Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan's economy, contributing over 20% to GDP. However, agricultural production faces problems due to a lack of access to modern agricultural technologies and information about weather and climate. The government needs to improve agricultural extension services to transfer new technologies and advise farmers about crop varieties suited to local weather conditions in order to boost agricultural productivity and incomes.

2. Agriculture Production is
confronted by Problems
A Lecture By
Mr.Allah Dad Khan

12. Agriculture Technology
Transferred By
Agriculture Extension

16. Agriculture Technology: The
Missing Link in Pakistan’s
Agriculture Sector

17.  ‫نہیں‬ ‫سے‬ ‫زمین‬ ‫ناطہ‬ ‫کا‬ ‫اس‬ ‫لے‬ ‫کر‬ ‫ترقی‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫جتنی‬ ‫دنیا‬
‫اپنی‬ ‫ہمیں‬ ‫جو‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫کشش‬ ‫میں‬ ‫اس‬ ‫۔کیونکہ‬ ‫سکتا‬ ‫ٹوٹ‬
‫دیتے‬ ‫کو‬ ‫اسی‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫لیتے‬ ‫سے‬ ‫اسی‬ ‫ہم‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫کھینچتی‬ ‫جانب‬
‫خوش‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫جیتے‬ ‫سے‬ ‫اسی‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫مرتے‬ ‫پر‬ ‫اسی‬ ‫ہیں‬
‫زمین‬ ‫اپنی‬ ‫جو‬ ‫عالقے‬ ‫شاداب‬ ‫اور‬ ‫سبز‬ ‫سر‬ ‫وہ‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫قسمت‬
‫میں‬ ‫ملکوں‬ ‫قسمت‬ ‫خوش‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫کرتے‬ ‫پیدا‬ ‫خوراک‬ ‫سے‬
‫میں‬ ‫عالقے‬ ‫جس‬ ‫کے‬ ‫جس‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫پاکستان‬ ‫ملک‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫سے‬
‫ہے‬ ‫آتا‬ ‫گ‬ُ‫ا‬ ‫ہی‬ ‫وہ‬ ‫لگاؤ‬ ‫جو‬

18.  ‫اناج‬ ‫اور‬ ‫،دالیں‬ ‫،سبزیاں‬ ‫پھول‬ ، ‫پھل‬ ‫تک‬ ‫جنوب‬ ‫سے‬ ‫شمال‬
‫پاس‬ ‫کے‬ ‫کسی‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫پھر‬ ‫۔‬ ‫گتا‬ُ‫ا‬ ‫نہیں‬ ‫میں‬ ‫ملک‬ ‫اس‬ ‫کیا‬
‫دونوں‬ ‫ان‬ ‫کوئی‬ ‫اور‬ ‫نہیں‬ ‫دال‬ ‫پاس‬ ‫کے‬ ‫کسی‬ ‫تو‬ ‫نہیں‬ ‫روٹی‬
‫موسموں‬ ‫چار‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫بات‬ ‫سی‬ ‫عجیب‬ ‫کتنی‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫محروم‬ ‫سے‬
‫دانے‬ ‫خود‬ ‫لوگ‬ ‫ہم‬ ‫والے‬ ‫کرنے‬ ‫پیدا‬ ‫اجناس‬ ‫چونسٹھ‬ ‫میں‬
‫اور‬ ‫ہے؟‬ ‫کیوں‬ ‫ایسا‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫ماجرہ‬ ‫کیا‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫رہے‬ ‫ترس‬ ‫کو‬ ‫دانے‬
‫گا؟‬ ‫رہے‬ ‫تک‬ ‫کب‬
 ‫ہم‬ ‫میں‬ ‫کھوج‬ ‫۔اس‬ ‫ڈاال‬ ‫پر‬ ‫راہ‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ہمیں‬ ‫نے‬ ‫تجسس‬ ‫اسی‬
‫پاکستان‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫تھا‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫بالکل‬ ‫سے‬ ‫حقائق‬ ‫ان‬ ‫وہ‬ ‫کھال‬ ‫جو‬ ‫پر‬
‫کپاس‬ ‫تو‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫پر‬ ‫نمبر‬ ‫چوتھے‬ ‫میں‬ ‫دنیا‬ ‫میں‬ ‫پیدوار‬ ‫کی‬ ‫چاول‬
‫پر‬ ‫نمبر‬ ‫تیسرے‬ ‫میں‬ ‫پیداوار‬ ‫کی‬

