This document provides information on laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of HIV infection. It discusses various rapid HIV antibody tests approved by the FDA that can detect HIV antibodies in 5-15 minutes. It also describes ELISA and Western blot tests used for HIV diagnosis. For monitoring, it outlines CD4 count, viral load, resistance testing, co-receptor tropism assay and HLA-B*5701 screening tests. The document presents the CDC/APHL diagnostic testing algorithm for HIV and provides guidance on testing algorithms for infants less than 18 months old.
CRP is an acute-phase protein of hepatic origin that increases following interleukin-6 secretion by macrophages and T cells.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints.
Antibodies directed against the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G (IgG) are called rheumatoid factors (RFs). They are heterogenous and usually composed of immunoglobulin M (IgM)
CRP is an acute-phase protein of hepatic origin that increases following interleukin-6 secretion by macrophages and T cells.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints.
Antibodies directed against the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G (IgG) are called rheumatoid factors (RFs). They are heterogenous and usually composed of immunoglobulin M (IgM)
TPHA is abbreviation of treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay to treponemal test for the serologic diagnosis of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by a Spirochetes, Treponema pallidum.
Based on the principle of passive haemagglutination, this test detects anti-treponemal antibodies (IgG and IgM antibodies) in serum or CSF.
TPHA is a good primary screening test for syphilis at all stages beyond the early primary stage.
The lecture was presented to the students of Saudi board of Community Medicine to help them know about the various serological methods applicable in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in general with attention upon the specificity and sensitivity of various diagnostic modalities. The lecture covers the basic principles of each test and the clinical applications with the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Lab diagnosis of HIV infection/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
TPHA is abbreviation of treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay to treponemal test for the serologic diagnosis of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by a Spirochetes, Treponema pallidum.
Based on the principle of passive haemagglutination, this test detects anti-treponemal antibodies (IgG and IgM antibodies) in serum or CSF.
TPHA is a good primary screening test for syphilis at all stages beyond the early primary stage.
The lecture was presented to the students of Saudi board of Community Medicine to help them know about the various serological methods applicable in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in general with attention upon the specificity and sensitivity of various diagnostic modalities. The lecture covers the basic principles of each test and the clinical applications with the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Lab diagnosis of HIV infection/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
It contain all information like introduction,stages,life cycle,treatment , laboratory diagnosis and first people on earth who cured from the infection with HIV.
AIDS is a lethal viral infection caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and is characterized by severe depletion of T4 lymphocytes with associated opportunistic infections.
Oral and perioral lesions are common in patients infected with human immune deficiency virus (HIV), are often the presenting feature, and may predict deterioration in general health and a poor prognosis.
Due to multiple oral conditions and periodontal involvement, periodontists are in a unique position to recognize possible HIV infection in its early stage and to be involved in the oral care of these patients.
intoduction to lumiscence
introduction and principle of chemilumiscence
different types of lumiscence
detail of the electrochemilumiscence, working, principle, instrumentation, measurin.
application in medical field
difference between chemilumiscence and elecrochemiluminescence
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections - Test...Christine Joyce Javier
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
1. HIV
Laboratory diagnosis
and monitoring
Nguyen Thi Bich Huyen
1
1. Thet Su Win
2. Truong Van Hau
3. Le Van Chuong
4. Trinh Xuan Son
5. Nguyen Thi Bich Huyen
6. Myo Htet Thu
7. Saw Thu Wah
Group 2
2. 2
Detection methods of
laboratory diagnosis
Detection methods of
laboratory monitoring
Diagnosis Algorithm
Diagnosis Algorithm of
babies < 18 months
Contents
4. 4
Can be used in both clinical and nonclinical
Four rapid HIV antibody tests approved by US
FDA
1. Oraquick rapid HIV-1/2 antibody tests
2. Reveal rapid HIV-1 antibody tests
3. Uni-Gold recombigen HIV test
4. Multispot HIV-1/HIV-2 rapid test
Rapid HIV tests
7. 7
Whole blood, serum, plasma
Screens for HIV-1
Results in 10 minutes
Uni-Gold Recombigen
8. 8
Serum, plasma
Distinguishes HIV-1 from HIV-2
Perform test in 15 minutes
Negative Positive
Multispot HIV-1/HIV-2
9. 9
A rapid review of rapid HIV antibody tests, Current Infectious Disease Reports,
2006, Vol 8-2, pp 125-131
US FDA–approved rapid HIV antibody tests
for HIV-1 detection
10. 10
Direct assay for HIV antibody
Modification with the use of recombinant protein derived
from HIV-1 genome
That are linked to polystyrene beads.
