural light, enhancing the
comfort and well-being of occupants. Bioclimatic architecture stands as a practical and
ethical response to these challenges, promoting a harmonious relationship between human
habitation and the natural world. Bioclimatic designs showcase environmentally responsible
building practices, raising awareness and educating the public about the benefits of
sustainable architecture.
1.4) Scope: Integrating three basic principles of Bioclimatic architecture – (Passive solar heat
protection, passive cooling techniques, natural day lighting system) into architectural design.
Increasing energy efficient building is one of the most significant areas of opportunity for

10. 2
energy conservation. Architects and designers can directly contribute to reducing the risk of
greenhouse effect by creating buildings, which consumes sustainably less energy. Although it
is not possible to control human activity within buildings that may involve careless use of
energy. The way in which the building is designed can moderate the use of energy without the
occupants having to be particularly aware of it.
1.5 Limitations: I do not incorporate any wind calculations, calculations of solar radiation
and any type of formulae.
1.6 Research methodology:
 Understanding The Concept – Bioclimatic architecture
 Studying about the characteristics of hot & dry climate
 Various passive and active techniques used in building
 Literature case study of bioclimatic building
FINALIZATION OF TOPIC
DATA COLLECTION FROM VARIOUS SOURCES
ANALYSIS OF THE DATA COLLECTED
COMPILATION OF DATA
CONCLUSION

11. 3
2. HOT & DRY CLIMATE
2.1 Characteristics of hot & dry climate
A hot and dry climate, often known as an arid climate, is distinguished by high temperatures
and low precipitation. This type of climate is most found in desert regions, where the
combination of high temperatures and low rainfall generates arid conditions.
A hot and dry climate has the following characteristics:
 High Temperatures: Hot and dry areas have high temperatures that often reach 100°F
(38°C) during the day. High temperatures can cause severe heat stress in both humans
and wildlife.
 Low Precipitation: Precipitation is generally less than 10 inches (250 mm) per year in
hot and dry areas. The scarcity of water makes it difficult to sustain plant and animal
life.
 Temperature changes: Temperature changes between day and night are common in hot
and dry areas. Because there is less moisture in the air at night, temperatures can drop
significantly even if the daytime highs might be extremely hot.
 Limited Vegetation: The arid conditions of hot and dry areas limit vegetation growth.
Plant life in these areas has adapted to conserve water and tolerate intense heat, with
drought-resistant shrubs, cactus, and other succulents common.
 Surface Water Scarcity: In hot and dry areas, rivers, lakes, and other surface water
sources are scarce. The lack of water bodies contributes to the aridity of these areas.
 Wind Erosion: In hot and dry regions, the dry, loose soil is prone to wind erosion,
resulting in the formation of sand dunes and other wind-shaped landforms.
2.2 Hot & dry climatic zones of India
The hot and dry climate zone of India is mainly located in the western region, including
Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Sholapur, Ahmedabad, and Rajasthan. Summer temperatures can range
from 40 to 45 °C, while winter temperatures can range from 5 to 25 °C. The region has strong
sun radiation, low relative humidity, and little rain.

12. 4
2.3 Climatic factors
 Temperature variations in hot & dry climate- High temperatures and low humidity
describe hot and dry areas. Temperature changes can be equally serious in such
settings, with significant variations between day and night.
High Daytime Temperatures: Extremely high daytime temperatures are common in hot and
dry areas. The lack of cloud cover and high solar radiation contribute to the extreme heating
of the atmosphere.
Cool Nights: Despite high daytime temperatures, hot and arid areas often experience a large
drop in temperature at night. This is due to the lack of humidity, which allows for efficient
radiational cooling.
 Precipitation is minimal-
Rainfall Scarcity: Hot and dry areas have limited and unpredictable precipitation. Many
deserts receive little yearly rainfall, and some may go for extended years without receiving
any significant rain.
Unpredictable Rainfall Events: When rain does fall, it usually falls in short, strong bursts,
causing flash floods in some cases.
 Low relative humidity- Humidity levels are typically low in hot and dry areas. The
lack of moisture in the air contributes to quick daytime heating and efficient nighttime
radiational cooling.
 Prevailing Dry Winds- arid, hot winds are common in hot and arid areas. These winds
aid in evaporation and can transport dust and sand considerable distances.
 Limited Cloud Cover- Because of the shortage of atmospheric moisture, hot and dry
areas typically have clear skies. This provides for maximal solar radiation throughout
the day and effective nighttime radiational cooling.
 High Rates of Evaporation- When high temperatures and low humidity combine,
water from the soil surface and vegetation evaporates quickly.
 High Potential Evapotranspiration- The maximum amount of water that could be lost
to the atmosphere through evaporation and plant transpiration is generally high.
 Geographic Influences- Hot and dry climates may include mountainous locations
where temperature and precipitation patterns vary with altitude. Valleys and lower
elevations may have greater temperatures, while mountainous places may have
lower temperatures.
 Seasonal Changes- Transitional seasons such as spring and autumn may have more
temperate temperatures. They may, however, be subjected to dust storms and weather
variations.
 Extreme Diurnal Temperature Range- In hot and dry areas, diurnal temperature
changes are large, with daytime temperatures significantly greater
than overnight ones.

13. 5
2.4 Climatic problems and seasonal variation
 Scarcity of Water:
Limited Precipitation: In hot and arid climates, rainfall is often insufficient, resulting in water
scarcity and drought conditions.
Water Source Depletion: Prolonged periods of low rainfall can result in the depletion of
groundwater and surface water resources.
 Excessive Heat:
Heatwaves: Heatwaves are caused by prolonged periods of severe heat in hot and dry areas.
High temperatures can be hazardous to human health, agriculture, and ecosystems.
Desertification:
Soil Erosion: Wind and water erosion can degrade soil quality, contributing to the spread of
desert areas.
Vegetation Loss: A lack of water and high temperatures can cause vegetation loss, hastening
the desertification process.
 Dust Storms:
Wind Erosion: In arid places, dry and loose soil is prone to being lifted up by high winds,
resulting in dust storms.
Air Quality Issues: Dust storms can have an impact on air quality, causing respiratory health
hazards and limiting vision.
 Wildfires:
Dry Vegetation: Hot and dry temperatures cause vegetation to dry out, increasing the risk of
wildfires.
Plant Life Loss: Wildfires can destroy plant life, alter ecosystems, and endanger human
populations.

14. 6
3. TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICES IN HOT & DRY REGION
3.1 Historical examples of indigenous architecture
Solar passive architecture: A Legacy from the Past Historic structures were created with
various sustainable characteristics that respond to climate and site. since heritage buildings
benefit from embodied energy because they are created with good craftsmanship and
materials that support a long physical life. They were designed with passive cooling, heating,
lighting, ventilation, water harvesting, and storage in mind.
Energy efficiency and water management are both required for sustainability. Thick walls
with high thermal mass, high ceilings, courtyards and verandahs, solar shading devices such
as jaalis, canopies, still and moving water bodies for evaporative cooling, natural ventilation
through wind induced flow to cool the interior, and efficient day lighting and water
management systems are all used in heritage buildings. Jaali in the wall prevents
direct communication. Jaali in the wall lowers glare while allowing adequate light in and
guaranteeing a continuous flow of air. Ventilators are vents located on the upper end of a
ceiling wall or on the top of windows that allow hot air to escape while retaining cooler air
inside and allowing light into the room. Jaisalmer and Jodhpur have extensive clustering
layouts to prevent buildings from being directly exposed to the sun.