19.  ‫پیداوار‬ ‫کی‬ ‫پھلوں‬ ‫کئی‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫کفیل‬ ‫خود‬ ‫میں‬ ‫گندم‬
‫اس‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫سکتا‬ ‫کر‬ ‫کفالت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ملکوں‬ ‫دوسرے‬ ‫میں‬
‫بات‬ ‫اس‬ ‫اندازہ‬ ‫کا‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫حقیقت‬ ‫کتنی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫بات‬
‫کے‬ ‫غربت‬ ‫کسان‬ ‫ہمارا‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫جاتا‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫ہی‬ ‫سے‬
‫میں‬ ‫دنیا‬ ‫ملک‬ ‫جو‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫ہوا‬ ‫پہنچا‬ ‫تک‬ ‫فاقوں‬ ‫ہاتھوں‬
‫چوتھے‬ ‫اور‬ ‫تیسرے‬ ‫دوسرے‬ ‫سے‬ ‫حساب‬ ‫پیداواری‬
‫مرتے‬ ‫نہیں‬ ‫جی‬ ‫جیتے‬ ‫کسان‬ ‫کے‬ ‫وہاں‬ ‫ہوں‬ ‫پر‬ ‫نمبر‬

24.  ‫کی‬ ‫ہڈی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ریڑھ‬ ‫میں‬ ‫معیشت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫پاکستان‬ ‫زراعت‬
‫پیداوار‬ ‫قومی‬ ‫مجموعی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫پاکستان‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫رکھتی‬ ‫حیثیت‬
‫حصہ‬ ‫کا‬ ‫شعبے‬ ‫زرعی‬ ‫میں‬20‫ساتھ‬ ‫کے‬ ‫اس‬ ،‫ہے‬ ‫فیصد‬
‫طبقے‬ ‫کش‬ ‫محنت‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ملک‬ ‫شعبہ‬ ‫زرعی‬ ‫ساتھ‬
‫کے‬42.3‫جسے‬ ‫پنجاب‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫کرتا‬ ‫مہیا‬ ‫روزگار‬ ‫کو‬ ‫حصے‬ ‫فیصد‬
‫محنت‬ ‫میں‬ ‫ہے،اس‬ ‫جاتا‬ ‫کہا‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫باسکٹ‬ ‫فوڈ‬ ‫کی‬ ‫پاکستان‬
‫کا‬ ‫طبقے‬ ‫کش‬43.5‫وابستہ‬ ‫سے‬ ‫شعبے‬ ‫زرعی‬ ‫حصہ‬ ‫فیصد‬
‫زرعی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫مدات‬ٓ‫ا‬‫بر‬ ‫مجموعی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫پاکستان‬ ‫طرح‬ ‫اسی‬ ‫ہے۔‬
‫حصہ‬ ‫کا‬ ‫شعبے‬65‫خام‬ ‫صرف‬ ‫سے‬ ‫میں‬ ‫جس‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫فیصد‬
‫شرح‬ ‫کی‬ ‫مصنوعات‬ ‫بنی‬ ‫سے‬ ‫کپاس‬ ‫اور‬ ‫کپاس‬73.2‫فیصد‬
‫میں‬ ‫بھر‬ ‫دنیا‬ ‫ہے۔پاکستان‬‫س‬ ‫اعتبار‬ ‫کے‬ ‫پیداوار‬ ‫کی‬ ‫کپاس‬‫ے‬
،‫گندم‬ ‫پاکستان‬ ‫ساتھ‬ ‫ساتھ‬ ‫کے‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫ملک‬ ‫بڑا‬ ‫چوتھا‬
‫بھی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫پیداوار‬ ‫کی‬ ‫کھجور‬ ‫اور‬ ‫کینو‬ ،‫م‬ٓ‫ا‬ ،‫دودھ‬ ،‫گنا‬ ،‫چاول‬
‫ہے‬ ‫سرفہرست‬‫۔‬

