This document summarizes a seminar presentation on tsunami warning systems. It discusses how tsunami warning systems work using networks of sensors like seismometers, tidal gauges, and DART buoys. DART buoys in particular detect tsunamis by measuring small changes in deep ocean water levels. Data from these sensors is communicated to warning centers to analyze earthquake data and issue tsunami warnings. The document also outlines advantages like early warning but also challenges like high costs of operating these sensor networks.
A tsunami warning system (TWS) is used to detect tsunamis in advance and issue warnings to prevent loss of life and damage. It is made up of two equally important components: a network of sensors to detect tsunamis and a communications infrastructure to issue timely alarms to permit evacuation of the coastal areas
This document discusses tsunamis and tsunami warning systems. It defines a tsunami as a series of ocean waves generated by earthquakes or other disturbances under the sea. It then provides examples of historic tsunamis in locations like Lisbon, Japan, and India. The document goes on to explain that tsunami warning systems were first attempted in Hawaii in the 1920s and have since been improved. Major warning centers include the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center and the National Tsunami Warning Center. After the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, several regional warning systems were also established.
The document describes a tsunami warning system. It discusses how tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. It then outlines the objectives, hardware, software, and current status of a student project to build a system using pressure sensors to detect simulated tsunamis created in a hydrology lab and communicate warnings. The system aims to study how turbulence affects tsunami force and use additional sensors to monitor environmental factors when tsunamis arrive on shore.
Underwater acoustic communication uses sound waves to transmit data underwater instead of electromagnetic waves. It allows remote control of underwater instruments and real-time data transmission. Examples include acoustic modems that convert digital data to sound signals, the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis program's acoustic sensors that detect tsunamis, and robotic crawlers equipped with cameras and modems that can locate underwater objects and transmit images.
The document describes a tsunami warning system, explaining that tsunamis are large ocean waves usually caused by undersea earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides. The system uses seismometers to detect earthquakes, tide gauges to measure changes in sea level, and NOAA and DART stations that can detect tsunamis, allowing warnings to be issued to protect coastal areas from potential damage from an approaching tsunami.
The document discusses tsunami detection methods including:
1. Current methods use deep water pressure sensors anchored to the seafloor which can detect tsunami-induced pressure changes but have high costs and maintenance needs.
2. A proposed coastal alert system uses anchored buoys that detect the receding water of an approaching tsunami wave and trigger alarms to warn local communities.
3. Another proposal involves deployable underwater sensors that are dropped from buoys after seismic events to take pressure readings at multiple depths in a lower-cost and more redundant method.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on tsunami warning systems. It discusses how tsunami warning systems work using networks of sensors like seismometers, tidal gauges, and DART buoys. DART buoys in particular detect tsunamis by measuring small changes in deep ocean water levels. Data from these sensors is communicated to warning centers to analyze earthquake data and issue tsunami warnings. The document also outlines advantages like early warning but also challenges like high costs of operating these sensor networks.
A tsunami warning system (TWS) is used to detect tsunamis in advance and issue warnings to prevent loss of life and damage. It is made up of two equally important components: a network of sensors to detect tsunamis and a communications infrastructure to issue timely alarms to permit evacuation of the coastal areas
This document discusses tsunamis and tsunami warning systems. It defines a tsunami as a series of ocean waves generated by earthquakes or other disturbances under the sea. It then provides examples of historic tsunamis in locations like Lisbon, Japan, and India. The document goes on to explain that tsunami warning systems were first attempted in Hawaii in the 1920s and have since been improved. Major warning centers include the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center and the National Tsunami Warning Center. After the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, several regional warning systems were also established.
The document describes a tsunami warning system. It discusses how tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. It then outlines the objectives, hardware, software, and current status of a student project to build a system using pressure sensors to detect simulated tsunamis created in a hydrology lab and communicate warnings. The system aims to study how turbulence affects tsunami force and use additional sensors to monitor environmental factors when tsunamis arrive on shore.
Underwater acoustic communication uses sound waves to transmit data underwater instead of electromagnetic waves. It allows remote control of underwater instruments and real-time data transmission. Examples include acoustic modems that convert digital data to sound signals, the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis program's acoustic sensors that detect tsunamis, and robotic crawlers equipped with cameras and modems that can locate underwater objects and transmit images.
The document describes a tsunami warning system, explaining that tsunamis are large ocean waves usually caused by undersea earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides. The system uses seismometers to detect earthquakes, tide gauges to measure changes in sea level, and NOAA and DART stations that can detect tsunamis, allowing warnings to be issued to protect coastal areas from potential damage from an approaching tsunami.
The document discusses tsunami detection methods including:
1. Current methods use deep water pressure sensors anchored to the seafloor which can detect tsunami-induced pressure changes but have high costs and maintenance needs.
