1. EED303 Lec02 Instructor - Ashutosh Dwivedi1st Sem. 2013-14 , SoE, SNU Date – 8/6/2013 1
A Brief Run Down of MPU and MCU
 Historical Background
 Organization
 Architecture

2. EED303 Lec02 Instructor - Ashutosh Dwivedi1st Sem. 2013-14 , SoE, SNU Date – 8/6/2013 2
Well known computing device – ? (at preent stage)
Personal Desktop Computer
A computer is a
programmable
machine that receives
input, stores and
manipulates
data/information,
and provides output
in a useful format.

3. EED303 Lec02 Instructor - Ashutosh Dwivedi1st Sem. 2013-14 , SoE, SNU Date – 8/6/2013 3
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A BASIC PC SYSTEM
Basic computer system consist of a Central processing unit
(CPU), memory (RAM and ROM), input/output (I/O) unit.
Block diagram of a basic computer system
ROM RAM I/O
interface
I/O
devicesCPU
Address bus
Data bus Control
bus

4. EED303 Lec02 Instructor - Ashutosh Dwivedi1st Sem. 2013-14 , SoE, SNU Date – 8/6/2013 4
A Computer is a programmable machine.
• The two principal characteristics of a computer are:
• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
• It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program ).
• Modern computers are electronic and digital.
• The actual machinery wires, transistors, and circuits is called hardware.
• The instructions and data are called software.
Quick Review – What is Computer?
All general-purpose computers essentially require the
following hardware components:
CPU - Central Processing Unit
Memory
I/O Unit

5. EED303 Lec02 Instructor - Ashutosh Dwivedi1st Sem. 2013-14 , SoE, SNU Date – 8/6/2013 5
1. CPU - Central Processing Unit
• the heart of the computer
• the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions
of a computer program
• the primary element carrying out the computer's functions.
• it is the unit that reads and executes program instructions.
• the data in the instruction tells the processor what to do.
In addition to these components, many others make it possible for
the basic components to work together efficiently e.g., every
computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the
computer to another.
Pentium D dual core processors
Basic component of Computer

6. EED303 Lec02 Instructor - Ashutosh Dwivedi1st Sem. 2013-14 , SoE, SNU Date – 8/6/2013 6
2. Memory
• physical devices used to store data or programs (sequences of instructions)
on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer.
• Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: random-access
memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM).
• RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is
pre-loaded with data and software that never changes, so the CPU can only
read from it.
• ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions.
• In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the
computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely.
• In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that
initiates loading the computer's operating system from the hard disk drive
into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset.
Mass storage device: Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts
of data. Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives.