Characteristics and criteria of good research
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A BThis document outlines the characteristics and criteria of good research. It defines research as the systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding. Good research is guided by a question or problem, has a clear goal and plan, and divides main problems into subproblems. It relies on collecting and interpreting data in a cyclical process. Good research clearly defines its scope, explains its process so others can reproduce it, and has a planned, objective design with ethical standards and justified conclusions. The research process involves raising a question, suggesting hypotheses, reviewing literature, acquiring data, analyzing and interpreting data, and determining if hypotheses are supported.
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Research problem
1. The document discusses identifying and formulating a research problem, which is the first step of the research process. It involves selecting a broad topic and narrowing it down to a specific statement.
2. Several factors are considered when identifying a research problem, including significance to the field of study, originality, feasibility, whether it is solvable, current, and interesting to the researcher. Problems can come from personal or practical experiences, literature, theories, and through consultation with experts.
3. The process of identifying a research problem involves selecting a broad research area, reviewing literature and theories, delimiting the topic, and evaluating the problem by establishing significance, researchability and feasibility before formulating a clear final statement
Review of Literature
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.
Literature review
This document defines literature review and outlines its importance and purpose. A literature review aims to critically review knowledge on a research topic. It provides a guide for professionals to stay up-to-date in their field. Literature reviews help identify research problems, gaps in knowledge, and inform the methodology. Sources include primary research articles and secondary sources that summarize others' findings. The document describes the steps of literature review including searching databases and other sources, analyzing sources, and writing an introduction, body, and conclusion. It also outlines strategies like using references and searching forward and backward to identify relevant literature.
Research problem
This document discusses the process of selecting and formulating a research problem. It begins by defining a research problem as a question or issue that a researcher aims to solve. The selection of a research problem depends on factors like the researcher's knowledge and interests. It then outlines the steps in formulating a research problem, including reviewing literature, delimiting the topic, evaluating feasibility, and stating the problem clearly. The goal is to identify a problem that is significant, can be researched, and is feasible given constraints of time, resources and the researcher's abilities.
Criteria of a good research
The document outlines the key criteria for good research including:
1) Clearly stating the research aim and using common concepts
2) Adequately describing the research procedures to allow for replication
3) Carefully planning the research design to obtain objective results
It also describes the key qualities of good research as being systematic, following a specified sequence of steps; logical, guided by rules of reasoning; and empirical, dealing with concrete data to allow external validation of results.
Research
This document discusses research, including its meaning, objectives, characteristics, significance, and approaches. It defines research as a systematic, organized process of asking questions and gathering evidence to answer them. The objectives of research are to gain new insights and knowledge, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses. Characteristics include reliability, validity, accuracy, credibility, and generalizability. Research is significant as it encourages scientific thinking, aids in economic and business decision-making, and helps solve social problems. Different approaches to research include quantitative, inferential, experimental, simulation, and qualitative methods. Research methods refer to specific techniques for gathering data while research methodology explains the overall process.
Types of research
This document outlines and describes the major types of research, including descriptive research, analytical research, applied research, basic research, quantitative research, qualitative research, conceptual research, and non-scientific methods. Descriptive research involves surveys and fact-finding to describe the current state of affairs, while analytical research involves in-depth study and evaluation of available information to explain complex phenomena. Applied research aims to solve immediate problems, and basic research focuses on developing general theories. Quantitative research relies on measurement, while qualitative research examines qualities and characteristics.
Research design
The document discusses various aspects of research design including:
1. Research design involves decisions about what, where, when, how much, and by what means to study a research problem.
2. Key parts of research design include sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design.
3. Experimental designs aim to establish cause-and-effect relationships through control and manipulation of variables while quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs do not involve manipulation.
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Research problem
1. The document discusses identifying and formulating a research problem, which is the first step of the research process. It involves selecting a broad topic and narrowing it down to a specific statement.
2. Several factors are considered when identifying a research problem, including significance to the field of study, originality, feasibility, whether it is solvable, current, and interesting to the researcher. Problems can come from personal or practical experiences, literature, theories, and through consultation with experts.
3. The process of identifying a research problem involves selecting a broad research area, reviewing literature and theories, delimiting the topic, and evaluating the problem by establishing significance, researchability and feasibility before formulating a clear final statement
Review of Literature
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.
Literature review
This document defines literature review and outlines its importance and purpose. A literature review aims to critically review knowledge on a research topic. It provides a guide for professionals to stay up-to-date in their field. Literature reviews help identify research problems, gaps in knowledge, and inform the methodology. Sources include primary research articles and secondary sources that summarize others' findings. The document describes the steps of literature review including searching databases and other sources, analyzing sources, and writing an introduction, body, and conclusion. It also outlines strategies like using references and searching forward and backward to identify relevant literature.
Research problem
This document discusses the process of selecting and formulating a research problem. It begins by defining a research problem as a question or issue that a researcher aims to solve. The selection of a research problem depends on factors like the researcher's knowledge and interests. It then outlines the steps in formulating a research problem, including reviewing literature, delimiting the topic, evaluating feasibility, and stating the problem clearly. The goal is to identify a problem that is significant, can be researched, and is feasible given constraints of time, resources and the researcher's abilities.
Criteria of a good research
The document outlines the key criteria for good research including:
1) Clearly stating the research aim and using common concepts
2) Adequately describing the research procedures to allow for replication
3) Carefully planning the research design to obtain objective results
It also describes the key qualities of good research as being systematic, following a specified sequence of steps; logical, guided by rules of reasoning; and empirical, dealing with concrete data to allow external validation of results.
Research
This document discusses research, including its meaning, objectives, characteristics, significance, and approaches. It defines research as a systematic, organized process of asking questions and gathering evidence to answer them. The objectives of research are to gain new insights and knowledge, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses. Characteristics include reliability, validity, accuracy, credibility, and generalizability. Research is significant as it encourages scientific thinking, aids in economic and business decision-making, and helps solve social problems. Different approaches to research include quantitative, inferential, experimental, simulation, and qualitative methods. Research methods refer to specific techniques for gathering data while research methodology explains the overall process.
Types of research
This document outlines and describes the major types of research, including descriptive research, analytical research, applied research, basic research, quantitative research, qualitative research, conceptual research, and non-scientific methods. Descriptive research involves surveys and fact-finding to describe the current state of affairs, while analytical research involves in-depth study and evaluation of available information to explain complex phenomena. Applied research aims to solve immediate problems, and basic research focuses on developing general theories. Quantitative research relies on measurement, while qualitative research examines qualities and characteristics.
Research design
The document discusses various aspects of research design including:
1. Research design involves decisions about what, where, when, how much, and by what means to study a research problem.
2. Key parts of research design include sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design.
3. Experimental designs aim to establish cause-and-effect relationships through control and manipulation of variables while quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs do not involve manipulation.
Definition and types of research
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology, including:
1. It defines research as an organized and systematic process of finding answers to questions through a defined set of steps and procedures.
2. It discusses different types of research including quantitative, qualitative, basic, applied, longitudinal, descriptive, classification, comparative, exploratory, explanatory, causal, theory testing, and theory building research.
3. It also discusses alternatives to research-based knowledge such as relying on authority, tradition, common sense, media, and personal experience.
Research Design
The document discusses different aspects of research design including what research design is, its key components, and types of research design. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with efficient procedures. The main components of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. It also outlines features of a good research design and key concepts like dependent and independent variables, extraneous variables, control, and research hypotheses. Finally, it discusses research design for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing research studies.
Types of research designs
This document discusses different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs. It provides details on the following key points:
- Quantitative designs use numeric data and statistical analysis to objectively study variables and answer narrow questions. Experimental and survey designs are discussed.
- Qualitative designs rely on text data from open-ended questions and themes to subjectively understand participant perspectives. Narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs are outlined.
- Mixed methods designs combine quantitative and qualitative data and are used when one approach cannot fully answer the research questions. Sequential explanatory, sequential exploratory, concurrent triangulation, and concurrent nested designs are described.
Descriptive research
This document discusses descriptive research design. Descriptive research aims to observe and describe phenomena as they occur naturally without manipulation. It can be used to identify problems, justify practices, and develop theories. Descriptive studies describe characteristics like frequency, percentages, averages without relating variables. Types include univariate, exploratory, and comparative designs. Limitations include inability to determine causation and potential for bias. The document provides an example of a descriptive study evaluating nursing students' knowledge and attitudes about Alzheimer's disease.
objectives of research
The document outlines the major and minor objectives of research. The major objectives are to gain new insights into phenomena, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, determine the frequency of occurrences, discover truths and facts, and test hypotheses of relationships between variables. The minor objectives are to seek knowledge, find solutions to problems through systematic methods, gain research degrees and benefits, face challenges, and be of service to society.
Research Report Writing
The document outlines the steps and format for preparing a research report. It discusses that a research report involves several steps like logical analysis of the subject matter, preparing outlines and drafts, and rewriting. The main sections of a research report include an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. A research report should be objective, concise, and written in simple language. It should disseminate findings, examine the validity of conclusions, and inspire further research. The goal is to effectively communicate the research work to others.
Descriptive research
This document discusses different types of descriptive research studies including normative surveys, educational surveys, and psychological research studies. It provides examples of each type of descriptive study including the purpose, procedures, and key findings. A normative survey examines typical conditions and practices to establish norms. An educational survey looks at factors related to the teaching and learning process. A psychological research study compares behaviors and reactions in different situations. Descriptive research aims to describe current conditions and phenomena without manipulating variables.
Research Design
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
Research Design
The document discusses research design and provides details on different types of research designs. It begins by defining research design and outlines the key decisions that must be made, including what, where, when, how much, and how data will be collected and analyzed. It then discusses different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Specific methods for qualitative and quantitative research designs are also outlined.
Types of literature review
This document outlines different types of literature reviews, including narrative reviews, critical reviews, scoping reviews, conceptual reviews, state-of-the-art reviews, argumentative reviews, integrative reviews, historical reviews, methodological reviews, theoretical reviews, quantitative and qualitative meta-analysis reviews, and systematic reviews. It provides brief descriptions of each type of literature review and what they aim to accomplish, such as summarizing previous research, identifying gaps, or comparing and evaluating perspectives.
Chapter 7-THE RESEARCH DESIGN
The document discusses research design and its key principles. It defines research design as a plan or blueprint for conducting a study that maximizes control over interfering factors and validity of findings. Some key points made:
- Research design refers to how a study will be conducted, the type of data collected, and means used to obtain the data.
- Reliability refers to consistency of data, while validity refers to accuracy and truth of measurements.
- Threats to validity include history, selection, testing, instrumentation, maturation, and mortality.
- Descriptive, experimental, and qualitative designs are three basic types of research design.
Research Meaning, Definition, Research Process, Types and Motives
This document discusses research methodology and was presented by S. Harithaa. It defines research as a systematic method for seeking answers to questions through data collection and analysis. The research process involves selecting a topic, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and drawing conclusions. Research has objectives like exploring phenomena, producing new knowledge, making discoveries or policies, and testing hypotheses. It is undertaken for motives such as obtaining degrees, solving problems, gaining knowledge, or contributing to society. There are four main types of research: descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, conceptual vs empirical, and applied vs fundamental.
Research process
Research involves systematically investigating problems through an open-minded search for knowledge. The research process consists of 7 steps: (1) defining the research problem, (2) reviewing relevant literature, (3) formulating testable hypotheses, (4) designing the research methodology, (5) collecting data, (6) analyzing the data, and (7) interpreting the findings and reporting results. Following these steps in order helps ensure effective and rigorous research.
FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
This document outlines the steps for formulating a research problem:
1. Select a broad research area from literature and personal experience.
2. Review literature and theories to understand what has been done and how the research could expand knowledge or test theories.
3. Delimit the topic to a more specific research problem.
4. Evaluate the problem for significance, researchability, and feasibility considering factors like time, cost, and ethics.
5. Formulate a final statement of the research problem that is clear, concise, and measurable.
Research Approaches
This document discusses and compares qualitative research, quantitative research, and mixed methods research. It states that qualitative research explores meanings, uses an emerging design, collects data in natural settings, inductively analyzes data to identify themes, and involves researcher interpretation. Quantitative research generates numerical and statistical data to quantify problems, generalize results from large samples, and uncover patterns. Mixed methods research combines both approaches and uses distinct designs to provide a more complete understanding than either alone. The document then contrasts key aspects of qualitative and quantitative research such as sample sizes, reasoning approaches, development of theory, and use of control. It provides examples of types of qualitative research like phenomenology and quantitative research like experiments. Finally, it discusses when each approach is best used
What is a Research design and its types
The document provides an overview of different types of research designs including experimental, quasi-experimental, ex-post facto, correlational, and their key features. Experimental designs aim to test hypotheses and establish causation through random assignment and manipulation of independent variables. Quasi-experimental designs are similar but do not use random assignment. Ex-post facto designs examine causes of effects that have already occurred. Correlational designs measure relationships between non-manipulated variables. Different designs have advantages for different research questions depending on feasibility and need for control.
Review of Literature
The document provides an overview of reviewing literature for research. It discusses that a literature review summarizes previous research related to the topic of study. The review helps identify what is already known, research gaps, and informs the research design. It also describes the various types of literature reviews, sources of literature, characteristics of a good review, and the steps involved in conducting a review. These include developing an annotated bibliography, organizing sources thematically, integrating new findings, writing individual sections, and tying the sections together with an introduction and conclusion.
Research meaning, Definition, Purpose, Objectives and Process.
This document defines research and outlines the research methodology process. It states that research involves defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, making deductions, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. Research is described as a systematic, formal, and rigorous process used to discover facts, relationships, and solutions to problems. The purpose of research is to gain solutions to problems through organized investigation with clearly defined objectives in order to obtain the right solution.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses are important as they help translate research problems into predicted outcomes and guide methodology. Good hypotheses are clear, testable, and relevant to the research. Hypotheses can be simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, or non-directional. They may be generated from theoretical frameworks, previous studies, literature or experiences. The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between variables while the research hypothesis predicts a relationship.
Research design and types of research design final ppt
This document discusses research design. It defines research design as the conceptual framework for a research study that includes plans for data collection, measurement, and analysis. The main components of a research design are outlined, including the problem statement, literature review, objectives, methodology, and data analysis plan. Four common types of research designs are explored in more detail: exploratory, descriptive, experimental, and quasi-experimental. Key principles of experimental design like replication, randomization, and local control are also summarized.
Characteristics of research
Research has several key characteristics: it is empirical, relying on direct observation or experience; logical, following valid procedures and principles; and cyclical, starting with a problem and ending by identifying a new problem. Research also utilizes proven analytical procedures to gather and analyze data using methods like historical analysis, description, experimentation, or case studies. Valid research designs and procedures allow results to be replicated, leading to conclusions, and research requires critical and precise judgment throughout the process.
Meaning and characteristics of research
This document outlines the key concepts and components of research. It defines research as the systematic study of trends or events through careful data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Some key points discussed include:
- The characteristics of good research, which include being empirical, logical, analytical, critical, and methodical.
- The qualities of a good researcher, such as being resourceful, creative, honest, and religious.
- The values of research to humanity, such as improving quality of life, instruction, and satisfying needs through new discoveries and applications.
- The different types of research like basic, applied, and developmental research.
- How research classifications include library, field, and laboratory research.
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Definition and types of research
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology, including:
1. It defines research as an organized and systematic process of finding answers to questions through a defined set of steps and procedures.
2. It discusses different types of research including quantitative, qualitative, basic, applied, longitudinal, descriptive, classification, comparative, exploratory, explanatory, causal, theory testing, and theory building research.
3. It also discusses alternatives to research-based knowledge such as relying on authority, tradition, common sense, media, and personal experience.
