1. Phrase and Sentence Meaning
Extension and Intension
Sense and Reference
Ratna Nurhidayati
1211204101
2. Phrase and Sentence Meaning
The meaning of phrases or sentences depends
on both the meaning of its words and how
these words are structurally combined.
3. • Words are synonyms; sentences are paraphrases.
• Words can be homonyms; sentences may be
ambiguous.
• Words have opposites; sentences can be negated.
• Words are used for naming purposes; sentences
can be used that way too.
• Both words and sentences can be used to refer
to, or point out, objects; and both may have
some further meaning beyond this referring
capability.
4. Extension and Intension
Intension and Extension describe two ways of
indicating the meaning of a word or name
“intension” indicates the internal content of a
term or concept that constitutes its formal
definition. (sense)
“extension” indicates its range of applicability by
naming the particular objects that it denotes.
(denotation)
5. • The extension of a general term is just the
collection of individual things to which it is
correctly applied. Thus, the extension of the word
"chair" includes every chair that is (or ever has
been or ever will be) in the world. The intension
of a general term, on the other hand, is the set of
features which are shared by everything to which
it applies. Thus, the intension of the word "chair"
is (something like) "a piece of furniture designed
to be sat upon by one person at a time."
6. • Clearly, these two kinds of meaning are closely
interrelated. We usually suppose that the
intension of a concept or term determines its
extension, that we decide whether or not each
newly-encountered piece of furniture belongs
among the chairs by seeing whether or not it has
the relevant features. Thus, as the intension of a
general term increases, by specifying with greater
detail those features that a thing must have in
order for it to apply, the term's extension tends to
decrease, since fewer items now qualify for its
application.
7. • Extension. The set of all things to which a word or
phrase refers; also known as "denotation." The
extension of "U.S. automotive producer" is "Chrysler,
Ford, General Motors."
• Intension. The set of qualities of a thing that make a
given word or phrase refer to it; also know as "sense"
(and not to be confused with intention, what someone
means to say or do). The intension of "U.S. automobile
producer" is "a company engaged in manufacturing
automobiles, with its corporate headquarters in the
United States.
8. Example
• the intension of “ship” as a substantive is “vehicle
for conveyance on water,” whereas its extension
embraces such things as cargo ships, passenger
ships, battleships, and sailing ships.
The distinction between intension and extension is
not the same as that between connotation and
denotation.
10. Sense
• Sense deals with relationships inside the
language.
• Sense of an expression is its place in a system
of semantic relationships with other
expressions in the language.
11. Example of Sense
1. The example of sense in word-form
GUILT
• Blame, Culpability, Guiltiness, Iniquity, Wrong,
etc.
• Feeling of shame for having done wrong, Fact
that somebody has done something illegal,
Blame or responsibility for wrongdoing.
12. Example of Sense
2. The example of sense in phrase or sentence
A prisoner escaped from jail yesterday.
• A prisoner ran away from the jail yesterday.
• A prisoner got free from the jail yesterday.
13. Reference
• Reference deals with the relationship between
language and the world.
• Reference is a relationship between parts of
language and things outside the language (in
the world).
14. Types of Reference
• Variable Reference
a. One word
b. Many expressions
c. Refer to different type 0f that object
• Constant Reference
a. One word
b. Many expressions
c. Refer to the same thing
16. Example of constant reference
• America
America has a real appearance and also can be
defined in other words or expressions.
17. Reference vs. Sense
• Reference
Concrete
It can be proved by the thing in the real world
and only one step to prove it.
• Sense
Abstract
It does not have a real object and we have to
imagine and compare to our experience.
Every expression that has meaning has sense,
but not every expression has reference!