15. 7
3.2 HAWA MAHAL, JAIPUR- Natural cooling system
The 953 jharokhas, or windows, in Jaipur's Hawa Mahal allow for air flow while also keeping
the temperature down. The palace's honeycomb-shaped and ornately carved windows allow
breezes to pass through, making it suitable for use as a summer retreat. The construction of
the Hawa Mahal allows the royal women to enjoy everyday city scenes as well as regal
processions without being spotted. The mahal is adorned with little lattice-worked pink
windows, balconies, and arched roofs with hanging cornices. In the heat, this allows a
delightful breeze to travel through the mahal, keeping it cool and airy. Despite the large
number of windows, each one is the size of a peep hole, ensuring the royal ladies' privacy.
HAWA MAHAL, JAIPUR
According to the scientific venturi effect, these tiny openings allowed air to push through and
cool the area (where air squeezed through the tiny holes and cooled the area). These windows
served two functions: one was to keep the palace cool, and the other was to allow the women
hidden behind them to see the world outside while remaining safe.

16. 8
3.3 AMBER FORT, JAIPUR- water lifting system
The architecture of Amer Fort is a stunning combination of indigenous and Mughal traditions.
The Maharaja Man Singh Palace within the fort complex was built in the indigenous style,
although later expansions by Mirza Raja Jai Singh I and Sawai Jai Singh II show a greater
Saracenic influence. This is due to the Rajputs' expanding interaction and cultural exchange
with the Mughals. The architecture of the palaces and other public structures is Mughal in
style, although the temples are largely indigenous North Indian in style.
AMBER FORT, JAIPUR
Courtyards, water systems, passive design approaches, art, and decorations are all built in an
articulate manner at Amber fort, exhibiting hydraulic engineering, architectural integration,
and precise urban planning.
The underground chambers of the structure are the most intricate aspect, as they incorporate
various passive design components such as wind tunnels, water walls, ponds, cisterns,
thermal mass, and material.

17. 9
Maota Lake served as the Amber Palace's primary source of water. Water was taken from the
lake and raised to various levels of its mechanism at Kesar Kyari Garden:
 STAGE 1: Animals, pulleys, and leathern bags were used to raise water from the lake
along the Kesar Kyari's eastern front. Using this technology, water was collected in
storage tanks erected on terraces overlooking the garden. A 125-meter-long sectioned
clay pipeline carried it from there to another storage tank at the bottom of the second
stage.
 STAGE 2: This stage consists of four different yet linked structures that are erected in
ascending sequence. Each structure has its own pulley and rope arrangement, as well
as its own intake and storage tanks at the bottom. Water is drawn from the bottom
storage tank to the top storage tank in leather bags strung over the pulley using a rope.
Water was transported from the first storage tank on the lowest level of Balidan Gate
[Dhruv gate] to the final one on the first floor. The structures varied in height from 10
to 13 meters, meaning that the system raised water to a total height of about 45
meters.
 STAGE 3: In the final stage of the lift, a Persian water wheel, or Rehat, is used. This
technique, known in Persian as 'Sakia,' appears to have been prevalent as early as
500BC. It is made consisting of a long wooden shaft that rotates on its axis and
provides power to the axle of the drum, which is attached to a rope with several
earthen buckets. The spinning drum drove the rope and its attached vessels elliptically
down into and then up through the water in the tank. During the procedure, the pots
were filled with water and pulled up the mechanism, decanting their contents into a
collection channel at the very top. The water was then pumped throughout the clay
pot network that connects the fortress.
Water lifting system
Tank at keshar kyari with pulley system

18. 10
3.4 PATWON KI HAVELI, JAISALMER
Patwon-ki-haveli is famous for its beautiful murals, exquisite woodwork, and spectacular
architecture. The complete complex is made up of five lesser but equally stunning havelis.
It was constructed in red sandstone between 1800 and 1860 AD and is noted for the beautiful
latticework on its stone and wood porticos. It houses a lovely flat that is lavishly decorated
with wonderful murals. Patwon Ki Haveli is noted for its magnificent wall murals, complex
yellow sandstone-carved jharokhas or balconies, entrances, and doorways. Even though the
building is made of yellow sandstone, the main doorway is brown. It's a gorgeous Haveli with
beautiful latticed havelis and a five-story building front.
The following are the defining features of the structure:
Chowk Parsal Choubara/Khadki
Zarokaha/Verandah Otala

19. 11
1. Chowk- a centrally located open space surrounded by partially or completely shaded parts.
Its primary function is to provide light and air to the activities going on around it. The
courtyards were also used as microclimate modifiers.
2. Parsal- Parsal is a partially covered area bordered on one side by an open courtyard and
completely shaded on the other by Khadki/Choubara. This area is shadowed by low-intensity
light. It incorporates both active and passive activities, as well as serving as a transitory area,
making it the most dynamic component of the house, located between the fully shaded rooms
and the open courtyard. It collects light from the courtyard and directs it to the chamber.
3. Khadki/Choubara- is a fully shaded space or chamber with an osari (partially shaded area)
on one side and an open or partially shaded area (Otala) on the other.
4. Zarokaha/verandah- location is shaded, sun-drenched, and breeze-drenched. An open or
semi-shaded place. The verandah, on the other hand, is located on the ground floor, while the
Zarokaha is located on the upper floors. Zarokaha is intended to shade the lowest storey while
enabling communication with the street.
5. Otala- Otala refers to the home's outermost part. A partially shaded or open space will
suffice. A raised outdoor space connected to each building and typically protected from the
weather by a verandah or rooms.
At Building Level Planning-
1. Out of five, two havelis are under the authorization of the Archaeological Survey of India
and one serves as private accommodation.
2. Kothari‘s Patwa Haveli is made up of yellow sandstone which can easily be carved and is
a good insulator of heat.
3. Each of these havelis are five storied. The main gate is on a high plinth of about 7‘or
8‘high reached by a flight of steps.
4. Here the otla (platform) planned along the main gate is partly covered and the ceiling of
the mol (drawing room) covers this space. The ceiling, which projects out helps in keeping
the basement cool. Rooms are well lit ventilated and by holes pierced in the form of taraphul
(star-shaped) holes. The lowest levels are provided with small openings to allow maximum
cool air to pass.
5. The chambers at ground level were designed to store things, so that the transportation of
material is easy. The first floor and above were meant for residential purposes of the family
members so that there is privacy. The mol is generally decorated at its best, and its back
portion on this floor is called medi. The mol is elaborately decorated to show the status of the
owner to the guests. The courtyard is small and enclosed by high walls.
Exterior