Research Design
The document discusses different aspects of research design including what research design is, its key components, and types of research design. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with efficient procedures. The main components of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. It also outlines features of a good research design and key concepts like dependent and independent variables, extraneous variables, control, and research hypotheses. Finally, it discusses research design for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing research studies.
Types of research designs
This document discusses different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs. It provides details on the following key points:
- Quantitative designs use numeric data and statistical analysis to objectively study variables and answer narrow questions. Experimental and survey designs are discussed.
- Qualitative designs rely on text data from open-ended questions and themes to subjectively understand participant perspectives. Narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs are outlined.
- Mixed methods designs combine quantitative and qualitative data and are used when one approach cannot fully answer the research questions. Sequential explanatory, sequential exploratory, concurrent triangulation, and concurrent nested designs are described.
Descriptive research
This document discusses descriptive research design. Descriptive research aims to observe and describe phenomena as they occur naturally without manipulation. It can be used to identify problems, justify practices, and develop theories. Descriptive studies describe characteristics like frequency, percentages, averages without relating variables. Types include univariate, exploratory, and comparative designs. Limitations include inability to determine causation and potential for bias. The document provides an example of a descriptive study evaluating nursing students' knowledge and attitudes about Alzheimer's disease.
objectives of research
The document outlines the major and minor objectives of research. The major objectives are to gain new insights into phenomena, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, determine the frequency of occurrences, discover truths and facts, and test hypotheses of relationships between variables. The minor objectives are to seek knowledge, find solutions to problems through systematic methods, gain research degrees and benefits, face challenges, and be of service to society.
Research Report Writing
The document outlines the steps and format for preparing a research report. It discusses that a research report involves several steps like logical analysis of the subject matter, preparing outlines and drafts, and rewriting. The main sections of a research report include an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. A research report should be objective, concise, and written in simple language. It should disseminate findings, examine the validity of conclusions, and inspire further research. The goal is to effectively communicate the research work to others.
Descriptive research
This document discusses different types of descriptive research studies including normative surveys, educational surveys, and psychological research studies. It provides examples of each type of descriptive study including the purpose, procedures, and key findings. A normative survey examines typical conditions and practices to establish norms. An educational survey looks at factors related to the teaching and learning process. A psychological research study compares behaviors and reactions in different situations. Descriptive research aims to describe current conditions and phenomena without manipulating variables.
Research Design
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
Research Design
The document discusses research design and provides details on different types of research designs. It begins by defining research design and outlines the key decisions that must be made, including what, where, when, how much, and how data will be collected and analyzed. It then discusses different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Specific methods for qualitative and quantitative research designs are also outlined.
Types of literature review
This document outlines different types of literature reviews, including narrative reviews, critical reviews, scoping reviews, conceptual reviews, state-of-the-art reviews, argumentative reviews, integrative reviews, historical reviews, methodological reviews, theoretical reviews, quantitative and qualitative meta-analysis reviews, and systematic reviews. It provides brief descriptions of each type of literature review and what they aim to accomplish, such as summarizing previous research, identifying gaps, or comparing and evaluating perspectives.
Chapter 7-THE RESEARCH DESIGN
The document discusses research design and its key principles. It defines research design as a plan or blueprint for conducting a study that maximizes control over interfering factors and validity of findings. Some key points made:
- Research design refers to how a study will be conducted, the type of data collected, and means used to obtain the data.
- Reliability refers to consistency of data, while validity refers to accuracy and truth of measurements.
- Threats to validity include history, selection, testing, instrumentation, maturation, and mortality.
- Descriptive, experimental, and qualitative designs are three basic types of research design.
Research Meaning, Definition, Research Process, Types and Motives
This document discusses research methodology and was presented by S. Harithaa. It defines research as a systematic method for seeking answers to questions through data collection and analysis. The research process involves selecting a topic, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and drawing conclusions. Research has objectives like exploring phenomena, producing new knowledge, making discoveries or policies, and testing hypotheses. It is undertaken for motives such as obtaining degrees, solving problems, gaining knowledge, or contributing to society. There are four main types of research: descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, conceptual vs empirical, and applied vs fundamental.
Research process
Research involves systematically investigating problems through an open-minded search for knowledge. The research process consists of 7 steps: (1) defining the research problem, (2) reviewing relevant literature, (3) formulating testable hypotheses, (4) designing the research methodology, (5) collecting data, (6) analyzing the data, and (7) interpreting the findings and reporting results. Following these steps in order helps ensure effective and rigorous research.
FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
This document outlines the steps for formulating a research problem:
1. Select a broad research area from literature and personal experience.
2. Review literature and theories to understand what has been done and how the research could expand knowledge or test theories.
3. Delimit the topic to a more specific research problem.
4. Evaluate the problem for significance, researchability, and feasibility considering factors like time, cost, and ethics.
