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- 1. Parts of Speech Nouns Definition: Noun: a noun is a naming word. It is a part of speech that names a person, a thing, an animal, a place, an idea or an activity. Examples Ali speaks different languages because he stayed in America for many years. Ahmed is going to Tripoli to visit the zoo and see animals. Types of nouns 1. Common nouns 2. Proper nouns 4.bstract nouns 3. Concrete nouns 7.Uncountable nouns 5.Collective nouns 6.Countable nouns 8.Compound nouns 9. Possessive nouns 10.Verbal nouns. 11.Material nouns
- 2. Common nouns Definition: Common nouns : a common noun names any person, thing, place, activity or idea. It is a noun that is not the name of any particular person, thing, place, or idea. Examples: boy girl city country Man Woman Day Month Common nouns can be preceded by a definite article like ‘’ the’’ or ‘’ this’’ or indefinite article like ‘’a’’ or ‘’an’’. 1. The boy and the girl live in the city. 2. The man will come to see me next month. 3. The store is a good place to buy a newspaper. 4. The woman visited the country three times last month. 5. The boy is watching a movie in the cinema.
- 3. Proper nouns Definition: Proper nouns : A proper noun names specific or unique individual , things, events, or places, and may include real or frictional characters and settings. Examples: Unlike common nouns, proper nouns begins with a capital letter: Ahmed+ Tripoli language month day girl boy common nouns English April Monday Fatima Ahmed Proper nouns Proper nouns Common nouns Ali and Fatima live in Tripoli. Ahmed will come to see me next February. Maryanne is a good place to buy The times. Fatima visited Libya three times last October. Ahmed is watching Alcatraz in Megarama. The boy and the girl live in the city. The man will come to see me next month. The store is a good place to buy a newspaper. The woman visited the country three times last month. The boy is watching a movie in the cinema.
- 4. Concrete nouns Definition: Concrete nouns : Concrete noun are nouns that refer to things that exist physically and can be touched, seen,smelled, heard,or tasted. Examples: egg table book salt building phone tea plane A concrete noun is any noun that can be recognized by five senses: touching + seeing + smelling + tasting + hearing. 1. Could you lend me some money please? 2. The plane will take off now. 3. I have many books in my library. 4. You have a very nice dog.
- 5. Abstract nouns Definition: Abstract nouns : An abstract noun is a noun or noun phrase that names an idea, event, quality, or concept. An abstract noun names something that can not be physically touched. Examples: Love hate Sadness Freedom Fear peace anger joy A bstract noun is any noun that can be recognized by five senses: touching + seeing + smelling + tasting + hearing. 1. The army is fighting for the freedom of the country. 2. She did not tell me the truth. 3. Money can’t buy happiness. 4. Money can buy a clock, but it can’t buy time. 5. Friendship is a noble relationship.
- 6. Collective nouns Definition: Collective nouns : collective nouns are nouns that refer to a group of something in particular. A collective noun is the word used to represent a group of people, animal, or things. Examples: tribe family Class Jury Herd Team Army joy Collective nouns A group of ………. Army Soldiers Class Students Flock Birds Herd Sheep Gang Criminals Staff Employees Team Players Family Relatives
- 7. Countable and uncountable nouns Definition: Countable nouns : Countable nouns are nouns that can have singular and plural form. Uncountable nouns : Uncountable nouns are nouns that don't have plural form. Examples: Uncountable nouns Countable Water Book books Tea Table Tables Milk Wife wives Advice Classes Class Oxygen Fish Fish Freedom Child Children Knowledge Man Men
- 8. Number and quantity countable and uncountable nouns I have a book. I have a bottle of water. I have a glass of water. How many books do you have? I have a few books. How much milk do you have? I have a little milk. I have many books. I have a lot of books. I have much milk. I have a lot of milk. I have some books. I have some milk. They have more children. They have less freedom.
- 9. Possessive nouns Definition: A possessive noun is a noun that possesses something—i.e., it has something. In most cases, a possessive noun is formed by adding an apostrophe +s to the noun, or if the noun is plural and already ends in s, only an apostrophe needs to be added.. Examples: The student’s favorite subject was science. The students’ favorite subject was science. Ali drove his friend's car. We are having a party at Ahmed's house. Those are ladies' shoes. This is my parents' house.
- 10. Compound nouns Definition: Compound noun : A compound noun contains two or more words that are joined together to make a single noun. The meaning of the new word must be significantly different than either of its parts individually. Examples: Friendship toothpaste Post office airport airplane Sign-up Compound noun Noun Noun eggplant plant egg Football ball foot friendship ship friend textbook book text Ice cream cream ice cowboy boy cow hotdog dog hot
- 11. Verbal nouns Definition: Verbal nouns : A verbal noun is a noun that is derived from a verb. Examples: Example Noun verb His arrival at this time surprised all his family. Arrival Arrive I didn't expect him to make that decision. Decision Decide His flight to London was delayed because of rain. Flight Fly The arm planned an attack against the rebels. Attack Attack His return to England made him feel homesick. Return Return Reading is my favorite free time activity. Reading Read This girl is really fond of cooking. Cooking Cook He got very sick because of smoking. Smoking Smoke
- 12. Material nouns Definition: A material noun is a noun that refers to a metal or other substance that is made up of metals or various materials or metallic elements. He purchased a diamond ring for me . The needle is made of stainless steel. He added some extra cheese to my bread. The Effel tower is made up of iron plates and beams.