2. A proposed coastal alert system uses anchored buoys that detect the receding water of an approaching tsunami wave and trigger alarms to warn local communities.
3. Another proposal involves deployable underwater sensors that are dropped from buoys after seismic events to take pressure readings at multiple depths in a lower-cost and more redundant method.
This presentation discuss about the Ultrasonic Sensor long with its working principle and simple test with sample of Arduino program. The ultrasonic Sensor featured in this presentation is HC-SR04.
This paper describes the system components that make up the second-generation Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis system, known as DART II1.
Tsunami data from the DART system can be combined with seismic data ingested into a forecast model to generate accurate tsunami forecasts for coastal areas2.
The motivation for developing a transportable, real-time, deep ocean tsunami measurement system was to forecast the impact of tsunamis on coastal areas in time to save lives and protect property. Over the past 20 years, PMEL has identified the requirements of the tsunami measurement system through evolution in both technology and knowledge of deep ocean tsunami dynamics. The requirement for transportability was a conservative approach to a phenomenon that had little data to guide strategies for choosing deployment sites. The requirement for real time was to provide data in time to create a forecast. The first-generation DART design featured an automatic detection and reporting algorithm triggered by a threshold wave-height value. The DART II design incorporates two-way communications that enables tsunami data transmission on demand, independent of the automatic algorithm; this capability ensures the measurement and reporting of tsunamis with amplitude below the auto-reporting threshold. For more accurate forecast modeling and subsequent, more reliable decision-making, this capability is very important because (a) a very large, destructive tsunami may, in fact, have a very small amplitude at any particular DART station position, and (b) small, deep-ocean tsunami amplitudes can reach destructive values, due to large, localized, shallow-water amplification factors. This latter concern was dramatically affirmed and demonstrated after measurement of a 2cm wave of a tsunami generated in Alaska was amplified to become a 40cm tsunami on the north shore of Oahu, Hawaii.
This document provides information about tsunamis through several examples of destructive tsunamis throughout history. It discusses what causes tsunamis, how they propagate and grow in shallow water, and their devastating effects on coastlines. Specific tsunamis summarized include the 1929 Grand Banks tsunami that killed 29 in Newfoundland, the 1946 Aleutian tsunami that caused over $165 million in damage and deaths in Hawaii, and the 1996 Peru tsunami that struck cities along 590 km of coastline.
Smart dust is a network of tiny sensor-enabled devices called motes that can monitor environmental conditions. Each mote contains sensors, computing power, wireless communication, and an autonomous power supply within a volume of a few millimeters. They communicate with each other and a base station using radio frequency or optical transmission. Major challenges in developing smart dust include fitting all components into a small size while minimizing energy usage. Potential applications include environmental monitoring, healthcare, security, and traffic monitoring.
This document discusses wireless charging of mobile phones using microwaves. It begins with an introduction to electromagnetic spectrum and the microwave region. It then discusses how wireless power transmission works using magnetic induction. The key components of a wireless power transmission system are a microwave generator, transmitting antenna, and receiving antenna called a rectenna. The system design section explains the transmitter and receiver design, including the use of a magnetron as the microwave generator. It also discusses the rectification process and inclusion of a sensor circuitry to allow charging when the phone is in use.
Detection of fault location in underground cable using arduinoChirag Lakhani
This document describes a project to detect the location of faults in underground cables using an Arduino board. It discusses underground cables versus overhead cables, common types of underground cable faults, and methods for detecting faults including offline and online methods. It then introduces the circuit used, which works by measuring resistance changes along cable phases to determine the distance to a fault. Key components are described including relays, a relay driver, and the Arduino code to control components and display results.
The document discusses wireless power transmission (WPT) through various techniques like inductive coupling, resonant inductive coupling, microwave power transmission, and laser power transmission. It provides a history of WPT beginning with Nikola Tesla's experiments in the late 1890s. Examples of applications discussed include electric vehicle charging, powering consumer electronics, and transmitting power from solar satellites to earth. The document concludes that WPT is becoming a reality and could help address energy crises through its efficient and low maintenance capabilities.
Seminar on night vision technology pptdeepakmarndi
ppt of night vission technology. this is made under the guidance of teacher. withe this report also given in theis side. main things report is given according to the ppt...........
Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves to measure distance. They have a transmitter that sends out ultrasonic pulses and a receiver that listens for the echo when the pulse bounces off an object. By measuring the time it takes for the echo to return, the sensor can calculate the distance to the object. Some applications of ultrasonic sensors include monitoring water levels in tanks, proximity detection in cars to trigger warnings or braking, and more. The document discusses the working principle, circuit diagram, and applications of ultrasonic sensors.