25.  ‫میں‬ ‫بارے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫صورتحال‬ ‫کی‬ ‫موسم‬ ‫کیلئے‬ ‫پیداوار‬ ‫اچھی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫فصلوں‬ ‫کاشتکار‬
‫کی‬ ‫تبدیلیوں‬ ‫ماحولیاتی‬ ‫لیکن‬ ‫ہیں۔‬ ‫ہوتے‬ ‫خواہشمند‬ ‫کے‬ ‫جاننے‬ ‫زیادہ‬ ‫سے‬ ‫زیادہ‬
‫ہے۔‬ ‫رہا‬ٓ‫ا‬ ‫فرق‬ ‫میں‬ ‫گوئی‬ ‫پیش‬ ‫درست‬ ‫قطعی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫بارے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫موسم‬ ‫سے‬ ‫وجہ‬
‫موسمی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫بارے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫جن‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫ضرورت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫فصلوں‬ ‫ایسی‬ ‫ہمیں‬ ‫لئے‬ ‫اسی‬
‫مقصد‬ ‫ہی‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫سے‬ ‫روز‬ ‫اول‬ ‫کا‬ ‫کسان‬ ‫پڑے۔‬ ‫ضرورت‬ ‫کم‬ ‫سے‬ ‫کم‬ ‫کی‬ ‫گوئی‬ ‫پیش‬
‫سائنسدان‬ ‫جینیاتی‬ ‫جاسکے۔‬ ‫کی‬ ‫حاصل‬ ‫پیداوار‬ ‫اضافی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫فصلوں‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫رہا‬
‫کے‬ ‫جس‬ ‫کئے‬ ‫تجربات‬ ‫پر‬ ‫خصوصیات‬ ‫وراثتی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫فصلوں‬ ‫کیلئے‬ ‫مقصد‬ ‫اس‬ ‫نے‬
‫سے‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫کیا‬ ‫خصلتیں‬ ‫وراثتی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫فصلوں‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫گئے‬ ‫جان‬ ‫کسان‬ ‫بعد‬
‫سوچنے‬ ‫ہےجبکہ‬ ‫عنصر‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫محض‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫لیکن‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫جاسکتا‬ ‫اٹھایا‬ ‫فائدہ‬ ‫طرح‬ ‫کس‬
‫ہوئے‬ ‫بدلتے‬ ‫خصوصیات‬ ‫وراثتی‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫کی‬ ‫فصلوں‬ ‫کیا‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫بات‬ ‫کی‬
‫نمٹنے‬ ‫سے‬ ‫حالت‬ ‫ان‬ ‫پاس‬ ‫ہمارے‬ ‫ہیں۔‬ ‫کرسکتی‬ ‫مقابلہ‬ ‫کا‬ ‫حاالت‬ ‫موسمی‬
‫ہوگا۔‬ ‫سوچا‬ ‫نہیں‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫خواب‬ ‫نے‬ ‫مینڈل‬ ‫کا‬ ‫جن‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫ٹولز‬ ‫ایسے‬ ‫کیلئےکئی‬
‫تالیف‬ ‫ضیائی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫پودوں‬ ‫فور‬ ‫سی‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫کہاجاتا‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫اب‬ ً‫مثال‬( C4
photosynthesis) ‫ہے‬ ‫جاتا‬ ‫کردیا‬ ‫منتقل‬ ‫میں‬ ‫پودوں‬ ‫فور‬ ‫سی‬ ‫غیر‬ ‫کو‬ ‫جینز‬ ‫کے‬
(‫ڈائی‬ ‫کاربن‬ ‫مبنی‬ ‫پر‬ ‫کاربنز‬ ‫چار‬ ‫میں‬ ‫جس‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫طریقہ‬ ‫کاایسا‬ ‫پودوں‬ ‫فور‬ ‫سی‬
‫ہیں‬ ‫کرتے‬ ‫تبدیل‬ ‫میں‬ ‫نڈ‬ٔ‫و‬‫کمپا‬ ‫کیمیکل‬ ‫کو‬ ‫کسائیڈ‬ٓ‫ا‬)‫اسی‬ ‫ترقی‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫۔لیکن‬‫وقت‬
‫میں‬ ‫موسم‬ ‫اعتبار‬ ‫ناقابل‬ ‫اور‬ ‫متغیر‬ ‫ہمیں‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫جب‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫سکتی‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫ثابت‬ ‫مفید‬
‫کے‬ ‫مرتفع‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫کے‬ ‫شمال‬ ‫پر‬ ‫طور‬ ‫کے‬ ‫مثال‬ ‫دے۔‬ ‫پیداوار‬ ‫اچھی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫فصلوں‬
‫ہے‬ ‫ہوا‬ ‫اضافہ‬ ‫میں‬ ‫حرارت‬ ‫درجہ‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫کہنا‬ ‫کا‬ ‫کاشتکاروں‬ ‫میں‬ ‫میدانوں‬ ‫عظیم‬
‫کے‬ ‫بارشوں‬ ‫میں‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫اہم‬ ‫کے‬ ‫افزائش‬ ‫و‬ ‫منتقلی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫بیجوں‬ ‫کے‬ ‫اورپودوں‬
‫ہے‬ ‫ئی‬ٓ‫ا‬ ‫تبدیلی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫پیٹرن‬

26. ‫۔‬‫برداشت‬ ‫کو‬ ‫تبدیلیوں‬ ‫ان‬ ‫جو‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫ضرورت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫کرنے‬ ‫کاشت‬ ‫فصلیں‬ ‫ایسی‬ ‫ہمیں‬
‫مطابق‬ ‫کے‬ ‫زراعت‬ ‫شعبہ‬ ‫امریکی‬ ‫کرسکیں۔‬1990‫ءسے‬2012‫میں‬ ‫امریکہ‬ ‫دوران‬ ‫ءکے‬
73‫ہوا۔‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫حصوں‬ ‫دوسرے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫نیا‬ ‫د‬ ‫کچھ‬ ‫یہی‬ ‫اور‬ ‫گئی‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫بنجر‬ ‫زمین‬ ‫ایکڑ‬ ‫ملین‬
‫کا‬ ‫ریگستان‬ ‫میں‬ ‫جن‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫وجوہات‬ ‫بڑی‬ ‫تین‬ ‫بظاہر‬ ‫لیکن‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫وجوہات‬ ‫سی‬ ‫بہت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫اس‬
‫اس‬ ‫کے‬ ‫زمین‬ ‫ہیں۔‬ ‫شہر‬ ‫ہوئے‬ ‫پھیلتے‬ ‫ر‬ ‫او‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫ہوئی‬ ‫بڑھتی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫سمندر‬ ،‫پھیلنا‬
‫ہے۔‬ ‫ضرورت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫کرنے‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫سے‬ ‫طریقے‬ ‫موثر‬ ‫اسے‬ ‫اب‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫مطلب‬ ‫کا‬ ‫نقصان‬
،‫لیں‬ ‫لے‬ ‫ہی‬ ‫کو‬ ‫پیداوار‬ ‫ایکڑ‬ ‫فی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫مکئی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫امریکہ‬ ‫پر‬ ‫طور‬ ‫کے‬ ‫مثال‬2014‫میں‬ ‫ء‬
‫کی‬ ‫مکئی‬171‫بشلز‬( bushels) ‫ہوئی‬ ‫پیداوار‬ ‫ایکڑ‬ ‫فی‬(‫وزن‬ ‫کا‬ ‫بشل‬ ‫ایک‬56‫ہوتا‬ ‫نڈ‬ٔ‫و‬‫پا‬
‫ہے‬)‫اگر‬ ‫۔‬80‫بدلے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫زمین‬ ‫والے‬ ‫کھوجانے‬ ‫ہمیں‬ ‫تو‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫گئی‬ ٓ‫ا‬ ‫میں‬ ‫شہر‬ ‫زمین‬ ‫زرعی‬ ‫ایکڑ‬
‫میں‬760,000‫موجود‬ ‫طریقے‬ ‫سے‬ ‫بہت‬ ‫کیلئے‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫ضرورت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫بڑھانے‬ ‫پیداوار‬ ‫نڈ‬ٔ‫و‬‫پا‬
‫ایسی‬ ‫لوگ‬ ‫سے‬ ‫بہت‬ ‫ہیں۔‬ ‫فصلیں‬ ‫شدہ‬ ‫تبدیل‬ ‫پر‬ ‫طور‬ ‫جینیاتی‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫سے‬ ‫میں‬ ‫جن‬ ‫ہیں‬
‫بہت‬ ‫کیلئے‬ ‫ماحول‬ ‫اور‬ ‫صحت‬ ‫انسانی‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ان‬ ‫لیکن‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫کرتے‬ ‫اعتراض‬ ‫پر‬ ‫فصلوں‬
