1. PRAGMATICS
Disusun oleh:
Ratu Anisah D. F.
17202244009
Liana Buruuja Nisa’ 17202244013
Muhammad Pramadya K 17202244017
Sukarno 17202244018
Ardian Cahya P 17202244023
PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS
FAKULTAS BAHASA DAN SENI
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA
Introduction to Linguistics
Dosen pengampu: Siti Mukminatun, S.S., M.Hum.
2. WHAT IS PRAGMATICS?
The study of what speakers mean, or “speaker’s meaning”.
The study of “invisible” meaning, or how we recognize what is meant
even when it isn’t actually said or written.
Yule, 2010 : 127
3. In order for that to happen, speakers (or writers) must be able to
depend on a lot of shared assumptions and expectations when they
try to communicate. The investigation of those assumptions and
expectations provides us with some insights into how more is always
being communicated than is said.
Yule, 2010 : 128
4. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS?
Semantics
1. Semantics attempts to relate meanings to logic and truth, deals with meaning as a
matter primarily of sense-relations within the language.
2. Semantics is concerned with the word and sentence meaning.
Pragmatics
1. Pragmatics attempts to relate meanings to context of utterance; it views language
as action which is performed by speakers.
2. Pragmatics entails utterance meaning. An utterance can be defined as a word or
sentence which is uttered by a speaker.
5. Pragmatics is more focus on the speaker meaning in speech and
semantics focuses on word or sentence meaning in text.
6. SOCIAL MEANING
Social meaning is related to the situational in which utterance is
used. It is concerned with the social circumstances of the use of a
linguistics expression.
For example, some dialectic words inform us about the regional and
social background of the speaker. In the same way, some stylistic
usages let us know something of the social relationship between the
speaker and the hearer.
Universeofenglish.blogspot.in
7. For example, “steed” “horse” and “nag” are synonymous. They all mean a
kind of animal i.e. Horse. But they differ in style and so have various social
meaning.
Steed is used in poetry.
Horse is used in general.
Nag is a slang.
The word “Home” can have many use like domicile (official), residence (formal), abode
(poetic) and home (ordinary use).
Universeofenglish.blogspot.in
8. Context
The discourse that surrounds a language unit and helps to
determine its interpretation.
Yule, 2010 : 129
9. 1. Physical Context (Co-Text)
It refers to where the conversations takes place, what objects are
present, and what actions are taken.
Example: I want that book. (accompanied by pointing)
2. Linguistic Context
It refers to things that were said previous to the utterance under
consideration.
Example :
Someone said : she is so stupid.
I can’t believe you said like that!
Yule, 2010:129-130
10. Continue...
1. Social context
It refers to the social relationship of the people involved in
communication.
Example: # Mr. President, stop bugging me and go home.
(You can not talk like this to the President.)
# commonly used to mark a sentence that is inappropriate for a
given context.
Linguistics 201, Detmar Meurers Handout 3 (April 9, 2004)
11. 2. Epistemic
It refers to knowledge and beliefs of the speaker/hearer.
Example:
Scenario
Lisa and Daniel have a special relationship. Nisa is their friend.
Someday they’re going to cinema. Daniel and Nisa want to watch A
movie, but Lisa wants to watch B movie. At night, Lisa said that she
doesn’t like that. Then Daniel concludes that Lisa is jealous with Nisa.
Linguistics 201, Detmar Meurers Handout 3 (April 9, 2004)
Continue...
12. Deixis
Deixis is a word or phrase that points to the time, place, or
situation in which a speaker is speaking. In other word,
“pointing via language”.
To accomplish this pointing we use deictic expressions or
indexicals.
Yule, 2010: 130
13. These are example of deictic expression words:
1. Words to point to things (it, this, these) and people (him, them,
those), sometimes called person deixis.
Example : He burned himself.
2. Words and phrases used to point to a location (here, there,
near that) are examples of spatial deixis.
Example : I put it here.
3. To point to a time (now, then, last week) are examples of
temporal deixis.