Radar stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. It is a system that transmits electromagnetic waves and analyzes the echoes from objects to detect and determine their range, altitude, direction or speed. The basic parts of a radar system include a transmitter, receiver, antenna and indicator. The radar equation describes the power returning to the receiving antenna based on factors like the transmitted power, antenna gains, radar cross section of the target, and distance. There are different types of radars like pulse radar, moving target indication radar, pulse Doppler radar and tracking radar used for various applications like air traffic control, missile guidance and ground surveillance.
This document discusses wireless charging of mobile phones using microwaves. It begins with an introduction to electromagnetic spectrum and the microwave region. It then discusses how wireless power transmission works using magnetic induction. The key components of a wireless power transmission system are a microwave generator, transmitting antenna, and receiving antenna called a rectenna. The system design section explains the transmitter and receiver design, including the use of a magnetron as the microwave generator. It also discusses the rectification process and inclusion of a sensor circuitry to allow charging when the phone is in use.
A hydrophone is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to convert underwater sound wave pressure variations into electrical signals. It consists of a piezoelectric transducer that generates electricity when subjected to changes in underwater pressure. Hydrophones are primarily used by naval forces for applications like submarine detection, acoustic tagging of marine life, and echo sounding.
Flood is one of the natural disasters which cannot be avoided totally. Every year,
death rate due to flood increases because of absence of early warning. To solve this
problem, this paper demonstrates the idea and implementation of a Flood Monitoring
and Alerting system using Internet of Things (IOT) technology. This system comprises
of three parts. The first part measures the height of the water using ultrasonic distance
measuring sensor. The second part is sending the height information to web page
using the Ethernet shield. The third part is making call to residences to alert them
about flood through voice message. The call is made through the most popular mobile
standard Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) and ARP33A3 is used to
play the recorded voice message.
This document presents an overview of wireless power transmission. It defines wireless power transmission as the transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electric load without interconnecting wires. It discusses two main methods for wireless power transmission: atmospheric conduction and electrodynamic induction. For electrodynamic induction, it describes microwave and laser methods. It provides examples of the history and applications of wireless power transmission. The document concludes that wireless power transmission could make energy transmission more efficient with lower maintenance costs.
1. Power theft is a major problem in India, costing billions of rupees annually. Common methods of theft include tampering with meters, bypassing meters, and illegal taps of distribution lines.
2. Technical solutions proposed to detect power theft include electronic tamper detection meters, pre-payment meters, plastic meter enclosures, and using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and GSM networks to automatically read meters and detect anomalies.
3. A PLC-based system would install meters with PLC modules high on power poles to transmit usage data through power lines to displays in homes, while a second meter verifies usage to detect theft. GSM networks could also enable automatic remote meter reading to
This document discusses tsunamis and tsunami warning systems. It explains that tsunamis are caused by large displacements of water, often due to earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions. It then describes how tsunami warning systems work, including how the Meteorological Agency issues warnings within three minutes of an earthquake with estimates of tsunami arrival times and heights. However, it notes shortcomings in that actual tsunami heights and times may differ from forecasts. It suggests developing more accurate forecasts based on observed data while still issuing warnings that assume maximum tsunami scales.
Tsunamis are powerful waves that can reach over 100 feet tall and travel at speeds over 60 mph. They have the force to lift vehicles and demolish buildings, maintaining their energy as they cross entire cities. Hawaii faces the greatest risk from tsunamis in the United States, experiencing around one per year on average, and the waves can sound like a freight train as they approach land.
This presentation discuss about the Ultrasonic Sensor long with its working principle and simple test with sample of Arduino program. The ultrasonic Sensor featured in this presentation is HC-SR04.
This paper describes the system components that make up the second-generation Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis system, known as DART II1.
Tsunami data from the DART system can be combined with seismic data ingested into a forecast model to generate accurate tsunami forecasts for coastal areas2.
The motivation for developing a transportable, real-time, deep ocean tsunami measurement system was to forecast the impact of tsunamis on coastal areas in time to save lives and protect property. Over the past 20 years, PMEL has identified the requirements of the tsunami measurement system through evolution in both technology and knowledge of deep ocean tsunami dynamics. The requirement for transportability was a conservative approach to a phenomenon that had little data to guide strategies for choosing deployment sites. The requirement for real time was to provide data in time to create a forecast. The first-generation DART design featured an automatic detection and reporting algorithm triggered by a threshold wave-height value. The DART II design incorporates two-way communications that enables tsunami data transmission on demand, independent of the automatic algorithm; this capability ensures the measurement and reporting of tsunamis with amplitude below the auto-reporting threshold. For more accurate forecast modeling and subsequent, more reliable decision-making, this capability is very important because (a) a very large, destructive tsunami may, in fact, have a very small amplitude at any particular DART station position, and (b) small, deep-ocean tsunami amplitudes can reach destructive values, due to large, localized, shallow-water amplification factors. This latter concern was dramatically affirmed and demonstrated after measurement of a 2cm wave of a tsunami generated in Alaska was amplified to become a 40cm tsunami on the north shore of Oahu, Hawaii.