‫بڑی‬ ‫سے‬ ‫اس‬ ،‫ہے‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫اضافہ‬ ‫میں‬ ‫پیداوار‬ ‫ایکڑ‬ ‫فی‬ ‫فائدہ‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫کا‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ہیں۔‬ ‫نکلے‬ ‫اچھے‬
‫کی‬ ‫مٹی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫ذخائر‬ ‫کے‬ ‫پانی‬ ‫اور‬ ‫کھالوں‬ ،‫نہروں‬ ،‫ہے‬ ‫جاتا‬ ‫رک‬ ٔ‫و‬‫کٹا‬ ‫کا‬ ‫زمین‬ ‫میں‬ ‫تعداد‬
‫پانی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫زمین‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫جاتی‬ ‫مل‬ ‫نجات‬ ‫سے‬ ‫کھادوں‬ ‫کیمیائی‬ ،‫ہے‬ ‫جاتی‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫کم‬ ‫شرح‬
‫میں‬ ‫ڈکوٹا‬ ‫تھ‬ٔ‫و‬‫سا‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫جاتی‬ ‫بڑھ‬ ‫صالحیت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫کرنے‬ ‫ذخیرہ‬1972‫کر‬ ‫لے‬ ‫سے‬ ‫ء‬2012‫ء‬
‫باوجود‬ ‫کے‬ ‫سالی‬ ‫خشک‬ ‫کی‬70‫کیلئے‬ ‫۔اس‬ ‫گئی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫حاصل‬ ‫پیداوار‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ایکڑ‬ ‫فی‬ ‫بشلز‬
‫کا‬ ‫صالحیت‬ ‫ہوئی‬ ‫بڑھتی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫کرنے‬ ‫ذخیرہ‬ ‫پانی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫زمین‬ ‫اور‬ ‫فصلوں‬ ‫جینیاتی‬ ‫ہمیں‬
‫رکھےہو‬ ‫جاری‬ ‫تیاریاں‬ ‫کیلئے‬ ‫مستقبل‬ ‫یقینی‬ ‫غیر‬ ‫ماہرین‬ ‫زرعی‬ ‫چاہئے۔‬ ‫ہونا‬ ‫گزار‬ ‫شکر‬‫ئے‬
،‫انجینئرنگ‬ ‫جینیاتی‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫خطرہ‬ ‫ٹھوس‬ ‫اور‬ ‫حقیقی‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫تحفظ‬ ‫عدم‬ ‫کا‬ ‫خوراک‬ ‫ہیں۔‬
‫سے‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ماہرین‬ ‫ذریعےزرعی‬ ‫کے‬ ‫تحقیق‬ ‫پر‬ ‫طریقوں‬ ‫کے‬ ‫انتظام‬ ‫بہتر‬ ‫اور‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫روایتی‬
‫میں‬ ‫غذائیت‬ ‫اور‬ ‫پیداوار‬ ‫عالوہ‬ ‫کے‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫رہے‬ ‫بنا‬ ‫بہتر‬ ‫کو‬ ‫فصلوں‬ ‫سے‬ ‫کاربن‬ ‫چھوٹے‬
‫جو‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫جارہا‬ ‫کیا‬ ‫پر‬ ‫زمین‬ ‫کاشت‬ ‫قابل‬ ‫ہوئی‬ ‫سکڑتی‬ ‫کام‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫رہے‬ ‫کر‬ ‫اضافہ‬ ‫بھی‬
‫ہے۔‬ ‫نہیں‬ ‫کارنامہ‬ ‫چھوٹا‬ ‫ایک‬