- 13. Singular and plural nouns Plural Singular Phones Phone Computers Computer Pens Pen Cameras Camera Birds Bird Dolphins Dolphin Clowns Clown Spiders Spider Shoes Shoe To make plural in English, we add (s) at the end of the noun 1 Pen Pens Desk Desks
- 14. Noun that end in (sh/ch/s/x/o) we add (es) at the end of the noun Singular and plural nouns 2 Class classes Match Box Matches Boxes Plural Singular dresses Dress Buses bus Churches Church Potatoes Potato Gases Gas Ashes Ash Benches Bench
- 15. Noun that end in (consonants + y) we change (y) to (ies) Singular and plural nouns 3 Candy Baby Army Armies Babies Candies Plural Singular Flies Fly Libraries Library Butterflies butterfly Ladies Lady Families Family Dairies Dairy
- 16. Noun that end in (vowels+ y) we do not change anything, we just add (s) at the end of the noun Singular and plural nouns 4 a , e, i, o, u Toy Donkey Way Ways Donkeys Toys Plural Singular Days Day Monkeys Monkey Keys Key Boys Boy
- 17. Noun that end in ( fe / f ) we change ( fe / f ) to (ves) Singular and plural nouns 5 life lives leaves leaf thief thieves Plural Singular Wives Wife Knives knife Housewives Housewife Wolves Wolf Calves Calf
- 18. Some nouns they have no rules at all. We call them irregular plurals Singular and plural nouns 6 Child Children Man Woman Women Men Plural Singular Five men One man Feet Foot Fish Fish Mice Mouse Teeth Tooth Geese Goose Policemen Policeman
- 19. Singular and plural nouns What is singular and what is plural? Singular Plural One One book One cat One pen more than one Five books Two cats Three pens Examples I have two apples. I have one apple.
- 20. Personal pronouns are used to replace people, places or things to make sentences shorter and clearer. Personal pronouns There are two types of personal pronouns: subject and object. Subject pronouns Pronouns that are the subject of the sentence are called subject pronouns. These are I - I love learning English! You - You are my best student. She - She has a nice voice. He - He forgot his textbook. It - It was on the table. We - We have to leave soon. They - They all cleaned up together. Object pronouns Me - Can they hear me? You - I will wait for you. Her - What's wrong with her? Him - Mary said she wants to marry him. It - Who broke it? Us - She will email us tomorrow. You - Is anyone sitting next to you? Them - I will take them.
- 21. Possessive pronouns A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that is used to express ownership or possession. Mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs, etc., are strong possessive pronouns. My, your, his, her, its, our, your, their, etc. are some weak possessive pronouns (also called possessive adjectives)
- 22. Examples This car is mine, not yours. The entire property is yours from now. We spent a lot of time with Daniel and his friend together. Improve your mistakes first, then talk about theirs. This fish is so small for its aquarium. Nobody enters my bedroom without asking for permission. I like your drawing. Do you like mine? James and his brother are cops in America. The management has dropped their plans. You picked up my cell phone instead of yours. The advertising points of your chart do not match with hers. It’s up to you. After all, the final decision is yours. This bag is not ours, it’s theirs. Your car has punctured, go and take hers. Possessive pronouns
- 23. Demonstrative pronoun This That These Those 1 2 3 4
- 25. Reflexive pronouns Let’s look at the following example I can see myself in the mirror Subject pronoun Reflexive pronoun Reflexive pronoun Subject pronoun Myself I Yourself You Himself He Herself She Itself It Yourselves you Ourselves We Themselves They
- 27. Relative pronouns Relative pronouns is the phrase that makes an additional explanation about a word in the sentence.
- 28. Relative pronouns Who people Which objects Where place When date/time The director will give awards to students ………….get the best mark in the exam They always go to the stadium………….they practice sports with their friend I can’t forget the day………….my friend brought me a computer for my birthday The book………….is on the table is a very entertaining novel Whose possession The man ……………….car is black works in the bank downtown. The woman ……………….husband is a policeman runs a non-profit organization. Students ……………….marks are higher than 16/20 will receive awards. Adel imam ……………….is an Egyptian actor is very funny. Adel imam ……………….movies are so funny is from Egypt. Pay attention who- whose
- 29. Relative pronouns The boy………………….I gave my books is the best student in my class whom Messi ………………….everybody loves has an exceptional talent. The employee with …………………..I work is a very hardworking man. Whom – people as object whom whom The student………………...father is a teacher got the best mark last semester. People………………..practice sports everyday remain healthy. This is the boy with …………..…..I spent my holiday last summer. whose whom who Whose + noun Who+ verb To/with whom subject+ verb
- 30. Indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that does not refer to any person, amount, or thing in particular, e.g. anything, something, anyone, everyone Indefinite pronouns Person Place Thing Thing All everyone everybody everywhere everything Part (positive) someone somebody somewhere something Part (negative) anyone anybody anywhere anything None no one nobody nowhere nothing
- 31. Indefinite pronouns Noun Indefinite pronoun I would like to go to Paris this summer. I would like to go somewhere this summer. Jim gave me this book. Someone gave me this book. I won't tell your secret to Sam. I won't tell your secret to anyone. I bought my school supplies at the mall. I bought everything at the mall.
- 32. A reciprocal pronoun is used to express a mutual action or relationship There are only two reciprocal pronouns. Each other One another Maria and steve gave each other gold rings on their wedding day. Terry and Jack were talking to each other in the hallway. We give each other gifts during the holidays. The students congratulated one another after giving practice speeches. The kids spent the afternoon kicking the ball to one another. The defendants blamed one another for the crime they were charged with. Reciprocal pronouns Example
- 33. Distributive pronouns A distributive pronoun is used when there are more than one persons or things, to indicate that the persons or things are taken separately. The words each, every, either, and neither are the distributive pronouns. These words are always singular and followed by the verb in singular. Each of the students have participated in the drama act. I may buy either of these two gifts. Neither of them plays well. Each one of you will be awarded with bravery award. Everyone must finish the breakfast. Either of you can help me in this matter.
- 34. Verbs A verb is a word or a combination of words that indicates action or a state of being or condition. A verb is the part of a sentence that tells us what the subject performs. Verbs are the hearts of English sentences. Examples: Jacob walks in the morning. (A usual action) Mike is going to school. (A condition of action) Albert does not like to walk. (A negative action) Anna is a good girl. (A state of being) Different Types of Verbs Base Verb The base verb is the form of a verb where it has no ending (-ing, -ed, -en) added to it. It is also called the Root Verb since it is the very root form of a verb. Examples: I go to school every day. You run a mile every morning. Do your homework.
- 35. Verbs Regular Verb The Verbs that follow the most usual conjugations are considered Regular Verbs. It is regular since it abides by most if not all of the regular grammar rules there are. Examples: Ahmed plays cricket. Ali called out my name. You really walked all the way back? Irregular Verb The Verbs that have irregularities in terms of following grammar rules are Irregular Verbs, in general. Examples: Do the dishes. I hardly ever drink enough water in a day. She drove all the way back.
- 36. Verbs Transitive Verb The Main Verb that takes a direct object sitting right after it would be a Transitive Verb. They usually construct the most straightforward of sentences. Examples: She went to the fair. We do not like being called out loud in crowds. I love visiting my village home. Intransitive Verb The main Verb that does not take a direct object specified right afterward and rather there is an indirect one mentioned somewhere along the line is called an Intransitive Verb. These verbs often make the corresponding sentences incomplete. Example: I laughed. John ran.
- 37. Verbs Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Spend Spent Walk Walked Book Booked Learn Learnt Want Wanted Weak Verb Verbs that end with “ - d ” and “ - t ” in their Past Indefinite and Past Participle form are Weak Verbs . There is a tendency to associate Weak Verbs with Regular Verbs but not all Weak Verbs are Regular Verbs in the English language. Examples:
- 38. Verbs Strong Verb Strong Verbs are those in which the vowels in the verb stem changes from “i” to “a” to “u” in the Present Indefinite to Past Indefinite to Past Participle form of Verbs. Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Past Participle Ring Rang Rung Drink Drank Drunk Cling Clang Clung Swim Swam Swum Sing Sang Sung Wring Wrang Wrung Examples :
- 39. Verbs Finite Verbs Finite verbs are the actual verbs that are called the roots of sentences. It is a form of a verb that is performed by or refers to a subject and uses one of the twelve forms of tense and changes according to the number/person of the subject. Example: Alex went to school. (Subject – Alex – performed the action in the past. This information is evident only by the verb ‘went’.) Robert plays hockey. He is playing for Australia. He is one of the best players. (Here, the verb ‘is’ directly refers to the subject itself.)
- 40. Verbs Non-finite Verbs Non-finite Verbs are not actual verbs. They do not work as verbs in the sentence rather they work as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc. Non-finite verbs do not change according to the number/person of the subject because these verbs, also called verbals, do not have any direct relation to the subject. Sometimes they become the subject themselves. The forms of non-finite verbs are – infinitive, gerund, and participle (participles become finite verbs when they take auxiliary verbs.) Example: Alex went abroad to play (Infinitives) Playing cricket is his only job. (Present participle) I have a broken bat. (Past participle) Walking is a good habit. (Gerund)
- 41. Verbs