20. 12
1. Street facing facade, each of the five havelis has been well decorated with splendid
carvings, jharokhas, baris, sun holes and kanwals (oriel windows).
2. The haveli has 60 balconies (Jharokhas) that overlook the street and courtyard. The amount
of Jharokhas is more on the upper floors as compared to the lower floors.
3. Jali is provided all around the haveli for light and ventilation with decorative lattice work
on the exterior as well as in the interior façade. The jaalis are provided for the percolation of
cool air from small openings and lighting of the interiors and for privacy.
Exterior facade of Patwon ki haveli
3.5 TAJ MAHAL, AGRA
The Taj Mahal uses a variety of passive cooling strategies to keep the interiors brightly
illuminated and airy. Jaalis, a massive dome, high-thermal-mass walls, cross ventilation, and
the use of green spaces and water bodies around the architectural form are among the
features. All these factors contribute to the building's cooling, which is especially important
during the summer.
JAALI DESIGN IN TAJ MAHAL

21. 13
TAJ MAHAL
This study's findings are based on surveys of historical structures in hot and dry areas. It
uncovered some unique passive ways that were used in old constructions but are now out of
use and becoming increasingly rare. It is crucial to document these historical structures and
implement suitable conservation measures for these structures, which are a significant part of
our history. It is impossible to recreate a concrete legacy after it has vanished. If these historic
yet gorgeous structures are renovated and repaired, they can function as a tourist attraction
and create cash. To ease power shortages and make buildings more durable, sustainable, and
energy efficient, the tactics used in these historical constructions must be applied to modern
construction.

22. 14
4.PASSIVE DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR HOT & DRY CLIMATE
Passive Architecture involves integrating traditional architectural principles with solar and
wind energy, as well as the inherent qualities of building materials, to ensure that interiors
remain warm in winter and cool in summer, producing a year-round comfortable
environment. The passive system is integrated into the building features and materials in
passive building designs. It should be noted that passive architectural design does not always
imply the removal of typical mechanical systems. However, in modern designs, passive
systems combined with high efficiency backup systems significantly reduce the size of
typical heating or cooling systems as well as the number of nonrenewable fuels required to
maintain pleasant indoor temperatures.
4.1 Passive techniques and characteristics
The first step toward passive cooling in a structure is to eliminate unneeded heat sources.
Thermal loads are often classified into two categories.
1. Climate-related exterior loads.
2. Internal loads caused by people, appliances, cooking, bathing, lighting, and so forth.
Internally generated heat loads can be reduced by properly zoning separate components and
local ventilation of primary heat sources.
Depending on the weather, the thermal load enters a building in three major ways:
1. Penetration of direct beam sunlight.
2. Conduction of heat through walls, roofs etc.
3. Infiltration of outside air
4.2 Various Methods to reduce heat gain in a building
 Building orientation
 Shading by neighboring buildings
 Shading by vegetation
 Reflecting surfaces
 Building surface cooling
 Roof ponds and garden
 Solar chimney
 Courtyard effect
 Air vent, wind tower and evaporative cooling
 Air cooling by tunnels
 Thermal storage
 Passive down draught evaporative cooling

23. 15
4.3 Building form & orientation
North-South Orientation: For optimal daylight, prioritize north and south-facing walls while
minimizing direct sun exposure on east and west facades. During peak hours, this lowers heat
gain. Consider long, thin buildings that extend north-south, similar to typical courtyard
houses in the Middle East.
North-south oriented building
Orientation of building in this climatic zone should be such that non-habitat rooms can be
located on outer faces to act as thermal barrier. Longer walls of the building should face
North & South so that the building gets minimum solar exposure. Preferably the kitchen
should be located on the leeward side of the building to avoid the circulation of hot air and
smell from the kitchen.

24. 16
4.4 Shading solutions for reducing heat gain
1. Shading by Neighboring Buildings-
Buildings in a cluster can be spaced so that they shade one another. The amount and efficacy
of the shading, on the other hand, is determined by the type of building clusters. Martin and
March (1972) divided building clusters into three categories: pavilions, roadways, and courts.
Pavilions are single or clustered buildings surrounded by huge open spaces. Streets are large
building blocks constructed in parallel rows, separated by actual streets in open spaces, and
courts are open spaces bordered on all sides by buildings.
2. Shading by Vegetation-
Shading by trees and plants is a very effective means of cooling the surrounding hot air and
shielding the building from sun radiation. The solar radiation that the leaves absorb is mostly
used for photosynthesis and evaporative heat losses. The fluids in plants and trees store some
of the sunlight as heat. The optimal location for shade trees is determined by examining
which windows permit the most sunlight during peak hours in a single day during the hottest
months. East and west-facing windows and walls typically receive 50% more sunlight than
north and south-facing windows and walls. Trees should be placed in positions indicated by
lines drawn from the window centers near the west or east walls.

25. 17
3.Shading by Overhangs, Louvers and Textured Facade-
There are three types of devices that offer shading for an opening:
(i) Movable opaque, e.g., roller blind, curtain, etc., can be highly effective in
reducing solar gains but eliminates view and impedes air movement.
(ii) Louvers, which can be adjustable or fixed, affect view and air movement to some
extent and provide security.
(iii) Fixed overhangs, which are easy to achieve on single-story buildings with
overhanging roofs. It also protects walls and openings from rain and has minimal
to no influence on view and air movement.
In the summer, the roof receives the most solar radiation. As a result, it is best to shield the
roof from the sun as much as possible.
Protection from Strong Winds-Hot winds throughout the summer in hot and dry climatic
conditions are a source of significant convective heat gain and acute thermal discomfort.
Wind protection for a building can be supplied by utilizing existing topography, such as a
higher landmass, or by constructing wind barriers in the shape of trees, bushes, fences, or
walls. Typically, an opaque barrier causes a turbulent flow of wind, and heat must be avoided
from the sun-irradiated surfaces between the barrier and the surface.

26. 18
4.5 Reflecting surfaces
If the building's external surfaces are painted in colors that reflect solar radiation (to
minimize absorption), while the emission in the long wave band is high, the heat flux
transmitted into the building is lowered significantly.
Reflecting surface
4.6 Building surface cooling
Cooling building surfaces through evaporation of water offers a heat sink for the room air,
allowing heat to be dissipated. The presence of a water film on the surface of a building
element, particularly the roof, lowers its temperature below the wet-bulb temperature of the
ambient air even in the presence of solar radiation, allowing the roof surface to act as a means
of heat transmission from inside the building to the ambient air without increasing the
humidity of the room air.
Roof surface evaporative cooling involves keeping a homogeneous thin coating of water on
building roof terraces.
As a result, the roof temperature is significantly lower than the other parts. Because of the
incident solar radiation, the roof evaporation process can be very effective in both hot and dry
climatic zones as well as warm and humid climate zones. The impact of roof surface cooling
is determined by the type of structure.

