parts of speech 1.noun 2.pronoun presentation Best of luck stay happy

2. Parts of speech
� There are eight parts of speech in the English language:
� noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction,
and interjection.
� A part of speech indicates how the word functions in meaning as
well as grammatically within the sentence.
� An individual word can function as more than one part of speech
when used in different circumstances.
� Understanding parts of speech is essential for determining the
correct definition of a word

3. 1. Noun:
� A noun is a kind of word that is usually the name of something such as a person, place, thing, quality, or
idea.
� Types of noun
� There are several different types of noun, as follows:
� Common noun
� A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general, e.g. boy, country, bridge, city, birth,
day, happiness.
� Proper noun
� A proper noun is a name that identifies a particular person, place, or thing, e.g. Ali, Africa, London,
Monday. In written English, proper nouns begin with capital letters.
� Concrete noun
� A concrete noun is a noun which refers to people and to things that exist physically and can be seen,
touched, smelled, heard, or tasted. Examples include dog, building, coffee, tree, rain, beach, tune.

4. � Abstract noun
� An abstract noun is a noun which refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions –
� things that cannot be seen or touched and things which have no physical reality,
e.g. truth, danger, happiness, time, friendship, humour.
� Abstract Nouns are formed:
� (1) From Adjectives; as,
� Kindness from kind; honesty from honest.
� [Most abstract nouns are formed thus.]
� (2) From Verbs: as,
� Obedience from obey; growth from grow.
� (3) From Common Nouns; as,
� Childhood from child; slavery from slave.

5. � Material noun
� Material noun refers to a material or substance from which things are
made such as silver, gold, iron, cotton, diamond and plastic.
� Collective nouns
� Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things, e.g. audience,
family, government, team, jury.
� In American English, most collective nouns are treated as singular, with a
singular verb:
� The whole family was at the table.

6. Countable and Uncountable nouns
� Nouns can be either countable or uncountable.
� Countable nouns (or count nouns) are those that refer to something
that can be counted.
� A countable noun is a separate object. It is a separate unit. We can clearly
count the number of units of a countable noun.
� An example is “apple”. A countable noun has a singular form (when there
is one unit).
� Example: I have one apple. It also has a plural form (where there is more
than 1 unit) For regular nouns, we usually form the plural by adding “s” –
Example: I have two apples.

7. Uncountable nouns (or mass nouns)
� An uncountable noun is not a separate object or unit.
� We cannot count uncountable nouns.
� It is a large solid mass or liquid without clear boundaries.
� An example is “water” We cannot count water. We do NOT say “I have 3
waters” – It does not make sense. Water is a liquid and is just one big amount
all together.
� Uncountable nouns only have a singular form. Example: I have some water.
� There is no plural form for uncountable nouns. I have some waters.
� We cannot use the indefinite article (“a” / “an”) Example: I have a water.
� Uncountable nouns are therefore names of materials, gases, liquids, concepts,
collections, mass objects without boundaries.
� Examples: sugar, butter, oxygen, rice, pasta, salt, bread, milk, water

8. Compound Noun
� Compound nouns are words for people, animals, places, things, or ideas,
made up of two or more words.
� Most compound nouns are made with nouns that have been modified by
adjectives or other nouns.
� Compound nouns are sometimes one word, like toothpaste, haircut, or
bedroom. These are often referred to as closed or solid compound nouns.
� Sometimes compound nouns are connected with a hyphen: dry-
cleaning, daughter-in-law, and well-being are some examples of
hyphenated compound nouns.
� Sometimes compound nouns appear as two separate words:
� full moon, Christmas tree, and swimming pool are some examples of
compound nouns that are formed with two separate words.
� These are often referred to as open or spaced compound nouns.

9. Compound Nouns Exercise
� Choose the word that makes each of these nouns into a compound
noun.
� Fund __________ (A – driver, B – seat, C – raiser)
� News __________ (A– paper, B – story, C – travels)
� Sun ____________ (A– day, B – glasses, C – heat)
� Child ___________ (A – hood, B – ren, C – play)
� Door ___________ (A– frame, B – handle, C – way

10. Possessive Nouns
� Possessive nouns demonstrate ownership over something else. The best
way to spot them is to look for an apostrophe. Here are some examples:
� Ali’s imagination ran wild as she daydreamed about her trip to Muree.
� Ireland's landscape is truly breath taking.
� The kids' toys are in the basket
� Gender-specific Noun
� A gender-specific noun refers specifically to a male or a female. In
English, the gender of most nouns is neuter. However, if a noun refers to
something obviously male or female, then its gender will
be masculine or feminine. For example:
� queen, vixen (female fox), bitch (female dog), sow (female pig)
� (The grammatical gender of these nouns is feminine.)
� king, uncle, drake (male duck), (The grammatical gender of these nouns
is masculine.)

