deixis in paragmatic

1. DEIXIS
AHMAD JAROD ALFIANTO (322010011)
KRISOPRAS WILLIAM PRAYOGA (322010057

2. What is Deixis?
Deixis is a part of pragmatics. Which comes from the
Greek Deiktitos which means "things of direct
appointment". However, deixis can also be
interpreted as a word that always changes its
referent depending on conditions and context

3. DEIXIS AS PARTS OF
REFERENCE
1
2
3
4
The deictic words such as I, we, you, he, she, this, that, it, now, the
n, here, there, tomorrow, yesterday, etc., are different linguistic for
ms and are called deictic expressions.
Expressions used to ‘pointing’ or ‘indicating’ is diectic ex
pression.
It means pointing via language.
Deictic expressions are used to indicate something in th
e immediate context

4. Example
 I was disappointed that you didn’t come this afterno
on.
 I hope you’ll join us tomorrow
Expressions deixis
 What is that?’, ‘This is our department
The meanings of deictic expressions can be
understood only in terms of speakers intended
meanings.
 You should have been here last week
In this short sentence, you is an example of personal
deixis, here is an example of spatial deixis, and last
week is an example of temporal deixis.

5. Dexis
Centre When someone says 'I am standing here' t
hey are using a deictic centre to indicate th
eir current location, from this utterance alo
ne we cannot know where 'here' is, only th
e speaker and the person addressed will k
now this from context.

6. Diagram
Deitic
center
Central
person
(speaker)
Central time
(time when
speaker
speak)
Discourse
center (point
of speaker is
currently at)
Central place
(speaker’s
location)
Socialcenter
(speaker’s
social status
and rank

7. Example
Let's say yoga is in the field, talking on the p
hone with pelda, who is on his way to join yo
ga.
yoga tells pelda 'I'm here,' and pelda replies
with 'I'm coming there now.'

8. Personal
Deixis

9. Personal
Deixis
Personal deixis concerns the encoding of t
he participants in the speech event in whic
h the utterance in question is delivered. Th
e category of personal divided into three: th
e category are first person is the grammati
cally of the speaker`s reference himself, se
cond person the encoding of the speaker`s
reference to one or more addresses. Third
persons encode of reference to person and
entities that are neither speakers nor addre
ssees of the utterance in question “Levinso
n (1983:62)”.

10. Example
"She wants to get the best score in the final exam"
Dalam kata she penutur adalah seorang perempuan, tapi bisa saja meng
acu pada perempuan lain ketika perempuan lain mengatakan hal yang sa
ma. Kata she tidak dapat berubah, tapi referennya bisa berubah tergantu
ng pada siapa yang mengucapkannya. Kata she adalah bentuk tunggal d
ari subject pronoun dari kata ganti orang ketiga.
"He burned himself"
Dari contoh di atas, ada dua bentuk deiksis personal. Pertama adalah he
dan yang kedua adalah himself. Dua kata tersebut mengacu pada penutu
r. Kata he adalah bentuk tunggal dari subject pronoun dari kata ganti oran
g ketiga, sedangkan kata himself mengacu pada singular reflexive pronou
n dari kata he.

11. Time Deixis
Time deixis refers to the relative time at which a con
versation or conversation takes place.

12. Example
"Tomorrow is Sunday"
Time deixis will be very easy to know if the speaker and addressee under
stand the time of the conversation and the course of the conversation and
the purpose of the conversation. There are several words that include tim
e deixis, including: now, yesterday, tomorrow, today, months, afternoon,
"I saw him last week"
Tomorrow termasuk pada deiksis waktu karena mengacu pada hari yang
relevan. Dari pembicaraan, waktu ketika percakapan dibicarakan adalah
pada hari Jum`at (Friday) karena kata tomorrow mengacu pada hari Sabt
u (Saturday).
Kata last week (minggu depan) termasuk pada deiksis waktu, kata last w
eek mengacu pada waktu yang pasti terjadi ketika percakan dibicarakan.

13. Deixis Place
Place deixis concerns the encoding of spatial locatio
ns relative to the location of the participants in the sp
eech. (Levinson, 1983:62).

14. Example
"There you go"
Deiksis tempat bisa terlihat dari penggunaan demonstrative pronoun sepe
rti kata: "this" dan "that", dan juga bisa dilihat sebagai demonstrative adve
rbs yang menyatakan tempat seperti: "here" dan "there".
Kata "there" adalah sebuah adverb of place (kata keterangan tempat) yan
g mengacu pada sesuatu tempat yang diketahui oleh penutur dan penutu
r tersebut mengetahui maksud dari tempat tersebut.

15. Social Deixis
Fillmore in Levinson states that social dexis concer
ns that aspect of sentences, which reflect or establ
ish are determine by certain realities of the social s
ituation in which the speech act occurs (1983:89).
There are also in many languages forms reserved for authorized rec
eipients, including restriction on most titles of address like your honor
, your royal hignes, Mr. President, etc. (Haas in Levinson, 1983:91).

16. Discourse Deixis
Discourse deixis is a reference to certain parts of the d
iscourse that have been given or are being developed
(Agustina, 1995:47). Discourse deixis is shown by ana
phora and cataphora. A reference is said to be anapho
ric if the referent or its substitute refers to something th
at has already been mentioned. Meanwhile, a referenc
e or referent is said to be cataphoric if the reference re
fers to the thing to be mentioned

17. Example
Sebuah kata bisa disebut sebagai deiksis wacana jika kata tersebut mengac
u pada bagian pasti dari teks tersebut dimana referen dibuat menjadi wacana
saat ini. Contoh deksis wacana adalah yang terdahulu, yang pertama,yang b
erikut, next thursday, in the last paraagraph, dan in the next chapter.
• “I was born in Indonesia and I have lived
here all my life"
• "That was an amazing day"
• "This is a great story"
here mengacu pada Indonesia sejak penutur dilahirkan dan telah tinggal
di Indonesia, sedangkan kata that mengacu pada hari dan this mengacu
pada cerita. Ada perbedaan antara bentuk demonstrative: that dan this.
Kadang, that digunakan pada porsi utama dalam wacana, sedangkan thi
s digunakan pada porsi berikutnya dari wacana.

18. ANAPHORA
Some descriptive words can also be used as anaphora el
ements. Correspondence A kind of secondary reference
where the previous reference existsIt can be obtained us
ing special function words or equivalent lexemes

19. Example
“However, (he, she, it, they) slipped and fell to the floor”
the choice of he, she, it or they is for some referenc
e A recent discourse expression - in this illustration To th
e reference expression in the previous sentence. in any la
nguage There are special function words that don't actual
ly repeat references Repetition of problem expressions o
r parts of them. each of the four The pronouns pictured h
ere have a special frame of reference. You is bound to th
e last plural related term, which is bound to the last singu
lar impersonal, she is singular until the last.

20. Referential Ambiguity
Referential Ambiguity occurs whenever a reader or listener ca
nnot choose a clear referent of a linguistic expression from am
ong multiple candidates. In the current article, we present a se
ries of neurocognitive experiments from our laboratory that exa
mine the neural correlates of reference ambiguity and use brai
n signatures of reference ambiguity to infer functional propertie
s of language understanding systems. confirm. The results of
our experiments converge to show that reference ambiguity re
solution involves reasoning to evaluate candidate references.

21. Example
I didn’t go to the party because Nurul was
There.
Mungkin berarti kehadiran nurul menjadi p
enyebab penutur tersebut tidak datang