27. 19
4.6 Roof ponds
During both the winter and summer seasons, the water stored on the roof serves as a heat
source and a heat sink. In this approach, the thermal resistance of the roof is kept to a
minimum.
During the day in the summer, the reflecting insulation keeps the solar heat away from the
water, which continues to receive heat through the roof from the space below it, cooling it.
During the night, the insulation is removed, and the water, despite cooling the living space
below, cools due to heat losses through evaporation, convection, and radiation. As a result,
the water, and its ability to cool the living space is restored. The insulation is removed during
the day in the winter. The water and black surface of the roof absorb solar radiation, while the
living space receives heat through the roof. During the night, water is insulated to decrease
heat loss.
4.7 Solar Chimney
A solar chimney uses the stack effect, but the air is intentionally heated by solar radiation to
create an exhaust effect. It is important to distinguish between stack effect ventilation caused
by the building and that caused by a solar chimney. In the former situation, the stack effect is
weak since the increase in building temperature is kept as small as possible (ventilation is
used for cooling). Because a solar chimney is isolated from the used regions, there is no limit
to the temperature increase within the chimney. As a result, the chimney can be constructed to
maximize both solar gains and ventilation effects. The variables influencing ventilation rates
are as follows:
 the distance between the inlet and the outlet
 the cross-sectional area of the inlet and the outlet
 the geometrical construction of the solar absorption plate
 the inclination angles

28. 20
Solar chimney
4.8 Courtyard effect
The air in the courtyard becomes warmer and rises because of the incident of sun radiation.
To replace it, cool air from the ground level rushes through the room's louvered apertures,
creating the air flow. The process is reversed during the night. As the warm roof surface cools
by convection and radiation, it reaches a stage where its surface temperature equals the dry
bulb temperature of the ambient air. If the roof surfaces slope towards an interior courtyard,
the cooled air sinks into the court, enters the living space through low level apertures, and
exits through higher level openings. This approach might work nicely in a hot and humid
area.
It is necessary to guarantee that the courtyard receives sufficient radiation to generate a draft
through the inside. A dual courtyard can keep air flowing inside the space.

29. 21
4.9 Air vent & wind tower
A vent is typically a hole made in the apex of a domed or cylindrical roof. Wind is directed
across the vent by openings in the protective cap. When air travels over a curved surface, its
velocity rises, lowering the pressure at the apex of the curved roof and causing hot air under
the roof to escape out the vent. Air is kept moving through the room beneath the roof in this
manner. Air vents are typically installed over living rooms, with a pool of water right beneath
the vent to cool the air traveling up to the vent by evaporation.
Air vents are used in regions where dirty winds make wind turbines unsuitable. It works well
in both hot and dry zones as well as warm and humid zones, as opposed to a wind tower,
which only functions in hot and dry zones. It is best suited for single units right above
regularly utilized living space.
Working of wind tower
4.10 Evaporative cooling
Heat loss from air (due to sensible cooling) results in a lower air temperature but no change
in the air's water vapor concentration. The air in the upper half of a wind tower is intelligently
cooled. Evaporative cooling occurs when water is added into a system. This type of cooling
involves a change in both the water-vapor content and the air temperature. When unsaturated
air encounters water, some water evaporates, reducing the temperature and increasing the
water-vapor content of the air. A wind-tower system that both evaporatively and sensibly
cools air is very effective. Evaporative cooling consumes far less energy than typical air
conditioning, making it a more sustainable and cost-effective solution. It does not use
hazardous refrigerants and has a low environmental impact. Evaporative cooling improves air
quality by adding moisture to the air, which helps to minimize dryness and discomfort,
especially in arid climates. Evaporative coolers are often less expensive to install and
maintain than air conditioning systems.

30. 22
Working of evaporative cooling
4.11 Air cooling by tunnels
Tunnel cooling, also known as earth air tunnel (EAT) cooling or earth air heat exchanger
(EAHE), is a passive technology for cooling buildings that takes advantage of the natural
temperature stability present beneath. This method is especially useful in hot, dry settings
where typical air conditioning is both expensive and inconvenient.
how it functions:
 Tunnel building is burying a series of pipes or ducts underground, often at a depth of
3-4 meters. In warmer climates, these tunnels take use of the earth's continuous
temperature, which remains cooler than the surface air.
 Natural convection or a fan draws warm air from the building via the underground
tunnel. The temperature of the air lowers dramatically as it passes through the chilly
earth.
 Cooled air distribution: The cooled air is then returned to the building via a separate
duct system, providing natural cooling.

31. 23
Earth air tunnel working in summer and winter season
4.12 Thermal storage
Thermal capacity effects in materials cause temporal delays as well as damping of
environmental parameters. As a result, temperature differences occur between the materials
and their surroundings, and this effect can be used for space cooling.
Trombe wall
 High thermal mass: Materials like concrete, adobe, brick, and stone have a high
thermal mass, meaning they can absorb and store a large amount of heat without
increasing their own temperature significantly. These materials are ideal for thermal
storage walls.
 Heat absorption and release: The wall absorbs heat from the sun or warm air during
the day and stores it inside its mass. This stored heat is gradually released back into
the interior at night, giving natural warmth.
 Insulation: Proper insulation on the outside of the thermal mass wall helps to keep the
stored heat from escaping into the surrounding environment.
 Wall thickness and orientation: The thickness of the thermal mass wall, as well as its
orientation to the sun, are critical to its performance. In most climes, thicker walls
store more heat, while south-facing walls enhance solar gain.

32. 24
4.13 Passive down draught evaporative cooling
The PDEC system is made up of a modified wind tower that directs outside breezes over a
series of water-filled pots, mist spray, or waterfall. They are intended to trap wind at the top
and cool outside air through evaporation before transferring it to space.
4 PDEC tower with pad: PDEC towers are made up of vertical wet pads. Water is sprayed
over the pads, collected at the bottom in a slump, and recirculated by a pump. When air
passes through this tower, it encounters water, which absorbs heat from the air, keeping it
cold and moist. As the air cools, it becomes denser and moves downward in the tower,
where it is directed to the internal chamber for cooling.
5 PDEC tower with spray: The PDEC tower with spray system works in the same way as
the PDEC tower with pad. However, instead of employing pads, water is directly sprayed
in small droplets to improve the contact area between air and water particles. As a result,
the maximum amount of heat from the air is absorbed in the shortest amount of time.
When smaller particles were sprayed, the highest temperature reduction of 12℃ appeared
within the first and second meters from the top, although temperature steadily fell with
larger drops.
According to evaporative
devices, applications utilizing
cooling technology can be
divided into two types
Pad and PDEC
tower
A spray-coated
PDEC tower

33. 25
Instead of pads, nozzles or micronisers are used to make water drip or spray. Misting tower
systems are very efficient; nozzles are installed at the top of the tower, and the sizes of the
water droplets sprayed are lowered, considerably improving evaporation. This system was
implemented at the TRC building in Ahmadabad, India, for evaporative cooling research
laboratories, and its results are comparable to conventional air conditioning.