Example : I saw him last week.
Yule, 2010: 130-131
14. Reference
Reference is an act by which a speaker (or writer) uses language to enable a listener (or reader)
to identify something.
– Proper nouns.
(Chomsky, Jennifer, Whiskas)
– Other nouns in phrases
(a writer, my friend, the cat)
– Pronouns
(he, she, it)
Example : “Look at him.”
So, reference is tied to the speaker’s goals and beliefs about the listener knowledge in the
use of language.
Yule, 2010: 131
15. Inference
Inference is a successful act of reference depends more on the
listener’s ability to recognize what we mean than on the listener’s
“dictionary” knowledge of a word we use.
Example:
‘Shakespeare’ does not refer only to a spesific person. It can be
refer to things, writer product.
- We saw Shakespeare in London.
- Can I borrow your Shakespear?
Yule, 2010: 131
16. Anaphora can be defined as subsequent reference to an already introduced entity.
In this type of referential relationship,
- The second (or subsequent) referring expression
is an example of anaphora (“referring back”).
- The first mention is called the antecedent.
Anaphora
Mostly we use anaphora in texts to maintain reference.
Example:
We saw a funny home video about a
boy washing a puppy in a small bath.
The puppy started struggling and
shaking and the boy got really wet.
When he let go, it jumped out of the
bath and ran away.
(Yule, 2010: 132)
17. The connection between an antecedent and an anaphoric expression is
created by use of:
• a pronoun (it),
• a phrase with the plus the antecedent noun (the puppy),
• or another noun that is related to the antecedent in some way (The
little dog ran out of the room).
The connection between antecedents and anaphoric expressions is
often based on inference, as in these examples.
- We found a house to rent, but the kitchen was very small.
- I caught a bus and asked the driver if it went near the downtown area.
(Yule, 2010: 132)
18. Presupposition
Examples:
1. Your brother is waiting outside. There is an obvious presupposition that you have a
brother.
2. Why did you arrive late? There is a presupposition that you did arrive late.
3. When did you stop smoking? There are at least two presuppositions involved, the
speaker presupposes that you used to smoke and that you no longer do so.
What a speaker (or writer) assumes is true or known by a listener (or reader)
can be described as a presupposition.
(Yule, 2010: 132)
19. Presupposition
The “Constancy Under Negation” test for identifying a presupposition.
Examples:
(+) My car is a wreck. And (-) My car is not a wreck.
The underlying presupposition (I have a car) remains true despite the fact that the two
sentences have opposite meanings.
• I used to regret marrying him, but I don’t regret marrying him now.
The presupposition (I married him) remains constant even though the verb regret
changes from affirmative to negative.
(Yule, 2010: 132)
20. Speech Act
We can define a speech act as the action performed by a speaker with an utterance.
We use the term speech act to describe actions such as “requesting,” “commanding,”
“questioning” or “informing.”
For example, if you say, I’ll be there at six, you are not just speaking, you
seem to be performing the speech act of “promising.”
(Yule, 2010: 132)
21. Performative Sentence
• A sentence containing a performative verb used to accomplish some
act.
Performative sentences are affirmative and declarative, and are in the
first person, present tense.
An Example: I now pronounce you husband and wife, when spoken by
a justice of the peace in the appropriate situation, is an act of marrying.
Fromkins, 2014: 574
23. Speech act is the action performed by a speaker with an utterance.
Requesting
Commanding
Questioning
Informing
,
e.g :
“I'll be there at six.”
You're not just speaking, you're performed the speech act 'promising'.
SPEECH ACT
Yule, 2010: 133
24. Sentence Structures Functions
Did you eat pizza? Interogative Question
Eat that pizza! Imperative Command (Request)
You ate the pizza. Declarative Statement
DIRECT SPEECH ACT
When an interogative structure is used
with the function of a question it is
described as direct speech act.