This document provides information about tsunamis through several examples of destructive tsunamis throughout history. It discusses what causes tsunamis, how they propagate and grow in shallow water, and their devastating effects on coastlines. Specific tsunamis summarized include the 1929 Grand Banks tsunami that killed 29 in Newfoundland, the 1946 Aleutian tsunami that caused over $165 million in damage and deaths in Hawaii, and the 1996 Peru tsunami that struck cities along 590 km of coastline.
Smart dust is a network of tiny sensor-enabled devices called motes that can monitor environmental conditions. Each mote contains sensors, computing power, wireless communication, and an autonomous power supply within a volume of a few millimeters. They communicate with each other and a base station using radio frequency or optical transmission. Major challenges in developing smart dust include fitting all components into a small size while minimizing energy usage. Potential applications include environmental monitoring, healthcare, security, and traffic monitoring.
This document discusses wireless charging of mobile phones using microwaves. It begins with an introduction to electromagnetic spectrum and the microwave region. It then discusses how wireless power transmission works using magnetic induction. The key components of a wireless power transmission system are a microwave generator, transmitting antenna, and receiving antenna called a rectenna. The system design section explains the transmitter and receiver design, including the use of a magnetron as the microwave generator. It also discusses the rectification process and inclusion of a sensor circuitry to allow charging when the phone is in use.
Detection of fault location in underground cable using arduinoChirag Lakhani
This document describes a project to detect the location of faults in underground cables using an Arduino board. It discusses underground cables versus overhead cables, common types of underground cable faults, and methods for detecting faults including offline and online methods. It then introduces the circuit used, which works by measuring resistance changes along cable phases to determine the distance to a fault. Key components are described including relays, a relay driver, and the Arduino code to control components and display results.
The document discusses wireless power transmission (WPT) through various techniques like inductive coupling, resonant inductive coupling, microwave power transmission, and laser power transmission. It provides a history of WPT beginning with Nikola Tesla's experiments in the late 1890s. Examples of applications discussed include electric vehicle charging, powering consumer electronics, and transmitting power from solar satellites to earth. The document concludes that WPT is becoming a reality and could help address energy crises through its efficient and low maintenance capabilities.
Seminar on night vision technology pptdeepakmarndi
ppt of night vission technology. this is made under the guidance of teacher. withe this report also given in theis side. main things report is given according to the ppt...........
Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves to measure distance. They have a transmitter that sends out ultrasonic pulses and a receiver that listens for the echo when the pulse bounces off an object. By measuring the time it takes for the echo to return, the sensor can calculate the distance to the object. Some applications of ultrasonic sensors include monitoring water levels in tanks, proximity detection in cars to trigger warnings or braking, and more. The document discusses the working principle, circuit diagram, and applications of ultrasonic sensors.
Radar stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. It is a system that transmits electromagnetic waves and analyzes the echoes from objects to detect and determine their range, altitude, direction or speed. The basic parts of a radar system include a transmitter, receiver, antenna and indicator. The radar equation describes the power returning to the receiving antenna based on factors like the transmitted power, antenna gains, radar cross section of the target, and distance. There are different types of radars like pulse radar, moving target indication radar, pulse Doppler radar and tracking radar used for various applications like air traffic control, missile guidance and ground surveillance.
This document discusses wireless charging of mobile phones using microwaves. It begins with an introduction to electromagnetic spectrum and the microwave region. It then discusses how wireless power transmission works using magnetic induction. The key components of a wireless power transmission system are a microwave generator, transmitting antenna, and receiving antenna called a rectenna. The system design section explains the transmitter and receiver design, including the use of a magnetron as the microwave generator. It also discusses the rectification process and inclusion of a sensor circuitry to allow charging when the phone is in use.
A hydrophone is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to convert underwater sound wave pressure variations into electrical signals. It consists of a piezoelectric transducer that generates electricity when subjected to changes in underwater pressure. Hydrophones are primarily used by naval forces for applications like submarine detection, acoustic tagging of marine life, and echo sounding.
Flood is one of the natural disasters which cannot be avoided totally. Every year,
death rate due to flood increases because of absence of early warning. To solve this
problem, this paper demonstrates the idea and implementation of a Flood Monitoring
and Alerting system using Internet of Things (IOT) technology. This system comprises
of three parts. The first part measures the height of the water using ultrasonic distance
measuring sensor. The second part is sending the height information to web page
using the Ethernet shield. The third part is making call to residences to alert them
about flood through voice message. The call is made through the most popular mobile
standard Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) and ARP33A3 is used to
play the recorded voice message.