5. Formulate a final statement of the research problem that is clear, concise, and measurable.
Research Approaches
This document discusses and compares qualitative research, quantitative research, and mixed methods research. It states that qualitative research explores meanings, uses an emerging design, collects data in natural settings, inductively analyzes data to identify themes, and involves researcher interpretation. Quantitative research generates numerical and statistical data to quantify problems, generalize results from large samples, and uncover patterns. Mixed methods research combines both approaches and uses distinct designs to provide a more complete understanding than either alone. The document then contrasts key aspects of qualitative and quantitative research such as sample sizes, reasoning approaches, development of theory, and use of control. It provides examples of types of qualitative research like phenomenology and quantitative research like experiments. Finally, it discusses when each approach is best used
What is a Research design and its types
The document provides an overview of different types of research designs including experimental, quasi-experimental, ex-post facto, correlational, and their key features. Experimental designs aim to test hypotheses and establish causation through random assignment and manipulation of independent variables. Quasi-experimental designs are similar but do not use random assignment. Ex-post facto designs examine causes of effects that have already occurred. Correlational designs measure relationships between non-manipulated variables. Different designs have advantages for different research questions depending on feasibility and need for control.
Review of Literature
The document provides an overview of reviewing literature for research. It discusses that a literature review summarizes previous research related to the topic of study. The review helps identify what is already known, research gaps, and informs the research design. It also describes the various types of literature reviews, sources of literature, characteristics of a good review, and the steps involved in conducting a review. These include developing an annotated bibliography, organizing sources thematically, integrating new findings, writing individual sections, and tying the sections together with an introduction and conclusion.
Research meaning, Definition, Purpose, Objectives and Process.
This document defines research and outlines the research methodology process. It states that research involves defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, making deductions, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. Research is described as a systematic, formal, and rigorous process used to discover facts, relationships, and solutions to problems. The purpose of research is to gain solutions to problems through organized investigation with clearly defined objectives in order to obtain the right solution.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses are important as they help translate research problems into predicted outcomes and guide methodology. Good hypotheses are clear, testable, and relevant to the research. Hypotheses can be simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, or non-directional. They may be generated from theoretical frameworks, previous studies, literature or experiences. The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between variables while the research hypothesis predicts a relationship.
Research design and types of research design final ppt
This document discusses research design. It defines research design as the conceptual framework for a research study that includes plans for data collection, measurement, and analysis. The main components of a research design are outlined, including the problem statement, literature review, objectives, methodology, and data analysis plan. Four common types of research designs are explored in more detail: exploratory, descriptive, experimental, and quasi-experimental. Key principles of experimental design like replication, randomization, and local control are also summarized.
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Research Meaning, Definition, Research Process, Types and Motives
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Research meaning, Definition, Purpose, Objectives and Process.
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Research design and types of research design final ppt
Research design and types of research design final ppt
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Characteristics of research
Research has several key characteristics: it is empirical, relying on direct observation or experience; logical, following valid procedures and principles; and cyclical, starting with a problem and ending by identifying a new problem. Research also utilizes proven analytical procedures to gather and analyze data using methods like historical analysis, description, experimentation, or case studies. Valid research designs and procedures allow results to be replicated, leading to conclusions, and research requires critical and precise judgment throughout the process.
Meaning and characteristics of research
This document outlines the key concepts and components of research. It defines research as the systematic study of trends or events through careful data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Some key points discussed include:
- The characteristics of good research, which include being empirical, logical, analytical, critical, and methodical.
- The qualities of a good researcher, such as being resourceful, creative, honest, and religious.
- The values of research to humanity, such as improving quality of life, instruction, and satisfying needs through new discoveries and applications.
- The different types of research like basic, applied, and developmental research.
- How research classifications include library, field, and laboratory research.
Research process
The 7 step research process includes: 1) defining the research problem, 2) reviewing relevant literature, 3) formulating testable hypotheses, 4) designing the research methodology, 5) collecting primary data through methods like surveys and interviews, 6) analyzing the collected data, and 7) interpreting the findings and reporting the results. The overall goal is to gather information to initiate, modify, or terminate investments or projects through a systematic process of exploring an issue, collecting evidence, and drawing conclusions.
What are the qualities of a good researcher
The key qualities of a good researcher include patience, persistence, and the ability to recognize useful leads (perspicapacity). Researchers must have strong knowledge of Philippine history and Spanish to understand archival documents, which are often in fading Spanish handwriting. Physical qualities like good eyesight and delicate hands are also important to properly handle old documents. Researchers should consult available finding aids and understand Spanish colonial government structures to assist their research. The colonial government was led by a Governor General with extensive powers, and local areas had leaders like military governors, town governors, and neighborhood heads.
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Presentation on the characteristic of scientific research 1
The document discusses scientific research. It defines research as the systematic analysis and recording of controlled observations that can lead to generalizations and theories. Scientific research has several key characteristics: it pursues truth through logical consideration, is objective and replicable, reliable and valid, rigorous, and testable/generalizable. The research process involves realizing a problem, formulating a hypothesis, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and generalizing findings. Overall, scientific research uses scientific methods and tools to systematically study and explain variables in an objective, replicable manner.
Research Methods: Basic Concepts and Methods
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
Types of Research
The document discusses various types of research including applied research, basic research, correlational research, descriptive research, ethnographic research, experimental research, and exploratory research. Applied research seeks practical solutions to problems, while basic research expands knowledge without a direct application. Correlational research examines relationships between variables without determining cause and effect. Descriptive research provides accurate portrayals of characteristics, and ethnographic research involves in-depth study of cultures. Experimental research establishes cause-and-effect through controlled manipulation of variables.
Formulation of research questions
The document provides guidance on formulating a research question. It discusses identifying a research problem or opportunity and determining the unit of analysis. It also covers translating the research problem into a research question and formulating a hypothesis to be tested. Well-formulated research questions are answerable, specific, measurable, and linked to a theoretical framework. The goal is to develop a question that will focus the research and facilitate subsequent steps in the research process.