Yule, 2010: 134
25. Sentence Structures Functions
Can you pass the salt? Interogative Request
You left the door open. Declarative Request
INDIRECT SPEECH ACT
Whenever one of the structures in the set before is used to perform a function
other than the one listed beside it on the same line, the result is an indirect
speech act.
Yule, 2010: 134
26. Felicity conditions are conditions that must be in place
and are criteria that must be satisfied for an utterance or
speech acts to achieve its purpose.
If these conditions are not met, the speech act will not be
successful.
FELICITY CONDITIONS
Jojo Barulo
27. George vs Teacher Lyn
Reaction to George are varied. Some
didn't believe, some got angry, some were
happy and some were confused if he was
just playing jokes or not.
When Teacher Lyn declared that, the
students immediately celebrated for their
holiday, making her utterance felicitous.
How will the students react to George and how will they act to teacher Lyn?
#1 DECLARATIONS Jojo Barulo
28. Lay vs Teacher Ko
Reaction to Lay was infelicitous because
his classmates didn't performed to the
request.
How will the students react to Lay and how will they react to teacher Ko?
Reaction to Teacher Ko was felicitous
because the students performed to the
request.
#2 REQUESTS Jojo Barulo
29. There was no response in the first situation when the speaker tried to warn his
classmates that the teacher will arrive SOON . But, in the second situation, when the
speaker described how awful the situation is made his classmates respond to the
warning therefore the second utterance was FELICITOUS.
#3 WARNINGS Jojo Barulo
31. If you say something that represent a threat to another
person's self-image, that is called a face-threatening
act.
e.g: “Give me that paper!”
Whenever you say something that lessens the
possible threat to another's face, it can be described
as a face-saving act.
e.g: “Could you pass me that paper?”
Yule, 2010: 135
32. We have both a negative face and a positive face. (Note that “negative”
doesn’t mean “bad” here, it’s simply the opposite of “positive.”)
A. Negative face is the need to be independent and free from imposition.
Examples :
“ I’m sorry to bother you…”.
“ I know you’re busy, but…”.
So, a face-saving act that emphasizes a person’s negative face will show concern about
imposition.
B. Positive face is the need to be connected, to
belong, to be a member of the group.
“ Let’s do this together…”
“ You and I have the same problem, so…”.
A face-saving act that emphasizes a person’s positive face will
show solidarity and draw attention to a common goal.
(Yule 2010: 153)
33. The Cooperative Principle
Cooperative principle is a broad principle with whose scope fall the various
maxims of conversation. It states that in order to communicate effectively, speaker should
agree to be informative and relevant (Fromkin 1976:561).
Examples :
Man : “Does your dog bite ?”
Woman : “No.”
(The man reaches down to pet the dog.The dog bites the man’s hand.)
Man : “Ouch! Hey!You said your dog doesn’t bite.”
Woman : “He doesn’t. But that’s not my dog.”
(Yule 1996:35)
34. The Maxims:
Maxim of Quality : try to make your contribution one that is true, specifically
(i) do not say what you believe to be false;
(ii) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Maxim of Quantity :
(i) make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes
of the exchange;
(ii) do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
Maxim of Relation : make your contribution relevan.
Maxim of Manner : be perspicuous, and specifically
(i) avoid obscurity;
(ii) avoid ambiguity,
(iii) be brief;
(iv) be orderly.
(Radford 2009:396-397)
35. Conversational implicature.
The basic assumption in conversation it that, unless otherwise indicated, the participants are adhering to the
cooperative principle and the maxims.
Example :
Charlene : I hope you brought the bread and the cheese.
Dexter : Ah, I brought the bread.
b = bread
c = cheese
Charlene : b & c ?
Dexter : b (+> Not )
Implicature
That something must be more than just what the words mean. It is an
additional conveyed meaning called an implicature.(Yule 1996:35)
(Yule 1996:40)
36. REFERENCES
Yule, George. 2010. The Study of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Fromklin,Victoria dkk. 2014. An Introduction to Language. United
States: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
A, Radford. 2009. Linguistics An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Meurers, Detmar . 2004 .Linguistics 201, Handout 3.