27. ‫سروس‬ ‫ایس‬ ‫ایم‬ ‫ایس‬ ‫زرعی‬-
 ‫موسم‬‫معلومات‬ ‫ترین‬ ‫تازہ‬ ‫کی‬
 ‫مسائل‬ ‫کے‬ ‫زراعت‬
 ‫کاشتکاری‬/‫گفتگو‬ ‫پر‬ ‫مسائل‬ ‫باغبانی‬
 ‫معلومات‬ ‫کی‬ ‫فصل‬
 ‫معلومات‬ ‫پر‬ ‫کیڑوں‬
 ‫معلومات‬ ‫امراض‬
 ‫ٹیکنالوجی‬ ‫و‬ ‫سائنس‬ ‫ایگریکلچرل‬ ‫نئی‬
 ‫خبریں‬ ‫زرعی‬
 ‫رپورٹس‬ ‫اسپیشل‬

28. Agricultural technology
 varies from the inventions of hoes and rakes to more advanced tools that
include rainwater analysis and collection. Technology has primarily been
adapted in the agricultural industry to help farmers increase their production
yields and processes

29. The higher cost of production
 has continuously been haunting the farmer community in Pakistan. This,
together with climate change impact, has been resulting in poor produce and
negative growth rates at times. This article is an attempt to explore the
possibilities of employing technology to achieve cost effectiveness and to help
farmers to improve outcomes

30. Climate change
 is a serious threat to the security and prosperity of Pakistan’s agriculture. We
are more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because of our
geography. According to a recently published index, Pakistan was ranked
number 12 on the list of countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate
change

31. Earth is expected
 to face a rise of 5 to 7 °C (41-44.6°F) in its temperature by the end of 21st
century. The temperature is continuously on the rise, however a rapid rise in
temperature has been witnessed during the last some decades as the pace of
industrial development remains rapid. Pakistan, in general and Indus Delta in
particular, is expected to experience a 4 to 6°C (39.2-42.8°F) rise in
temperature in the same period and on an average 0.5°C (32.9°F) per
decade. This rise in temperature is causing climate extremes which is
ultimately damaging major agricultural regions and creating food crises.

32. extreme weather
 We are already under the cycle of extreme weather events, i.e., floods,
drought and heat waves, cyclones, glacial outbursts and tsunamis. The
continuously and rapidly occurring climate related disasters and rising
temperature is already damaging our crops and pushing Pakistan in to the
brink of food insecurity. It would have horrifying impacts on our food system if
we do not go for a quick fix.

33. FAO
 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations in its 2015
report, “The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security” has put
Pakistan at the top among the developing countries at risk for losses in
agriculture and crops. The report notes, “When examining the wider impact
of disasters, the study shows that beyond production losses, medium- and
large-scale disasters can have a significant impact across the food value
chain, with negative consequences on trade flows of agricultural
commodities, sector growth, food and non-food agro-industries, and
ultimately national economies

34. A Recent Research
 A recent research conducted by the Department of Agronomy of the University
of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF) and AgMIP—an international consortium
committed to improve substantially food security due to climate change and to
enhance adaptation capacity—says that there will be increase of 2.8°C
(37.04°F) in maximum and 2.2°C (35.96°F) in minimum temperature for mid-
century (2040-2069). An increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is also
expected from 390 to 571 parts per million (ppm). Vulnerability of the agriculture
crops to extreme climate events (floods, droughts and cyclones etc.,) will
increase with time due to increased climatic changes and global warming.

35. Water insecurity and poor management
 As per a report by International Monetary Fund (IMF) Pakistan is among the
top 36 countries facing water scarcity. The situation is expected to get even
worse by the mid of century as the projections tell that Pakistan will make its
position to top 20. Per capita annual water availability in Pakistan has
dropped from 5,600 cubic meters at independence to the current level of
1,017 cubic meters, and is projected to decline further.
 Demand for water is on the rise—projected to reach 274 million acre-feet
(MAF) by 2025 while supply is expected to remain stagnant at 191 MAF. The
situation will lead to demand-supply gap of approximately 83 MAF threatening
severe water insecurity.

36. Climate change
 Pakistan needs immediate and comprehensive plan of action to counter the
negative impact of climate change on our crop production and food security as
research has confirmed that overall production is on the decline due to
changing weather patterns and frequent occurrence of extreme weather events.