Nature and scope of research methodology
Research is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
Research problem
This slides gives knowledge about how to define a research question. what are the do's and don'ts while defining research question, steps to define a research questions.examples of research questions
Selection of a Research Problem
This document discusses selecting and defining a research problem. It explains that a research problem needs to be clearly defined and operationalized using measurable variables. The selection process involves evaluating potential problems based on criteria like the researcher's background and available resources. Problems should be novel, solve a current issue, and allow further research. The document provides guidance on refining broad topics into narrow, specific research problems suitable for different research methods like historical, descriptive or experimental studies.
Research (nature characteristics of research)
This document discusses research and the reasons why we conduct research. It provides definitions of research from various scholars and outlines the main types of research: basic/fundamental, applied/action, and developmental. The types are further categorized based on inquiry (rationalistic, naturalistic) and method (evaluation, descriptive, qualitative, quantitative, experimental). Key characteristics of research are discussed such as being empirical, analytical, methodical, replicable, and carefully recorded. Qualities of a good researcher are also listed.
constants, variables and datatypes in C
This document provides an overview of constants, variables, and data types in the C programming language. It discusses the different categories of characters used in C, C tokens including keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. It also covers rules for identifiers and variables, integer constants, real constants, single character constants, string constants, and backslash character constants. Finally, it describes the primary data types in C including integer, character, floating point, double, and void, as well as integer, floating point, and character types.
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The document outlines the typical parts and structure of a research paper. It discusses the importance of key sections like the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and conclusion. It provides details on what each section generally contains, such as stating the problem in the introduction, describing the sampling procedure in methodology, and presenting findings and recommendations in the results and conclusion. The overall purpose is to systematically plan and conduct research.
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This document outlines the six main chapters that comprise the body of a research paper: 1) Introduction, 2) Conceptual and Theoretical Framework, 3) Methodology, 4) Presentation and Analysis of Data, 5) Summary and Conclusions, and 6) Bibliography. The Introduction includes the background of the study, statement of the problem, significance of the study, and scope and delimitation. The Conceptual and Theoretical Framework presents relevant theories and relates variables. The Methodology describes the research design and procedures for collecting and analyzing data. The Presentation and Analysis of Data section summarizes and analyzes the collected data. The Summary and Conclusions restates the problem and findings. Finally, the Bibliography provides references
Constants and variables in c programming
Constants are values that do not change during program execution and include numeric constants like integers and floating point numbers, as well as string or character constants. Variables are identifiers that are used to refer to values that can change during program execution. Common variable types in C include integers, floating point numbers, characters, and strings. Variables must be declared with a data type before being assigned values and have naming conventions like starting with a letter and being less than 32 characters.
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What is research?
The document discusses key concepts in research including:
- Research involves systematically collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding of a phenomenon.
- It begins with identifying a problem and reviewing literature, then specifying a purpose and interpreting information.
- Common methodologies are quantitative, which tests theories through large samples and standardized instruments, and qualitative, which builds theories through small samples, observations and interviews.
Metodologi 1
This document outlines the key components and processes of research methodology, including defining research and distinguishing it from merely gathering information. It discusses the motivation, components, and processes of research, including topic selection, literature review, data acquisition and analysis, and reporting. It emphasizes that research should address an important question and advance knowledge through a systematic process of increasing understanding of a phenomenon.
Characteristics and Criteria of Good Research.pptx
The document outlines the key characteristics and criteria of good research. It discusses that good research (1) originates from a clear question or problem, (2) requires a specific plan and procedure, and (3) involves collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding. It also provides steps that researchers should follow, including raising a question, reviewing literature, acquiring and analyzing data, and interpreting findings to draw conclusions. The document emphasizes that research is cyclical in nature and may require iterating through steps to refine hypotheses and ensure high ethical standards and justification of conclusions.
Research
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research, including what research is and is not, the research process, common methodologies, and important elements of research proposals. It discusses that research is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding, and notes key characteristics like originating with a question and requiring a specific plan. The document outlines the typical research process, from raising a question to acquiring and analyzing data to interpreting results. It also contrasts quantitative and qualitative methodologies, and discusses important parts of research proposals like the problem statement, hypotheses, and literature review.
عزوز
The document provides an overview of the research methodology process. It defines what research is, discusses key aspects like developing research topics and problems, conducting literature reviews, formulating hypotheses or research questions, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and identifying limitations. The full research process is described as cyclic in nature, with later stages sometimes requiring revisiting earlier work. Common issues in research like defining terms and assumptions are also outlined.
Introduction research methodology
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology, including:
- The benefits of research to students and practitioners for designing studies, understanding literature, and participating in evaluations.
- Definitions of key terms like method, methodology, and the differences between them.
- The characteristics of high-quality research like having a clearly defined scope and reproducible design.
- The typical steps in the research process from identifying a problem to interpreting data and revising hypotheses.
Introduction Research methodology
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses what research is, including that it involves systematically collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding of a phenomenon. It also distinguishes between research methods, which are techniques for gathering evidence, and methodology, which is the underlying theory and analysis of how research proceeds. The document then outlines common characteristics of research and provides guidance on developing high-quality research projects and proposals.
research process
The document outlines the key steps in the research process, including exploration, literature review, developing research questions and hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, hypothesis testing, and preparing the final research report. It provides details on each step, such as how to conduct an effective literature review by using keywords and reviewing a variety of sources. The document also defines important terms and concepts used in research.