34. 26
5.ACTIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR HOT & DRY CLIMATE
5.1 What is Active design strategies
Unlike passive design strategies, which rely on natural elements and architectural features to
achieve desired results, active design strategies involve the use of technology, systems, and
interventions to create environments that promote physical activity, social interaction, energy
efficiency, and overall quality of life. These tactics are frequently used in architecture, urban
planning, and public health. When thoughtfully implemented, active systems can
significantly enhance thermal comfort and energy efficiency in these environments. Active
design strategies aim to create environments that support healthier, more active lifestyles
while also addressing sustainability and energy efficiency goals.
5.2 Types of active design strategies
5.3 Evaporative cooling
Evaporative cooling systems offer a refreshing and energy-efficient alternative to traditional
air conditioning in hot and dry climates. These systems utilize the natural cooling power of
water evaporation to lower air temperature, providing comfortable spaces without relying on
refrigerants or excessive energy consumption.
Components:
 Water reservoir: A container that holds the water required for evaporation.
 Water is circulated throughout the system by pumps and pipelines.
Evaporative Cooling
MechanicalVentilation
Building Automation and Control Systems
Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Rainwater harvesting
Greywater recycling systems
High-Performance Insulation

35. 27
 Evaporative pad: A pad with a broad surface area that is specially built for efficient
water absorption and evaporation.
 The fan circulates air across the evaporative pad, causing it to cool and humidify.
 Ductwork: This system distributes cooled and humidified air throughout the area.
Working principle:
 Water circulation: The pump pulls water from the reservoir and circulates it
throughout the system.
 Water absorption: Water absorption occurs when water is evenly dispersed throughout
the evaporative pad, saturating the entire surface area.
 Airflow: The fan pushes air through the wet pad.
 Evaporation: Evaporation occurs when water molecules absorb heat from the air as it
passes over the pad. This procedure dramatically reduces the temperature of the air.
 Humidification: The cooled air absorbs moisture from the evaporative pad, raising the
humidity.
 Air distribution: The cooled and humidified air is then transported to the relevant
spaces via ducting.
Applications of mechanical evaporative cooling:
 Residential homes
 Commercial buildings
 Industrial facilities
 Agricultural structures
 Outdoor spaces

36. 28
5.4 Mechanical ventilation
Mechanical ventilation systems improve indoor air quality in households and business
buildings by removing stale air or delivering fresh air; some systems will do both.
Mechanical ventilation is essentially a duct coming into the building with a fan blowing fresh
air in and a duct leaving the building with a fan blowing stale air out. Because the fans are
driven and regulated, the ventilation is considered "mechanical," as opposed to a ventilation
system with no power and no control, such as “natural ventilation”. Mechanical ventilation,
such as mechanical extract ventilation from a bathroom or kitchen, is almost certainly present
in the building you are now in.
Heat recovery is achieved by employing a heat exchanger to transfer heat from warm to cold
air. The air inside a structure is usually warm because it has been heated in some way to make
the rooms comfortable to live in. Outside air, on the other hand, is often colder than interior
air for most of the year. Throughout the year, outside air is frequently colder overnight. This
is true even in what we believe to be warm areas. Using a heat exchanger, fresh cold outside
air can be warmed to a pleasant temperature by extracting the heat from warm stale indoor
air.
Mechanical ventilation systems deliver a consistent flow of outside air into the home as well
as filtration, dehumidification, and conditioning of the incoming outside air.

37. 29
5.5 Building automation and control systems
Smart thermostats: These programmable devices optimize energy efficiency by automatically
adjusting temperature settings based on occupancy and schedules.
Occupancy sensors detect movement and presence and automatically turn on and off lights
and fans in empty environments.
Building management system (BMS): These centralized systems integrate numerous building
systems, allowing for centralized control and improvement of energy efficiency and comfort.
BMS classifications:
 Centralized BMS: All systems in the building are managed by a single controller.
 Decentralized building management systems (BMS): Each building system has its
own controller that communicates with a central platform.
 Hybrid BMS: The term "hybrid BMS" refers to a system that combines characteristics
of both centralized and decentralized systems.
A BMS works as follows:
 Sensors: are the system's eyes and ears, gathering data on temperature, humidity, air
quality, energy consumption, and other aspects.
 Controllers: These are the brains that analyze sensor data and make decisions based
on pre-programmed rules or human input.
 Actuators: are the muscles that translate the controller's decisions into movements
such as altering HVAC settings, dimming lights, and triggering alarms.
 Central nervous system: is software, which provides a platform for data presentation,
system configuration, and user interaction.
5.6 Solar Photovoltaic system
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are changing the way we generate electricity by utilizing the
sun's plentiful energy to power our homes, companies, and communities. Through the
photovoltaic effect, these devices convert sunlight directly into electricity, providing a clean,
renewable, and sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuel-based energy sources.
The operation of a solar PV system is as follows:
 Solar panels: The system's heart, made up of photovoltaic cells using semiconductor
elements such as silicon. When sunlight touches these cells, an electric current is
generated.

38. 30
 Inverter: This device converts the direct current (DC) electricity generated by the
panels into the alternating current (AC) electricity utilized in homes and businesses.
 The mounting mechanism secures the solar panels to your roof or another suitable
position, ensuring that they are oriented for best sunshine exposure.
 Wiring and electrical components: These connect the panels, inverter, and other
components to the electrical system of your home.
 Net metering allows you to sell any extra electricity generated by your system back to
the grid, potentially balancing your electricity bill.
Solar PV system applications include:
 Residential homes: Produce clean electricity for your home, minimizing reliance on
the grid and lowering your energy expenditures.
 Commercial buildings: Use renewable energy to power businesses, boosting
sustainability and potentially recruiting environmentally concerned clients.
 Remote communities: Provide power in places with limited or no grid connectivity,
improving lives and promoting growth.
 Large-scale solar farms: Produce enough renewable energy to power entire villages or
even regions.
5.7 Rainwater harvesting
Rainwater collection and storage for irrigation and other non-potable purposes decreases
reliance on municipal water and reduces the heat island effect. It's a sustainable and cost-
effective way to reduce dependence on municipal water sources, improve water security, and
lessen the strain on our environment.
how it works:
1. Catchment area: Surfaces like rooftops, patios, or specially designed catchment
structures collect rainwater.

39. 31
2. Conveyance system: Pipes or gutters channel the collected water toward the storage
tank.
3. Filtration and treatment: Depending on intended use, the water may be filtered to
remove debris and treated to improve quality.
4. Storage: Rainwater is stored in tanks or cisterns, underground or above ground.
5. Distribution: Pumps or gravity can deliver the stored water for various purposes.
Rainwater collection has the following advantages:
 Reduces reliance on municipal water: This is especially important in drought-prone
areas or when water supplies are scarce.
 Reduces water bills: You can drastically lower your water bills by using rainwater for
non-potable applications such as irrigation, toilet flushing, or car washing.
 Rainwater is frequently cleaner and softer than municipal water, which is helpful to
plants and may reduce the need for water treatment.
 Rainwater collecting serves to lessen the impact of severe rains by storing water
rather than allowing it to overrun drainage systems.
 Improves soil health: Rainwater can be stored and used for irrigation, boosting
healthy plant growth and eliminating the need for artificial fertilizers.
 Rainwater collection contributes to a more sustainable environment by lowering
dependency on water treatment and infrastructure.

