2. What isdeixis?
• Deixis term is borrowed from the Greek word for pointing
or indicating and has as prototypical or focal exemplars
the use of demonstratives, person pronouns, tense,
specific time and place adverbs, and a variety of
grammatical features tied directly to the circumstances of
utterance
• Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose
interpretation is relative to the extralinguistics context of
the utterance such as , who is speaking, the time or
place of speaking, the gestures of the speaker or the
current location in the discourse
• It concerns on the interpretation of utterances depends on
the
analysis of that context of utterance (Levinson, 1983: 54).
4. 3 Traditionalcategories
a. Person Deixis : concerns the encoding of the rule of
participants in the speech event in which the
utterance in question is delivered
b. Place deixis : concerns the encoding of spacial
locations relative to the location of the
participants.
c. Time Deixis : concerns the encoding of temporal points
and
spans relative to the time at which an utterance was
spoken.
5. • who is speaking
• the time or place of speaking
• the gestures of the speaker
• the current location in the
discourse
• The topic of the discourse
•Deixis is reference by means of an expression
whose interpretation is relative to the context of the
utterance, such as
7. 1. Persondeixis
a) Terms referring to speaker and addressee: I, me, my,mine,
you, your,yours
Is there a difference between these:
- I want to see you, you but not you
you can never tell if they are boys or girls these days
b) Terms not referring to speaker or addressee he, him, his,
she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs
c) Honorifics -Your Majesty, sir,
These terms of social deixis indicate social status
8. Persondeixis
• Person deixis is deictic reference to the participant role of
a referent, such as
• the speaker
• the addressee, and
• referents which are neither speaker nor addressee
10. First person deixisis
• deictic reference that refers to
• the speaker, or
• both the speaker and referents grouped with the
speaker.
11. Examples (English)
•The following singular pronouns:
• I
• me
• myself
• my
• mine
•The following plural pronouns:
• we
• us
• ourselves
• our
• ours
•Am, the first person form of the verb
be
12. Second persondeixis
Second person deixis is deictic reference to a person or persons identified as
addressee.
Examples (English)
•you
•yourself
•yourselves
•your
•yours
13. Third person deixisis
Definition
deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or
addressee.
Examples (English)
•he
•she
•they
•the third person singular verb suffix -s
•He sometimes flies.
• Person deixis is reflected directly in the grammatical
categories of person, it may be argued that we need to
develop an independent pragmatic framework of possible
participant role.
14. TimeDeixis
• Temporal or Time Diexis is any expression used to
point to a time
• Time Deixis concerns itself with the various
times involved in and referred to in an
utterance, such as, tonight, last week,
yesterday, before, after, etc.
• Time Deixis includes time adverbs like now, then,
soon and so forth, and also different tenses.
15. • Tomorrow
- Tomorrow denotes the
consecutive next day after
every day. The tomorrow of a
day last year was a differbt
day from tomorrow of a day
next week.
Example of Time Deixis
16. • Tenses = time relations in connection to a given point in time
–present = an event/action simultaneouslyto the speech
act (work)
– past = an event/action before the speech act (worked)
– future = an event/action after the speech act (you will work)
• There are language systems with more than 3 possibilities
– They distinguishbetween levels of past, dependent on their
distance from the speaker's utterance
– Tense of immediate past => ex.: frz. Jean vient de resoudre
le
problème. John has just been able to solve the problem.
• Difference between absolute tense
– Absolute tense refers immediately to the time of the
speaker's utterance: simple past, simple present
• Relative tenses refer to other tenses:
– past perfect: event refers to another event, that happens
afterwards
Time Diexis: Tenses
21. • Example
• The station is two hundred yards from the
cathedral.
• Kabul lies at latitude 34 degrees, longitude 70
degrees.
It is fixed reference
points.
23. PURE PLACE-DEICTICWORDS
Thespeakers’
location is at
coding time (CT)
It’s very gratefulto
be here with
you.
Here
Ther
e
Distal from speaker’s
location at CT./
Proximal to
addressee at
RT.
Put the
flowers
there.
24. Sometimes, there does not generally mean ‘howare
thingsatsomeplacedistantfromthe speaker’.
• Example 1:
• How are things
there?
‘How are things where the addresseeis’
25. Sometimes, there does not generally mean ‘howare
thingsatsomeplacedistantfromthe speaker’.
• Example 2:
• We’re
there.
‘there refers to the place we previously mentioned asour
goal’
My friends and I visited Masjid Agung Demak last week.
We’re there for collecting data about the role of Walisongo in spreading Islam.
26. DEMONSTRATIVEPRONOUN
(Proximal-distal dimension)
This
The object in a
pragmatically
given area close
to the speaker’s
location at CT.
This is my
friend.
That
The object beyond
the pragmatically
given area close to
the speaker’s location
at CT.
That is my
friend.
27. Combination between deictic
and non-deictic terms
This,
that
Deictic Non-deictic
Surfaces, fronts,
back, sides
This side of the box.
‘The surface of thebox’
This side of the tree.
‘That the area of the three visible from the point of speaker CT’.
29. 4. DISCOURSEDEIXIS
Concerns the use of expressions within some
utterance to refer to some portion of the
discourse that contains that utterance (including
the utterance itself.
(Levinson, 1983: 85)
30. Time discourse-deictic
It seems natural that time-deictic words can be used to
refer to
portions of the discourse:
Examples:
• Last week
• Next Thursday
• Last paragraph
• In the next Chapter
31. Demonstrative “This” and
“That”
• “This” canbe used to refers to aforthcoming portion of the
discourse.
i.g : I betyou haven’t heard this story
• “That” to apreceding portion
i.g : That wasthe funniest story I’ve neverheard
Place discourse-deictic
32. Anaphora
• Concern the use of ( usually ) a pronoun to refer to the
same
referent as some prior term, as in :
“Harry’s a sweetheart, he’s so considerate”
33. Discourse Deixis:
• Any expression used to refer to earlier or
forthcoming segments of the discourse: in
the previous/next paragraph, or Have you
heard this joke?
61
34. Example
• Teacher: Tom, spell “mouse”
• Tom: M-O-U-S
• Teacher: But what’s the end of it?
• Tom: A tail!
62
35. SOCIALDEIXIS
• Social Deixis concerns the encoding of social
distinctions that are relative to participant-roles,
particularly aspects of the social relationship holding
between speaker and addressee(s) or speaker and
some referent. (Levinson, 1983: 63)
• Social deixis concerns “that aspects of sentences which
reflect or establish or are determined by certain realties
of the social situation in which the speech act occurs.
(Fillmore, 1975: 76 in Levinson, 1983: 89)
36. Yule (1996: 10) stated that deictic expressions which
indicate higher status are described as honorifics.
The discussion of the circumstances which lead to
the choice of one of these forms rather than another
is sometimes as social deixis.
Social deixis is exemplified by certain uses of the so-
called TV
(tu/vous) pronouns in many language. (Cruse, 2000:
321)
37. There are two basic kinds of
socially deictic information:
RELATIONAL
ABSOLUTE
38. RELATIONAL; The relationsthat
typicallyexpressed:
• Speaker and referent (e.g. referent honorifics)
• Speaker and addressee (e.g. addressee
honorifics)
• Speaker and bystander (e.g. bystander or
audience honorifics)
• Speaker and setting (e.g. formality levels)
39. ABSOLUTE sociallydeictic
information:
• Authorized
speaker: Thai:
-‘khrab’ a polite participle that can only be used by
male speakers.
- ‘kha’ a polite participle that can only be used by
female
speakers
• Authorized recipient:
Title Address: Your Honour, Mr. President