Research process
Research is a process through which new knowledge is discovered. Conducting research has to follow certain steps and these may vary with the type and goals of research. But the variation in the process would be minor according to the study involves quantitative or a qualitative approach and data.
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This document provides an overview of research methodology. It begins with definitions of research and discusses the objectives and characteristics of good business research. It then explains the scientific method and key aspects of the research process such as identifying a problem, developing a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions. Finally, it outlines the typical structure of a research proposal, including sections on the problem statement, objectives, literature review, research design, and data analysis. The overall purpose is to guide the reader through the steps of conducting systematic research.
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The research process involves several key steps: 1) Identifying a research problem and justifying its importance through literature review. 2) Setting research objectives and hypotheses. 3) Choosing an appropriate study design like experiments, surveys, or observational studies. 4) Deciding on a sampling method and sample size. 5) Collecting data using methods like interviews, questionnaires or records. 6) Analyzing the collected data using statistical or qualitative techniques. 7) Reporting findings and conclusions in a research report. The research design provides a framework and plan for fulfilling objectives and answering research questions systematically.
Need for research and research design
This document outlines the need for and importance of research. It discusses how research is a systematic process of discovering new knowledge through logical investigation of topics or problems. Research is needed to generate evidence, confirm truths, and provide solutions rather than just accept opinions. It allows for critical thinking and sharing of information. Research is vital for decision making, policies, innovations, and improving quality of life. Proper research design provides structure and rigor to research studies and increases the chances of gathering useful and accurate information.
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The document provides an overview of exploratory research and descriptive research. It defines exploratory research as research used to investigate problems that are not clearly defined in order to better understand the problem but not provide conclusive results. Descriptive research aims to accurately describe populations, situations, or phenomena. The document outlines the characteristics, methods, advantages, and disadvantages of both exploratory and descriptive research.
business research methods 1 introduction
Research is a systematic investigation to discover new facts or verify existing facts. It involves searching for knowledge in a planned, organized manner. The main purposes of research are discovery of new information and verification of existing information. Research follows defined methodological steps and aims to provide generalizable conclusions through objective, systematic inquiry. There are different types of research based on purpose, approach, and nature of variables studied. The overall research process typically involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting findings.
An overview of research methodology
This document discusses key aspects of research methodology including definitions of research, objectives of research, characteristics of good research, types of research, formulation of research problems, and research design. Research methodology is the systematic approach to solving research problems. It aims to describe research methods and clarify their assumptions and implications. Some key points covered include defining a research problem, developing a research design, and considering factors such as feasibility and scope when planning a study. The document provides an overview of developing the framework and approach for conducting research.
Mba research management u - i
The document discusses the objectives, types, process, and significance of research. It defines research as a systematic process of investigation to discover answers through objective and verifiable methods. The main types discussed are descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, and qualitative vs quantitative research. Research is presented as a multi-step process that includes identifying a problem, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data to discover new knowledge.
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The document discusses the scientific method and provides steps to follow for a science fair project. It explains that the scientific method involves asking a question and developing a hypothesis to test through experimentation. It notes that not all areas of science can be directly experimented on. The steps provided are: 1) Ask a question 2) Do background research 3) Construct a hypothesis 4) Test the hypothesis through experimentation 5) Analyze data and draw a conclusion 6) Communicate results. It also discusses elements of an effective research proposal such as background, problem statement, objectives, significance, limitations, definitions, literature review, and methodology. Finally, it discusses computer search as an important data collection method for distant learners due to access to vast
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Types of research
There are several types of research including: basic research which aims to discover fundamental truths and laws through curiosity-driven studies; applied research which tests basic research theories in practical problem situations; deductive research which derives hypotheses from theories to then make observations; and inductive research which makes observations to identify patterns and derive tentative hypotheses and theories. Research can also be quantitative using methods like surveys and experiments, or qualitative using methods like case studies, interviews and narratives to understand perceptions. Evaluative research assesses the effectiveness of programs and activities using quantitative methods such as cost-benefit analysis or qualitative methods like case studies.
Focus group
A focus group is a carefully planned discussion aimed at obtaining perceptions on a defined topic. It involves gathering a small group of people together to discuss a topic guided by a moderator. Focus groups are effective for understanding human behavior and motivations when participants feel comfortable sharing their views and opinions. They produce qualitative data that can help indicate a range of views, though results cannot be generalized to the wider population. Successful focus groups require careful planning, participant selection, skillful moderation, and meaningful questioning to effectively capture and analyze the discussion.
Motivation theory
The document discusses motivation and different motivation theories including Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two-factor theory. Maslow proposed that people are motivated to fulfill basic physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs in that order. Herzberg suggested there are hygiene factors like salary and working conditions that prevent dissatisfaction but do not motivate, and motivators like achievement and recognition that positively motivate performance. The document analyzes how these theories apply to employee motivation.
Transportation problem
The document discusses transportation problems (TPs), which involve determining the optimal way to route products from multiple supply locations to multiple demand destinations to minimize total transportation costs. It provides the mathematical formulation of a TP as a linear programming problem (LPP) with decision variables representing the quantity transported between each origin-destination pair. Methods for solving TPs include the simplex method by formulating it as an LPP or specialized transportation methods like the northwest corner rule to find an initial feasible solution and stepping stone/modified distribution methods to check for optimality. An example TP is presented to illustrate these concepts.