40. 32
5.8 Grey water system
Greywater is wastewater produced by your home's sinks, showers, bathtubs, and washing
machines. Greywater, as opposed to blackwater (toilet waste), is reasonably clean and can be
reused for a variety of applications, lowering your need on freshwater and minimizing
environmental effect.
How does a greywater system function-
 Diverter valves separate greywater from blackwater and direct it to the greywater
system.
 Pre-treatment: A simple screen or filter may be used to remove bigger particles and
debris.
 Treatment: Depending on the intended application, additional filtration,
sedimentation, or biological procedures may be required to remove additional
contaminants and ensure water quality.
 Greywater is often held in a tank or cistern that is either underground or disguised
within your property.
 Greywater is distributed to specific places for reuse using a pump or gravity flow
system.
Advantages of Using Greywater:
 Greywater reuse can greatly reduce your dependency on municipal water, cutting your
water bills and protecting vital resources.
 Improves water security: In regions where water is scarce, greywater provides an
important alternative water source, particularly for non-potable uses.
 Reduces environmental impact: Greywater systems reduce the pressure on sewage
treatment plants and safeguard waterways from pollution by limiting wastewater
discharge.

41. 33
5.9 High performance insulation
High-performance insulation transforms building efficiency and comfort. It goes above and
beyond typical materials, providing great heat resistance as well as a variety of advantages
for both residential and commercial settings.
What makes it "high-performance"-
 Low thermal conductivity means that the material resists heat transfer extremely well,
keeping your area cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter.
 Thin and lightweight: Unlike bulky traditional insulation, high-performance materials
can provide the same amount of insulation while taking up less space and costing less
to build.
 These materials are resistant to moisture, temperature variations, and pest infestations,
ensuring long-term performance.
 Environmentally friendly and sustainable: Many high-performance choices are made
from recycled or natural materials, reducing environmental impact.
Popular high-performance insulation materials:
 Polyisocyanurate (PIR) and Polyurethane (PU): Closed-cell foams with outstanding
thermal resistance, ideal for roofs, walls, and floors.
 Mineral wool: Made from rock or volcanic glass, it's fire-resistant, sound-
absorbing, and good for attics, basements, and walls.
 Aerogels: Lightweight silica-based materials with the lowest thermal conductivity of
any solid, offering exceptional performance in thin layers.
 Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs): High-tech panels with a vacuum gap, providing
unparalleled thermal resistance for specialized applications.
Aerogel Mineral wool
Polyisocyanurate (PIR) and Polyurethane (PU) Vacuum insulation panels

42. 34
6.BULDING MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGIES
The world of construction materials and technologies is continually changing, providing great
opportunities for designing sustainable, efficient, and comfortable places. Let's look at some
of the most recent trends and innovations:
6.1Sustainable Materials-
 Bio-based materials: Nature is giving sustainable alternatives to traditional materials
with remarkable strength, insulation, and fire resistance, ranging from bamboo and
hemp to mycelium and even fungi.

43. 35
 Materials made from recycled materials: Reusing and repurposing materials such as
plastic, concrete, and steel reduces environmental impact while creating one-of-a-kind
architectural ideas.
 Regionally supplied materials: Regionally sourced materials such as wood, stone, and
clay are gaining appeal since they reduce transportation emissions while also helping
local economies.
6.2 Thermal mass materials
Thermal mass materials, which are essential for controlling temperature and producing cozy,
energy-efficient environments. These materials absorb and store heat, slowly releasing it over
time, acting as a natural buffer against temperature variations outdoors.
how they work:
 Absorption: During hot periods, thermal mass materials absorb heat from the sun and
surrounding air. This heat is stored within the material's dense structure.
Silica plastic blocks are a strong,
lightweight building material made
of factory waste/dust and mixed
plastic waste.
Bricks made from recycled PET
bottle
wood Kota stone

44. 36
 Storage: The stored heat creates a thermal lag, delaying the transfer of heat into the
interior of the building. This keeps the indoor temperature cooler during the day.
 Release: As the outside temperature cools down at night, the stored heat is slowly
released back into the interior, providing a natural source of warmth.
The advantages of adopting thermal mass materials are as follows:
 Thermal mass improves thermal comfort by stabilizing indoor temperatures, reducing
the demand for air conditioning in the summer and heating in the winter, resulting in a
more comfortable living environment.
 Reduced energy consumption: Using less HVAC systems means reduced energy bills
and a smaller carbon imprint.
 Thermal mass works as a natural heat sink in the summer and a radiant heat source in
the winter, reducing the need for mechanical systems.
 Improved soundproofing: Because many thermal mass materials are dense, they
provide effective sound insulation, resulting in a calmer environment.
 Aesthetics: Thermal mass materials such as stone, brick, and concrete can lend visual
flair and texture to the interior and outside of a building.
Thermal mass materials that are commonly used include:
 Concrete: A versatile and cost-effective solution, concrete has a large thermal mass
and may be utilized in a variety of forms such as walls, floors, and slabs.
 Bricks have a high heat storage capacity and can be used to build walls, pavers, and
fires.
 Stone: Natural stone, such as granite and slate, has high thermal mass and gives a
sense of elegance to any environment.
 Adobe: Because of its high thermal mass, this traditional earth-based material creates
a natural and ecological building alternative.

45. 37
6.3 Reflective & roof cooling materials
In hot climates, battling the scorching sun and keeping your roof cool is crucial for
maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures and reducing energy bills. That's where
reflective and roof cooling materials come in, offering innovative ways to deflect heat and
keep your building cooler.
 Reflective materials- have a high albedo, which means they reflect a considerable
percentage of the sun's radiation back into space. This keeps heat from being absorbed
by the roof and transported into the structure. White paint, metal roofs, and reflecting
coatings put to existing roofs are some examples.
 Roof cooling materials- These materials use a variety of methods to dissipate heat and
lower the surface temperature of the roof. Some popular choices are:
1. Emissive materials emit heat back into the atmosphere, acting as a natural radiator.
Pigmented coatings and customized roof membranes are two examples.
2. Evaporative cooling materials absorb water and evaporate it into the air through a
process known as evaporation. This technique dramatically cools the roof surface.
Green roofs and other distinctive features are examples.
3. Phase-change materials (PCMs): PCMs are materials that collect and store heat during
the day and release it at night, resulting in a thermal lag that keeps the structure cool.
For roof applications, PCMs are still in the early stages of development.
Cool roofing system
Examples of reflective and roof cooling materials:
 White elastomeric roof coatings: These coatings reflect heat and can be applied to
existing roofs.
 Metal roofs with a high solar reflectance index (SRI): These roofs offer excellent heat
reflectivity and durability.
 Green roofs: Vegetation on roofs provides natural cooling and insulation.