This document presents an overview of wireless power transmission. It defines wireless power transmission as the transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electric load without interconnecting wires. It discusses two main methods for wireless power transmission: atmospheric conduction and electrodynamic induction. For electrodynamic induction, it describes microwave and laser methods. It provides examples of the history and applications of wireless power transmission. The document concludes that wireless power transmission could make energy transmission more efficient with lower maintenance costs.
1. Power theft is a major problem in India, costing billions of rupees annually. Common methods of theft include tampering with meters, bypassing meters, and illegal taps of distribution lines.
2. Technical solutions proposed to detect power theft include electronic tamper detection meters, pre-payment meters, plastic meter enclosures, and using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and GSM networks to automatically read meters and detect anomalies.
3. A PLC-based system would install meters with PLC modules high on power poles to transmit usage data through power lines to displays in homes, while a second meter verifies usage to detect theft. GSM networks could also enable automatic remote meter reading to
This document discusses tsunamis and tsunami warning systems. It explains that tsunamis are caused by large displacements of water, often due to earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions. It then describes how tsunami warning systems work, including how the Meteorological Agency issues warnings within three minutes of an earthquake with estimates of tsunami arrival times and heights. However, it notes shortcomings in that actual tsunami heights and times may differ from forecasts. It suggests developing more accurate forecasts based on observed data while still issuing warnings that assume maximum tsunami scales.
Tsunamis are powerful waves that can reach over 100 feet tall and travel at speeds over 60 mph. They have the force to lift vehicles and demolish buildings, maintaining their energy as they cross entire cities. Hawaii faces the greatest risk from tsunamis in the United States, experiencing around one per year on average, and the waves can sound like a freight train as they approach land.
Tsunamis are caused by large displacements of water, usually in oceans, that can be triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides or meteorite impacts. While tsunamis have extremely long wavelengths and periods in deep ocean waters, they can travel very fast at over 600 mph. When they reach shallow coastal waters, their energy causes the sea level to rise dramatically and flood inland areas. Proper planning, awareness of warning signs and evacuation routes can help minimize damage and save lives during a tsunami.
The document discusses tsunamis, including their causes, characteristics, and historical examples. It provides details on underwater earthquakes triggering tsunamis and describes tsunamis as consisting of multiple waves rather than a single wave. Examples of destructive tsunamis throughout history are given for various regions.
The document describes the tsunami warning system. It discusses how tsunamis are detected using seismic alerts, tide gauges, and DART buoys. The system issues alarms that are checked by experts to determine if a tsunami exists. It then provides details on NOAA and the international/regional warning systems used in various ocean basins.
This document discusses tsunamis and tsunami warning systems. It provides background on the history of notable tsunamis such as those in Lisbon in 1755 and Japan in 1779. It then describes the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, noting details like its height of 51 meters. The document outlines the development of tsunami warning systems starting in Hawaii in the 1920s to better detect tsunamis and issue warnings. It provides details on the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System established in 2006 to warn nations bordering the Indian Ocean of approaching tsunamis. Both the advantages of reducing loss of life and damage and the shortcomings around costs and maintenance requirements of tsunami warning systems are mentioned.
The document discusses tsunami warning systems. It provides details on:
1) How tsunami warning systems detect tsunamis using networks of seismic stations, sea level monitoring stations like tide gauges and DART buoys, and issue warnings.
2) The two main types of warning systems - international systems that cover ocean basins and national systems that provide very quick, localized warnings.
3) How seismic data, tide gauge data and DART buoy data are used to detect tsunamis, characterize earthquake sources, monitor tsunami progress, and issue or cancel warnings.
Un tsunami es una ola o grupo de olas de gran energía generadas por desplazamientos verticales de masas de agua, típicamente causados por terremotos submarinos de magnitud 6.5 o mayor a menos de 60 km de profundidad. Los tsunamis pueden ser muy destructivos al llegar a la costa a velocidades de hasta 50 km/h y convertirse en muros de agua de 15 metros. Las zonas de mayor riesgo se encuentran cerca de las áreas sísmicas oceánicas y costeras más activas.
The document discusses a lesson on tsunamis for students, focusing on the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. It defines tsunamis and explains they are caused by undersea disturbances like earthquakes. It describes how the devastating 2004 tsunami was triggered by a magnitude 9 earthquake off Sumatra and discusses the tsunami's widespread impacts across South and Southeast Asia, killing over 200,000 people. The consequences section includes photos showing survivors seeking aid and mourning lost family members.
The capsule camera is a pill-sized device that can be swallowed to take pictures of the digestive tract as it passes through. It contains a camera, lights, transmitter and batteries. Images are transmitted wirelessly to a recorder and over 2,600 high quality images can be captured. The capsule allows non-invasive imaging of the small intestine to diagnose conditions like Crohn's disease. It is painless for the patient but cannot be controlled and could get obstructed, though newer models aim to overcome these limitations. The capsule camera has revolutionized digestive imaging.