11. Common Gender Noun:
� A noun that denotes either a male or a female is said to be of the
Common Gender; as
� Parent, child, friend, pupil, servant, thief, relation, enemy, cousin, person,
orphan,
� student, baby, monarch, neighbour, infant.
� Neuter Gender:
� A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor female (i.e., thing
without life) is
� said to be of the Neuter Gender; as,
� Book, pen, room, tree.
� [Neuter means neither, that is, neither male nor female]

12. Verbal noun
� Nouns derived from verbs (e.g., a building, an attack)
� It was a lovely building.
Their arrival has been delayed.
� That was an awful decision by the referee.

13. 2-Pronouns:
� Pronouns are used in place of a noun often to avoid repeating the
noun. For example:
� Hina was tired so she went to bed.
� Ali took the children with him.
� He brought a glass of water for me.
� That is a good idea.
� Anything might happen.

14. Personal pronouns
� Personal pronouns are used in place of nouns referring to specific people
or things, for example,
� I, we, they, you, he, she, me, mine, you, yours, his, her, hers, , or
them.
� They can be divided into various different categories according to their
role in a sentence, as follows:
� subjective pronouns
� objective pronouns
� possessive pronouns
� reflexive pronouns

15. Subjective pronouns:
� The personal pronouns I, you, we, he, she, it, and they are known
as subjective pronouns because they act as the subjects of verbs:
� She saw her. We drove Ali home. I waved at her.
� Objective pronouns
� The personal pronouns, me,you, us, him, her, it, and them are
called objective pronouns because they act as the objects of verbs:
� Huma saw her.
� Ali drove us home.
� She waved at me.

16. Here’s a table setting out the different forms:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Subjective objective subjective objective
first person I me we Us
second
person
You you you You
third person he/she/it him/her/it They Them
Notice that the personal pronouns you and it stay the same, whether they are
being used in the subjective or objective roles.

17. Possessive pronouns:
� The personal pronouns mine, yours, hers, his, ours, and theirs are
known as possessive pronouns:
� they refer to something owned by the speaker or by someone or
something previously mentioned. For example:
� That book is mine.
� John’s eyes met hers.
� He is Our family friend.

18. Reflexive pronouns:
� Reflexive personal pronouns include myself, himself, herself,
itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.
� These are used to refer back to the subject of the clause in which
they are used:
� I fell and hurt myself.
� Daisy prepared herself for the journey.
� The children had to look after themselves.

19. Relative Pronouns:
� Relative pronouns make up another class of pronouns.
� They are used to connect relative clauses to independent clauses.
� Often, they introduce additional information about something mentioned in
the sentence.
� Relative pronouns include that, what, which, who, and whom.
� Traditionally, who refers to people, and which and that refer to animals or
things.
� The woman didn’t leave a message who called earlier.
� All the dogs that got adopted today will be loved.
� My car, which is nearly twenty years old, still runs well.

20. Demonstrative Pronouns:
� That, this, these and those are demonstrative pronouns.
� They take the place of a noun or noun phrase that has already
been mentioned.
� This is used for singular items that are nearby.
� These is used for multiple items that are nearby.
� The distance can be physical or metaphorical.

21. Indefinite Pronouns
� Indefinite pronouns are used when you need to refer to a person
or thing that doesn’t need to be specifically identified.
� Some common indefinite pronouns are,
� one, other, none, some, anybody, everybody, and no one.
� Interrogative Pronouns:
� Interrogative pronouns are used in questions.
� The interrogative pronouns are,
� who, what, which, whom etc.

22. Reciprocal Pronouns:
� A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun which is used
� to indicate that two or more people are carrying out or
� have carried out an action of some type, with both receiving the
benefits or consequences of that action simultaneously.
� There are only two reciprocal pronouns.
� each other and one another.
� Both of them allow you to make sentences simpler. They are
especially useful when you need to express the same general idea
more than once.

23. Intensive Pronouns:
� An intensive pronoun is almost identical to a reflexive pronoun.
� It is defined as a pronoun that ends in self or selves and places
emphasis on its antecedent by referring back to another noun or
pronoun used earlier in the sentence.
� For this reason, intensive pronouns are sometimes called
� emphatic pronouns.
� Ben built a boat for himself. Reflexive pronoun
� My mother bakes our family’s bread herself. Intensive pronoun

24. Generic Pronoun:
� Also known as common-gender pronoun.
� In English grammar, a generic pronoun is a personal pronoun
� (such as one or they) that can refer to both masculine and feminine entities.
� Also called a common gender pronoun, an epicene pronoun, and a gender-
neutral pronoun.
� One, you, we and they are generic personal pronouns. We can use one, you,
we and they to refer to ‘people in general’.
� One should never go to sleep with an electric heating pad turned on.
� They can use the Internet without understanding cookies. (or You can use … or
We can use …)
� You usually need a raincoat in Ireland. It rains a lot.
� We tend to avoid talking about money.

25. Distributive pronoun
� Distributive pronoun is a pronoun
� which denotes persons or things of group separately,
� that's why they always become singular and followed by the singular
verbs.
� This pronoun is used to indicate all the members of representative group.
Some of the distributive pronouns are like each, either, neither, everyone,
any, none, no one, etc
� Each boy was given a prize.
� Either road leads to the railway station.
� Neither accusation is true.