46. 38
6.4 Biodegradable & recyclable materials
The building sector is eager to embrace sustainability, and biodegradable and recyclable
materials are leading the way. These creative choices lessen dependency on resource-
intensive materials such as concrete and steel while minimizing environmental effect and
fostering circularity in the construction process.
Green roof
Metal roofs with a high solar reflectance
index (SRI)
White elastomeric roof coatings

47. 39
Biodegradable Materials:
 Timber and bamboo- are fast-growing, renewable resources that provide structural
strength as well as natural beauty. Bamboo shines in beams, panels, and even
scaffolding, whilst timber can be utilized for framing, flooring, and cladding.
 Mycelium- This fungal network has the potential to develop into bricks, insulation
panels, and even furniture! Its distinguishing characteristics include fire resistance,
biodegradability, and even self-healing capabilities.
 Hempcrete- Hempcrete is a lightweight, fire-resistant, and insulating material made
from hemp fibers and lime. It is ideal for walls and partitions. It also sequesters CO2,
making it a truly sustainable option.
 Straw bales- Do not dismiss the basic straw bale! These bales provide great insulation
and can be used to construct walls, roofs, and even load-bearing buildings. They are
inherently fire-resistant and require little processing, making them an economical
choice.
Bamboo Mycelium bricks
Hempcrete brick Straw bales

48. 40
Recyclable Materials:
 Recycled concrete: Crushed and processed concrete can be used as aggregate in
new concrete mixes, reducing the need for virgin materials and minimizing
landfill waste.
 Recycled steel: This versatile material can be repurposed into
beams, columns, and other structural elements, offering excellent strength and
durability.
 Fly ash: A byproduct of coal burning, fly ash can be used as a partial replacement
for cement in concrete, reducing carbon footprint and resource consumption.
 Demolition debris: Bricks, wood, and other materials from demolished buildings
can be salvaged and reused in new construction projects, minimizing waste and
promoting circularity.
Benefits of using Biodegradable & Recyclable Materials:
 Reduced environmental impact: These materials minimize resource extraction, waste
generation, and carbon footprint compared to traditional options.
 Improved resource efficiency: They promote circularity in the construction industry
by giving materials a second life.
Recycled concrete Demolition bricks
Fly ash bricks

49. 41
 Enhanced building performance: Many biodegradable and recyclable materials offer
unique properties like insulation, fire resistance, and soundproofing.
 Cost-effectiveness: While some options may have a higher upfront cost, their long-
term durability and potential for resource savings can make them a cost-effective
choice.
 Innovation and creativity: These materials inspire architects and engineers to explore
new design possibilities and create sustainable and aesthetically pleasing buildings.

50. 42
7. CASE STUDIES IN HOT & DRY CLIMATE
7.1 Sangath- an architect’s studio, Ahmedabad
Sangath is an architect's studio located in Ahmedabad, India. It was designed by Balkrishna
Doshi, a renowned Indian architect who is known for his work in the field of sustainable
design. The name "Sangath" means "moving together" in Sanskrit. This name reflects Doshi's
belief in the importance of collaboration and community. The studio is designed to encourage
interaction and communication between architects, clients, and the public.
 The studio is composed of a series of interconnected spaces that are arranged around a
central courtyard. The courtyard is a place where people can gather, relax, and reflect.
The spaces within the studio are designed to be flexible and adaptable to a variety of
uses.
 The materials used in the construction of the studio are simple and natural. The walls
are made of brick and concrete, and the floors are made of terracotta. The use of
natural materials helps to create a warm and inviting atmosphere.
 SITE PLANNING-
MINIMISING SOLAR RADIATION ON SOUTH & WEST:
 The structure is closely integrated with the outdoor spaces.
 Vegetation on site is almost left to grow into wilderness.
 The west and south façade is shaded with tress.
MAXIMIZING WIND FLOW:
Wind from west and south-west is taken in by juxtaposing the structures to create a
central open space for the wind to flow unobstructed.

51. 43
WIND FLOW
SITE PLAN
 SANDWHICHED CONSTRUCTION OF VAULT
The vaulted roof is of locally made clay fuses over the concrete slab, which provides a
non-conducting layer. The top finish of China mosaic glazed tiles further adds to
insulation. Being white and glossy it reflects the sun.
The clay fuses entrap air known as sandwich vault.
 3.5cm thick RCC
 8 cm ceramic fuses
 3.5 cm thick RCC
 6 cm thick waterproofing
 1 cm thick broken china mosaic finish

52. 44
VAULT ROOF
 SUBTERRANEAN SPACES
The building is largely buried under the ground to use earth masses for natural
insulation.
EARTH BERMING IS USED
 STACK EFFECT
Ventilating window at upper volume to release the accumulated hot air through
pressure difference.
 STORAGE WALLS
External walls of buildings are nearly a meter deep but have been hollowed out as
alcoves to provide storage that becomes an insulative wall with the efficiency of
space.

53. 45
 INDIRECT/DIFFUSED LIGHT-
To maximize daylight and to diffuse the heat and glare, the light is received in direct
manner by diffusing it.
 Upper-level large openings- facing north.
 Skylights are projected masses from the roof.
 Small cut outs on roof slab filled with hollow glass blocks.
 WATER CHANNELS
Rainwater and Overflow of pumped water from the roof tank are harnessed through
roof channels that run through a series of cascading tanks and water channels to
finally culminate in a pond from which it is recycled back or used for irrigating
vegetation, also working as a climate control factor.
WATER CHANNELS
 EXTERNAL FINISHES
The concrete of slabs and walls surfaces kept bare as final visual finishes which saves
on finishing material. And provide a natural look.
 USE OF WASTE MATERIAL
Paving material is a stone chip waste while the roof surface is glazed tiles waste laid
down in mosaic tiles.

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 INFORMAL AMPHITHEATER
In Sangath seats line the perimeter walls and the inviting lawn, shaded by lush foliage
from trees above, is dotted with fountains and sculptures creating limitless places to
be seen or unseen, with a series of platforms encouraging people to sit and chat or just
relax and be still. His idea to house the studio spaces partly below ground allowed for
the creation of an informal amphitheater with steps rising into the building’s roof.
INFORMAL AMPHITHEATER
ACHIEVEMENTS & PREFORMANCE
 Less mechanical cooling & heating is required.
 Reduced greenhouse gas emission.
 The advantage of natural energy is taken.
 Comfortable thermal conditions are maintained.
 A temperature difference of approx. 8°C.
 Time lag for heat transfer is nearly 6 hours.
 30%-50% reduction in cooling energy.
 Waste materials are used resulting in a low-cost building.
7.2 Torrent research center, Ahmedabad
The Torrent Research Centre (Gujarat, India) is a complex of research laboratories with
supporting facilities and infrastructures, located on the outskirts of Ahmedabad. This building
uses Passive Downdraft Evaporative Cooling for a large-scale office building and
demonstrates that it is possible to achieve human comfort in dry hot regions without using
regular HVAC systems and without compromising the cost of construction.
TORRENT RESEARCH CENTER, AHMEDABAD

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DESIGN FEATURES-
 This system utilizes a solar chimney integrated into the high-pitched roof to draw hot
air upwards.
 During the summer, interior temperatures have generally not exceeded 31°C to 32°C,
despite outside temperatures reaching 44°C, a 12°-13°C reduction.
 Temperature swings inside the building have rarely surpassed 3°C to 4°C over any 24-
hour period, despite outside temperature fluctuations of 14°C to 17°C.