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Quotation
A quotation is a document provided by a vendor or service provider to a customer that describes goods or services being offered and their costs. It includes the item descriptions, quantities, unit prices, and total prices. A quotation number, date, payment terms, and validity period are usually included. Financial quotations refer to market data like stock prices, while sales quotations are offers for goods and services. The key components of a quotation are a header with business details, a body listing items and pricing, and a footer with totals, terms, and signatures.
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The document provides an overview of computer basics. It discusses:
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2. The definition of a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, and produces output according to stored instructions.
3. The main hardware components of a computer including input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, storage devices like hard drives and CDs/DVDs, and memory like RAM and ROM.
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demand and supply
The document defines demand as the amount of a product consumers are willing and able to purchase at different price levels. It discusses how demand curves are graphed with price on the y-axis and quantity on the x-axis, showing an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. Supply is defined as the amount producers are willing to provide at different price levels, with supply curves showing a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied. Equilibrium occurs where supply and demand are equal, at the price where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.
Demand and supply
The document discusses demand and supply. It defines demand as the desire and ability to purchase a product and explains the difference between demand and quantity demanded. The law of demand states that demand increases when price decreases and decreases when price increases, assuming other factors stay constant. Supply is defined as the willingness and ability of producers to provide a product. The law of supply states that supply increases with price and decreases with price, holding other factors fixed. Determinants of both demand and supply are also outlined.
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Communication barriers
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John rawls
John Rawls' A Theory of Justice proposes principles of justice to structure an ideal society. Rawls argues that rational individuals in an original position of equality, without knowledge of their social status, would agree to two principles: 1) Equal liberty as long as it doesn't infringe on others' liberty, and 2) Social and economic inequalities must benefit all and be open to all. Rawls believes these principles derived from a social contract theory provide a stronger basis for equality than utilitarianism by denying that infringing basic rights can be justified by greater benefits for more people. He defines justice as fairness under these fair and impartial conditions.
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This document discusses four areas of the self: the open area which is known to others; the blind area which others can see but we cannot; the hidden area which we do not share with others; and the unknown area which contains parts of ourselves that are not consciously known even to ourselves but can be revealed through things like dreams or insights. Feedback from others about our open area allows us to test our self-perception and grow in self-awareness.
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Characteristics and criteria of good research
- 1. CHARACTERISTICS AND CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH
- 2. What is Research ? Research Projects. Characteristics of Good Research. Criteria For a Good Research. Process of Making an Effective Research.
- 3. Research is: “…the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.”
- 4. 1. Originates with a question or problem. 2. Requires clear articulation of a goal. 3. Follows a specific plan or procedure. 4. Often divides main problem into sub problems. 5. Guided by specific problem, question, or hypothesis. 6. Accepts certain critical assumptions. 7. Requires collection and interpretation of data. 8. Cyclical (helical) in nature.
- 5. Research begins with a problem. Identifying this problem can actually be the hardest part of research. In general, good research projects should: ◦ Address an important question. ◦ Advance knowledge.
- 6. Good research requires: ◦ The scope and limitations of the work to be clearly defined. ◦ The process to be clearly explained so that it can be reproduced and verified by other researchers. ◦ A thoroughly planned design that is as objective as possible.
- 7. Good research requires: ◦ Highly ethical standards be applied. ◦ All limitations be documented. ◦ Data be adequately analyzed and explained. ◦ All findings be presented unambiguously and all conclusions be justified by sufficient evidence.
- 8. Research is an extremely cyclic process. This isn’t a weakness of the process but is part of the built-in error correction machinery. Because of the cyclic nature of research, it can be difficult to determine where to start and when to stop.
- 9. Raising a Question. Suggest Hypothesis. Literature Review. Literature Evaluation. Acquire Data. Data Analysis. Data Interpretation. Hypothesis Support.
- 10. A question occurs to or is posed to the researcher for which that researcher has no answer. The question needs to be converted to an appropriate problem statement like that documented in a research proposal.
- 11. The researcher generates intermediate hypotheses to describe a solution to the problem. ◦ This is at best a temporary solution since there is as yet no evidence to support either the acceptance or rejection of these hypothesis.
- 12. The available literature is reviewed to determine if there is already a solution to the problem. ◦ Existing solutions do not always explain new observations. ◦ The existing solution might require some revision or even be discarded.
- 13. It’s possible that the literature review has yielded a solution to the proposed problem. On the other hand, if the literature review turns up nothing, then additional research activities are justified.
- 14. The researcher now begins to gather data relating to the research problem. The means of data acquisition will often change based on the type of the research problem.
- 15. The data that were gathered in the previous step are analyzed as a first step in ascertaining their meaning. As before, the analysis of the data does not constitute research.
- 16. The researcher interprets the newly analyzed data and suggests a conclusion. ◦ This can be difficult. ◦ Keep in mind that data analysis that suggests a correlation between two variables can’t automatically be interpreted as suggesting causality between those variables.
- 17. The data will either support the hypotheses or they won’t. ◦ This may lead the researcher to cycle back to an earlier step in the process and begin again with a new hypothesis. ◦ This is one of the self-correcting mechanisms associated with the scientific method.
- 18. Thank You…