Linguistic about tenses and deixis

1. SUBJECT : English Proficiency
LECTURE : Elsan Arvian,SS,M.Hum
Writer : Ani Istiana
NIM : 043131.51114.029
TENSE AND DEIXIS

2. What is tense ?
We take tense to be the grammaticalisation of location in time.
Three parameters are traditionally cited as relevant in defining tense and
indentifying tense distinctions.
This conceptualisation of time, which appears to be adequate for an account of
tense in human language including all time location distinctions found in
natural language, can be represented diagrammatically as follows:
TENSE

3. What one rather finds most typically is the choice of the speech situation
as the reference point. The present moment ( for time ), the present spot ( for
space ) and the sp[eaker and heare ( for person ).
as far as tense is concerned, then the reference point is typically the present
moment are distinguished grammatically.
Tense (noun) a form of a verb used to indicate the time, and sometimes
the continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to the time of speaking.
(From Latin tempus = time).
Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time - past, present
and future. Many languages use tenses to talk about time. Other languages have
no tenses, but of course they can still talk about time, using different methods.

4. Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to
the (usually) extralinguistic context of the utterance, such as
* who is speaking
* the time or place of speaking
* the gestures of the speaker, or
* the current location in the discourse.
Here are examples of deictic expressions:
I – You – Now – There – That - The following – Tenses
DEIXIS

6. Types of deixis
1. Personal Deixis
1. Personal deixis concerns the encoding of the participants in the speech
event in which the utterance in question is delivered. The category of
personal divided into three: the category are first person is the
grammatically of the speaker`s reference himself, second person the
encoding of the speaker`s reference to one or more addresses. Third
persons encode of reference to person and entities that are neither speakers
nor addressees of the utterance in question.
Example : She wants to get the best score in the final exam
* subject pronoun (I, you, we, they, he, she, it)
* object pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them)
* possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, its, our, their)
* possessive pronoun (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, and theirs)
* reflexive pronoun (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
themselves).

7. 2. Time Deixis
Time deixis makes ultimate reference to participant-role, so it is important to
distinguish the moment of utterance from the moment of reception
Ex : Tomorrow is Sunday
3. Place Deixis
Place deixis concerns the encoding of spatial locations relative to the location of
the participants in the speech
Ex : There you go
4. Social Deixis
Fillmore in Levinson states that social dexis concerns that aspect of sentences
There are also in many languages forms reserved for authorized receipients,
including restriction on most titles of address like your honor, your royal hignes,
Mr. President

8. 5. Discourse Deixis
Discourse deixis refers to such matters the use of this the point to future discourse
element .deixis concern the use of expressions within some utterance to refer to
some portion of the discourse contents that utterance (including the use of the
utterance itself) .
Ex : next thursday, in the last paraagraph, dan in the next chapter