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PLAN OF PEDC IN TORRENT RESEARCH CENTER, AHMEDABAD

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 Thermal Mass and Shading:
The reinforced concrete construction with cavity brick infill walls and hollow
concrete blocks in the roof provides thermal mass, storing coolness during the day and
releasing it at night.
Deep overhangs and projecting exhaust towers shade the fixed windows, reducing
heat gain.
 Daylighting and Natural Ventilation:
Skylights and strategically placed windows maximize daylight
penetration, minimizing reliance on artificial lighting.
Open courtyards and internal light wells further enhance natural light and ventilation.
 Water Harvesting and Reuse:
Rainwater is harvested from the roof and stored in underground tanks for reuse in
landscaping and irrigation.
Wastewater is treated and recycled for non-potable purposes.
CONCLUSION-These innovative design features have resulted in significant energy savings
and improved thermal comfort for occupants, making the Torrent Research Centre a prime
example of sustainable building design in India.
 Additionally, the building features a green roof, further contributing to insulation and
reducing the urban heat island effect.
 It is possible to make a difference in human comfort conditions without having to depend on
excessive use of electrical/ mechanical energy and with basic and elementary architectural
systems.
 The process on the one hand minimized the impact of the external heat within the building
through adequate measures of insulating the building’s external fabric, and on the other hand
created an effective system of sealed evaporative cooling.
7.3 Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad)
IIM Ahmedabad is a world-class business school in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. It is one of
the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), a group of 20 autonomous public institutions
created by the Government of India to provide high-quality management education. It was
established in 1961.
IIM Ahmedabad is known not just for its academic excellence, but also for its spectacular
architecture, which is an example of Louis Kahn's modernist vision. IIM is situated on a
66acres site to the west side of the city of Ahmedabad. It is about 10 km away from the
railway station and about 15km away from the airport. The institute was conceived as an
integrated campus to house the different kinds of activities and to provide an environment
conducive to creative work.

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IIM Ahmedabad, Gujrat
SITE ZONING
Central
Academic Zone
• Location: Occupies the heart of the campus.
• Buildings: Houses the iconic hexagonal faculty building (faculty offices, classrooms, conference
rooms), library, lecture halls, and administrative offices.
• Function: Dedicated to academic endeavors, encouraging interaction and knowledge exchange among academics,
staff, and students.
Residential
Zone
• Location: Surrounds the central academic zone on three sides.
• Buildings: Comprises student hostels, faculty housing, and guest houses.
• Function: Provides comfortable living quarters for students and faculty, promoting a sense of community and
engagement beyond academic spaces.
Service Zone
• Location: Primarily situated on the northern edge of the campus.
• Buildings: Includes the dining hall, kitchen, laundry facilities, maintenance sheds, and other logistical
infrastructure.
• Function: Supports the daily operations and needs of the campus community, discreetly tucked away to minimize
disruption in academic and residential areas.
Open Spaces
• Location: Interwoven throughout the campus, creating breathing room and fostering connection to nature.
• Elements: Features a central plaza, courtyards within each building complex, landscaped gardens, and recreational
areas.
• Function: Provides vital green spaces for relaxation, informal interactions, and escape from the academic rigor.

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Key features:
 Buildings in different zones merge easily through courtyards, walkways, and open
spaces, as opposed to a strict side zoning strategy.
 Service facilities are deliberately situated to support academic and residential sectors
while not dominating the environment.
 Open spaces and central meeting areas promote connection and a sense of belonging
among students, instructors, and staff.
Materials and Forms:
 Exposed red brickwork: The entire campus is built with locally sourced red bricks,
creating a warm and unified aesthetic. The bricks are laid in intricate patterns, adding
texture and depth to the architecture.
 Geometric shapes: Kahn's signature use of circles, squares, and arches defines the
campus. Circular courtyards provide natural light and ventilation, while the iconic
hexagonal faculty building, and circular library stand out as geometric landmarks.
 Massive concrete structures: Kahn employed exposed concrete slabs, beams, and
lintels, contrasting with the brickwork, and emphasizing the solidity and
monumentality of the buildings.

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Other Unique Elements:
 Brick arches and vaults: These aspects highlight the creativity and skill of brickwork
while also adding visual interest and evoking traditional Indian architecture.
 Elements of water: Reflecting ponds and canals bring a sense of calm and tranquility
to the campus, especially during the sweltering Indian summers.
 Sculptures and artwork: Throughout the campus, many sculptures and art installations
improve the atmosphere while also providing subtle comments on knowledge and
learning.
ARCHES AND VAULTS IN EXPOSED CONCRETE & BRICKWORK
LANDSCAPING & COURTYARDS IN IIM, AHEMEDABAD
CONCEPT: According to Louis-I-Khan, the plan was inspired by his desire to build a
monastery. He always intended his buildings to have a substantial and formal appearance. He
aimed to develop a "FORTRESS IN BRICK" with the following features:
 Brickwork that has been exposed.
 Wall apertures or voids (circular and segmental arch).
 Concrete ties are exposed.
 Lower use of glass for windows.
 The interaction of light and shade in hallways.
 Cover up entrances and window openings.
 According to Louis-i-Khan, the diagonal system of putting the blocks was a powerful
architecture of connection" with the end of the blocks being emphasized.

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8. CONCLUSION
Growing populations, resource depletion, and climate change are some of the interrelated
issues facing the world today. In this environment, the way we design and construct our
structures - particularly buildings, which account for a large amount of global energy
consumption and emissions - is more important than ever. Bioclimatic design emerges as an
essential and strong answer in this situation. Several passive cooling techniques were studied
and discussed in this study, with emphasis on their design implications and architectural
interventions. The continued rise in air conditioning energy usage demands a more in-depth
investigation of the urban environment and its impact on buildings, as well as a greater use of
passive cooling approaches. Appropriate study should try to better understand microclimates
around structures, as well as to identify and explain comfort requirements during transient
summer conditions. Improving quality, developing advanced passive and hybrid cooling
systems, and lastly developing advanced building envelope materials are all important.
Theoretical studies have suggested that using all of the previously mentioned approaches in
buildings can reduce their cooling load by up to 50% - 70%. In general, even in industrialized
countries, consideration for energy use is only negligible in the majority of architectural-
design procedures. The primary goal of any building designer should be passive solar energy-
efficient building design since, in most circumstances, it is a reasonably low-cost exercise
that will result in savings in the capital and running costs of the air-conditioning plant. In
today's architecture, architects and building engineers must use passive cooling systems as an
inherent aspect of design and architectural expression, and they must be included
conceptually from the start. Incorporating these passive cooling techniques would
undoubtedly reduce our reliance on artificial means for thermal comfort while also
minimizing environmental problems caused by excessive consumption of energy and other
natural resources, resulting in a built form that is more climate responsive, sustainable, and
environmentally friendly of tomorrow.

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9. REFRENCES
1. Analysis_of_Solar_Passive_Architecture_f historical.pdf
2. BioclimaticArchitecturepublished.pdf
3. Climatic_Responsive_Energy_Efficient_Pas.pdf
4. https://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/thermal-mass/
5. https://www.archdaily.com/893552/8-biodegradable-materials-the-construction-
industry-needs-to-know-about
6. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Passive-Downdraught-Evaporative-Cooling-in-
Torrent-Research-Centre-Ahmedabad_fig6_312432251
7. https://www.archidev.org/spip.php?article1115&lang=fr
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12. https://iibec.org/sustainable-recycled-bricks/
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21. https://www.iima.ac.in/the-institute/campus
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30. https://www.iberdrola.com/innovation/bioclimatic-architecture-
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while%20respecting%20the%20environment.
31. https://designthoughts.org/7-best-bioclimatic-architecture-design/
32. https://www.archdaily.com/tag/bioclimatic-architecture