This document discusses planning and management for tsunamis, focusing on the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. It provides an overview of tsunamis, including what they are, their causes and characteristics. It then discusses the impacts of tsunamis, including major historical tsunamis and their effects in India. The document analyzes the areas affected and impacts of the 2004 tsunami in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. It also examines the local, state and national response and policies related to disaster management and reconstruction in India.
This document provides a list of over 200 seminar topics related to computer science, electronics, IT, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering, applied electronics, chemical engineering, biomedical engineering, and MBA projects. The topics are divided into categories such as computer science projects, electronics projects, IT projects, and so on. Each topic includes a brief 1-2 sentence description. Contact information is provided at the bottom for requesting full reports on any of the topics.
This document discusses the components used in an automatic street light control circuit using a light dependent resistor (LDR). It includes:
1) An overview of the LDR and how its resistance changes with light intensity, allowing it to act as a switch.
2) Details of the other components - a triac, diac, resistors, capacitors - and how they work together in the circuit. When light falls on the LDR, it prevents the triac from triggering, turning off the street light. In darkness, the triac is triggered, turning on the light.
3) The procedure, observations and results of testing the automatic street light control circuit using an LDR. The circuit successfully
TSUNAMI EARLY WARNING SYSTEM ALONG THE GUJARAT COAST, INDIAIAEME Publication
This document discusses the development of a tsunami early warning system along the coast of Gujarat, India. It models potential tsunamis from earthquakes in the Makran subduction zone using the NAMI-DANCE numerical model. Seven different earthquake source scenarios are modeled with varying strike angles. The results show the potential impacts at different locations along the coast, identifying the worst case scenarios for each location. This information will help develop an early warning system database to quickly identify the most applicable scenario during an actual event and provide early warning to coastal communities.
TSUNAMI EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM USING GEO-INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ALONG THE ...IAEME Publication
This document describes a tsunami early warning system developed for the western coast of India using geo-information technology. Geographic information systems, remote sensing, and computer-aided design were used to classify tsunami risk zones along the coast based on elevation data. Satellite images were overlaid on risk maps to identify particularly susceptible regions. The system is intended to help emergency response planning and protect citizens by providing information to decision makers. Historical tsunamis that impacted the region are also summarized.
This document describes a landslide warning system that uses sensors, a microcontroller, GPS, and Zigbee wireless communication. Three sensors (an angle sensor, liquid level sensor, and temperature sensor) are connected to an ARM microcontroller to collect data on slope angle, water depth, and temperature. The microcontroller sends this sensor data along with location information from a GPS module to a Zigbee transmitter. The Zigbee transmits the data to a receiver Zigbee connected to an LCD and GSM module. The LCD displays the sensor readings and location at the receiver station, and the GSM sends an SMS alert about the landslide risk to warn people. The system was tested and able to accurately detect landslide
This document summarizes a seminar on tsunami warning systems. It discusses how tsunamis are generated by undersea earthquakes and can cause widespread destruction. It then describes how modern tsunami warning systems use pressure sensors on the seafloor called tsunameters to detect changes in water pressure above a threshold that may indicate an incoming tsunami. If detected, data is transmitted to surface buoys and can be used to forecast tsunamis and give warnings to save lives. The system is critical infrastructure that can help mitigate loss from tsunamis.
This document summarizes a presentation about tsunami warning systems. It defines what a tsunami is, noting that it is a large wave created by undersea disturbances that can cause massive destruction. It then explains that the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that killed 80,000 could have been less devastating if an effective warning system had been in place. Such a system uses detectors on the seafloor to detect disturbances, sends data to buoys at the surface which transmit to satellites and then ground stations, allowing for warnings. It also briefly describes how tsunamis propagate and grow in size as they reach shallow coastal waters.
This document discusses proposals for international tsunami early warning systems in response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. It describes the challenges in establishing such systems and outlines proposals from various nations and organizations. It also summarizes the current U.S. tsunami monitoring, detection and warning programs operated by NOAA in the Pacific Ocean, and proposals to expand these programs to other regions.
This seminar presentation discusses tsunami warning systems. It describes how tsunami warning systems work using a network of sensors including seismometers, tidal gauges, and Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) buoys to detect tsunamis. DART buoys in particular measure pressure changes at the seafloor to detect tsunamis and transmit data via surface buoys to warning centers. The presentation provides details on how DART buoys and their components like digiquartz sensors function to play a key role in tsunami detection and warning.