37. Adaption
 Early inventions were primarily adopted on individual farming establishments
and shared with other farmers on a verbal basis. Advanced developments
have even improved the way that technology is shared between farms.
Conservation technology, such as new methods for preventing erosion, have
evolved to help farmers reduce the negative impact of agricultural production
on local waterways. In addition, farmers have focused on changing the way
that they manage their crops to help protect the soi

38. Ict In agriculture
 This huge number (of farmers) has an appetite for agriculture information
while present field force is not able to satisfy the needs of the farmers,
therefore, modern communication tools will be aggressively explored to
increase the reach of the extension service delivery. A call center will be
established to cater to the farmers’ requirements and their connectivity with
the experts through the local extension agents. Soil sampling will also be a
main component of this project for soil health diagnostics. The presence of
the extension service will be increased through newspapers, primetime on
television and social media including Facebook and Twitter while we are also
reaching farmers through SMS, robocall, and call centers. In fact, 5 million
farmers will soon have access to the latest technology techniques, farm
experts and easy financing through smartphones. The program has already
been rolled out.

39. Drone-based aerial photography for crop and pest
scouting
 Today, drone technology is becoming an essential piece of farm equipment.
Farmers around the world have actually started using drones to get a bird’s-eye
view of their fields and to monitor the condition of their crops. Pakistanis are
already familiar with drones and their uses, but now with this technology, it will
be used for helping farming community and policy makers to estimate crop size
and pest warning activities. Scientists in University of Agriculture Faisalabad are
working on it to economize the use of fertilizer and pesticides throughout the
fields.

40. Where do we stand as far as tunnel climate-controlled
farming is concerned? Is this generally practiced, if yes
where and who is practicing the same in Pakistan?
 Tunnel farming has been introduced in Punjab in 2003 through establishment
of high tunnel structures at Adaptive Research Farms of Sargodha,
Sheikhupura, Vehari and Chakwal, wherein, tunnel technologies were fine-
tuned and promoted to the fellow farmers through dedicated training. A
subsequent project was launched to promote tunnel farming through farmers
training programs wherein, a group of farmers were trained on a subsidized
tunnel structures. Afterwards, a massive subsidy of PKR 520 million was
announced to provide 50 percent subsidy to the farmers on walk-in and
shallow tunnels and due to this 10 year struggle, area under tunnels was
significantly increased in Punjab. Even now, Government of the Punjab is
supporting farmers with the provision of inputs to the tunnel growers to
display the best production technologies. Moreover, going beyond that work
on hydroponics has been started with lead role from University of Arid
Agriculture Rawalpindi and farmers are taking interest in this innovative
technology as well.

41. Are we doing soil fertility testing on a large scale? Is there any public
institute and organization for soil testing? Are small farmers getting
benefits from the same?
 Government of the Punjab has approved a dedicated project for 2.8 million soil
samples in Punjab, wherein, 28 million acres’ area of irrigated Punjab will be
divided in 10 acres grid to collect soil samples from all the partners of this
square. Coordinates of each site will be recorded to place in a dedicated
database. This soil sampling record will be used for farmer’s advice on soil
health, compatible cropping patterns and other agro management suggestions
to improve productivity and profitability of farmers. This project (PKR 4.25
billion) will improve service delivery of extension agents and enable the farmers
to approach agriculture experts through the use of ICT technologies and soil
sampling will be made free of cost.

42. Agriculture Technology
 Modern farms and agricultural operations work far differently than those a
few decades ago, primarily because of advancements in technology, including
sensors, devices, machines, and information technology. Today’s agriculture
routinely uses sophisticated technologies such as robots, temperature and
moisture sensors, aerial images, and GPS technology. These advanced devices
andprecision agriculture and robotic systems allow businesses to be more
profitable, efficient, safer, and more environmentally friendly

43. IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
 Farmers no longer have to apply water, fertilizers, and pesticides uniformly
across entire fields. Instead, they can use the minimum quantities required
and target very specific areas, or even treat individual plants differently.
Benefits include:
 Higher crop productivity
 Decreased use of water, fertilizer, and pesticides, which in turn keeps food
prices down
 Reduced impact on natural ecosystems
 Less runoff of chemicals into rivers and groundwater
 Increased worker safety

44.  In addition, robotic technologies enable more reliable monitoring and
management of natural resources, such as air and water quality. It also gives
producers greater control over plant and animal production, processing,
distribution, and storage, which results in:
 Greater efficiencies and lower prices
 Safer growing conditions and safer foods
 Reduced environmental and ecological impact