This document discusses different early warning systems for disasters. It describes earthquake warning systems that detect P-waves to warn of impending shaking. Flood warning systems use sensors along riverbanks to detect rising water levels and wirelessly transmit warnings. Tsunami warning systems use sea level gauges and DART buoys to detect changes underwater and issue alerts to evacuate coastal areas. The goal of early warning systems is to provide timely information to communities to prepare for and reduce harm from disasters.
This document outlines the history of natural disasters in India and agencies responsible for monitoring hazards such as cyclones, floods, earthquakes, and tsunamis. It discusses the need for and elements of early warning systems for natural disasters. Case studies are provided on India's tsunami warning system and how early warning systems have helped in earthquake and flood events.
The document summarizes India's tsunami warning system, which includes estimating earthquake parameters from seismic stations, monitoring sea level changes with bottom pressure recorders and tide gauges, pre-running tsunami modeling scenarios based on different seismic events, maintaining high-resolution bathymetry and coastal maps, and operating a 24/7 warning center to analyze data and issue advisories. The system detected and warned of the 2007 Java tsunami in a timely manner to help administration and possible evacuation.
The document discusses the global positioning system (GPS) including its history, how it works using satellites and measurements of distance, sources of error, and applications like plane surveying and tsunami detection.
This document discusses early warning systems for natural disasters. It describes how early warning systems work for earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, and cyclones. For earthquakes, sensors detect preliminary waves and use those to estimate location, magnitude, and expected shaking to warn communities. Flood systems use automated sensors to monitor water levels and send warnings. Tsunami systems use seismic and sea level sensors to detect potential tsunamis and issue warnings. Cyclone detection algorithms identify developing storms to provide more lead time for warnings and research. The purpose of all these systems is to generate and disseminate timely warnings to protect lives and property.
Early warning System Disaster ManagementVraj Pandya
Description on early warning technologies in Earth quake, flood cyclone and various other characteristics are provided here, it would be quite beneficial for you people to use it. there is no simple copy paste, its really amazing and useful
This document discusses various devices used to detect and monitor upcoming natural disasters including:
1) Avalanche mortars that trigger small avalanches to prevent larger, more catastrophic slides.
2) Deep-ocean sensors and floating devices that comprise the DART system, detecting tsunamis early to provide coastal evacuation time.
3) Seismometers that detect even small underground vibrations to identify earthquakes and measure their intensity on scales like Mercalli, Richter, and Moment Magnitude.
GPS was created during the Cold War to allow fast and accurate location fixes for submarines and missile launches. It works using a constellation of 24 satellites that continuously broadcast radio signals. By measuring the time it takes for signals from at least 4 satellites to reach a GPS receiver, its precise 3D location can be calculated. Sources of error include atmospheric effects, clock errors, receiver errors, landscape features, and multipath errors. An ideal tsunami warning system incorporates detection technologies like seabed monitors and ocean buoys, as well as effective information dissemination to alert communities and enable quick evacuation.
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1. A
SEMINAR PRESENTATION
ON
“tsunami
warning system”
2013-2014
SUBMITTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:
Mr. Amit Kumar Prajapati
Mr. Rajveer Marwal
Seminar Coordinators (Sec B)
Vibhor Rathi
4th Year, 8th Sem.
EC/10/148
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
POORNIMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JAIPUR
1
2. CONTENTS
Tsunami
Tsunami Warning System
Detecting Tsunami
Seismometers
Tidal Gauge
DART Buoys
Digiquartz Broadband Depth Sensor
Acoustic Transducer
Acoustic Link
DART I & II System
Advantages & Disadvantages
Future Scope
2
3. TSUNAMI
It is a series of wave with long wavelength and long wave
period.
Apart from seismic activity, there are many other factors
responsible for Tsunami.
These gigantic waves are probably one of the most
powerful and destructive forces of nature.
3
4. TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM
TWS is a system which detects tsunami and issue a
warning to prevent loss of life and property.
This system consist of two main parts:
TWS
Network of
sensors
Communication
Infrastructure
4
5. WORKING OF TWS
Network of seismic monitoring station at sea floor
detects presence of earthquake.
Seismic monitoring station determines location and
depth of earthquake having potential to cause tsunami.
Any resulting tsunami are verified by sea level
monitoring station such as DART buoys, tidal gauge.
5
6. TYPES OF TWS
There are two distinct types of TWS:
TWS
International
Warning
System
National
Warning System
6
7. INTERNATIONAL WARNING SYSTEM
This system uses both data like seismic and water level
data from coastal buoys.
Tsunami travel at 500-1000 km/hr, while seismic wave
travel at 14,400 km/hr.
This give sufficient time for tsunami forecast to be
made.
It is commonly used in Pacific ocean and Indian ocean.
7
8. NATIONAL WARNING SYSTEM
This system use seismic data about nearby recent
earthquake.
This system is unable to predict which earthquake will
produce significant tsunami.
NWS
Tsunami
Watches
Tsunami
Warning
8
9. TSUNAMI WATCH
Watch is issued based on seismic information.
Watch is issued without confirmation that destructive
tsunami is underway.
Tsunami watch is issued to officials which may later
impact the watch area.
9
10. TSUNAMI WARNING
Tsunami warning is issued when potential tsunami is
expected.
It alert officials to take action for entire tsunami hazard
zone.
Warning is issued automatically if an earthquake
powerful enough to create tsunami occur nearby.
10
12. DETECTING TSUNAMI
Three types of technologies are used for detecting
tsunami:
1
2
3
• SEISMOMETERS
• COAST TIDAL GAUGES
• DART BUOYS
12
13. SEISMOMETERS
Information available about source of tsunami is based
on seismic information.
Earthquake are measured based on its magnitude
recorded by its seismograph.
13
14. DRAWBACK OF SEISMOMETERS
Data are indirect and interpretation is difficult.
It involve poor understanding of seismic coupling.
14
15. TIDAL GAUGE
Measure sea level near coastal area.
Continuously monitors and confirms tsunami waves
following an earthquake.
If tsunami occurred other than earthquake we depend
solely on data of tidal gauge.
15
16. DRAWBACK OF TIDAL GAUGE
May not survive impact of tsunami.
Cannot provide data that are especially important to
operational hazard assessment directly.
16
17. DART BUOYS
Report to tsunami warning centre, when tsunami occur.
Information are processed to produce a new and more
refined estimate of tsunami source.
Result is an accurate forecast of tsunami.
17
18. ADVANTAGE OF DART BUOYS
Seismometer do not measure tsunami.
Tidal gauge do not provide direct measurement of deep
ocean tsunami energy propagating.
DART overcomes drawback of both.
18
19. WORKING OF DART BUOYS
DART BUOY consist of two main component:
• Bottom Pressure Recorder (BPR)
• Surface Buoy
BPR consisting of a modem to transmit data to surface
buoy.
Surface buoy transmit data to warning centre via satellite
communication.
19
20. BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDER:
Digiquartz Broadband depth Sensor is the main sensing
element.
This sensor continuously monitors pressure and if
pressure exceeds threshold value, it automatically report
to warning centre.
SURFACE BUOYS:
Surface buoys makes satellite communication to
warning centers that evaluate the threat and issue a
tsunami warning.
20
22. DIGIQUARTZ BROADBAND DEPTH
SENSOR
This depth sensor provide accurate & stable data.
Superior performance of digiquartz instruments is
achieved through use of quartz crystal.
Pressure transducer employs bellows tube as pressure to
load generators.
Change in frequency of quartz crystal oscillator is a
measure of the applied pressure.
22
23. ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCER
A electrical device that converts sound wave into
electrical energy.
Hydrophone is used in this case.
When electrical plates are exposed to sound vibration
electrical energy is produced.
Electrical energy is sent to amplifier and then to final
destination.
23
24. ACOUSTIC LINK
Acoustic communication is a technique of sending and
receiving signals under water.
It is done by help of acoustic modem.
Modem operates at frequency of 10Hz – 1MHz.
It provides an accurate and efficient method to send and
receive data underwater.
24
25. NOAA AND DART STATIONS
NOAA
(NATIONAL OCEANIC & ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION)
• Responsible for providing tsunami warning to the
nation.
DART
(DEEP OCEAN ASSESSMENT & REPORTING OF TSUNAMI)
• Station that detects tsunami.
25
27. STANDARD MODE:
System generally operates in standard mode.
DART transmits data every six hours with recording
period of 15 minutes.
EVENT MODE:
When tsunami wave occur standard mode trigger to
event mode.
Transmit data every15 minutes at an average of 1 minute
for three hours.
27
29. SERIES OF DART SYSTEM
There are two series of DART buoy system:
DART I
BUOY
DART II
BUOY
SERIES
29
30. DART I SYSTEM
One way communication ability.
Relied solely on software’s ability to detect a tsunami
and trigger to event mode.
To avoid false alarm, a threshold value is set such that
tsunami with low amplitude could fail to trigger the
station.
30
31. DART II SYSTEM
It is a two way communication
Measure seal level change of less than a millimeter in
the deep ocean.
Two way communication allows for trouble shooting of
the system.
System can be switched to event mode by concerned
authority for research purpose.
31
32. ADVANTAGES
Deep water pressure produce low false reading.
Multiple sensor can detect wave propagation.
Good advance warning system.
32
34. FUTURE SCOPE
Use of GPS to detect tsunami.
Developed by NASA.
GPS detects ground motion preceding tsunami.
It estimate tsunami destructive potential within minutes.
Estimates energy that undersea earthquake transfer to
ocean.
With help of these data, ocean floor displacement
caused by earthquake can be inferred.
34