High sensitivity
High specificity
Simple
Rapid
Rapid Latex agglutination Assay
11. 11
Oral Fluid
Urine (IgG Ab to glycoprotein gp120 and
gp160)
Vaginal mucosa (high risk seronegative
subjects had IgA in their genital mucosa)
Alternative Antibody Testing
12. 12
HIV Antibodies HIV-1 RNA HIV p24 Antigen
Most Common Test for
Established Infection
Rarely Used
Future use: 4th Generation
EIA
Used for Acute HIV and
Indeterminate WB
http://www.cdc.gov/
Types of HIV Diagnostic Tests
13. 13
ELISA is the most commonly used type of test to
screen for HIV infection because of
Its relatively simple methodology
Inherent high sensitivity
Suitability for testing large numbers of
samples
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays
(ELISA)
14. 14
The sample with an unknown
amount of antigen is
immobilized on a solid support.
The detection antibody is
added, forming a complex with
the antigen.
The detection antibody can be
linked to an labeled molecule.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays
(ELISA)
15. 15
First Second Third *Fourth
Uses crude viral lysate Detects IgM and IgG in
“Sandwich” EIA
Uses recombinant HIV
antigens or peptides
Detects HIV antibodies
and p24 antigen
http://www.cdc.gov/
Generation of EIA Tests
16. Principle of ElectroChemiLuminescence assay
• ElectroChemiLumin
escence (ECL) is an
immune assay.
• ECL is based on the
use of a ruthenium-
complex and
tripropylamine
www.nature.com
20. 20
Protein detection technique that combine the
separation power of SDS-PAGE together with
high recognition specificity of antibodies
Identification is base on 2 properties:
+ Molecular weight
+ Antibody binding specificity
Western blotting
21. 21
The most common of the highly specific tests
used in confirmatory testing.
Western blot HIV tests usually look for antibodies
against the following HIV proteins
Western blotting
22. 22
SDS-PAGE
1. Separation of proteins using
SDS-PAGE
2. Transfer of the proteins onto
membrane (nitrocellulose or PVDF)
3. Detection
Western blotting
23. 23
Africa Australia UK
USA
CDC1
USA
CDC2
USA
FDA
USA
Red
Cross
ENV
gene
gp160
gp120
gp41
Any two
One or
more
One or
more
gp160
gp120
& p41
gp160
gp120
& p41
One or
more
One or
more
POL
gene
p68
p53
p32
Optional Any three
p31* p31*
Any
one
GAG
gene
p55
p24
p17
p24 p24 p24
Any
one
GAG: p17 [p18], p24, p55 (core)
POL: p32 [p31] (Endonucleases)
p53, p65 [p68] (Reverse transcriptase)
ENV: gp41 (Transmembrane protein)
gp120, gp160 (Envelope unit)
Varying Criteria for a Positive HIV
Western Blot
25. 25
Nguyen Thi Bich Huyen
Laboratory monitoring
CD4+ T cell counts
HIV RNA determinations
HIV resistance testing
Co-receptor tropism assay
HLA-B* 5701 Screening
Prognosis
Monitoring response
to therapy
Therapies
(Drugs) Option
26. 26
CD4 T cell counts
Aims to:
Monitor function of immune system
Stage disease ( AIDS stage: CD4 T cells < 200 cells/mm3)
Guidance on treatment therapies
CD4 T cell thresholds Clinical guidance
< 500 cells/mm3 Start to use ART (Antiretroviral)
< 200 cells/mm3 Start to use OI prophylaxis for PCP
(Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia)
< 50 cells/mm3 Start to use OI prophylaxis for MAC
(Mycobacterium avium complex )
OI: Opportunistic illness
28. 28
Nguyen Thi Bich Huyen
CD4 T cell counts
When to be used
After
diagnosed
HIV infection
Before
applied ART
therapy
Every 3 to 6
months when
starting ART
29. 29
Nguyen Thi Bich Huyen
HIV RNA determinations
Monitor
effectiveness
of therapy
Objectives
Real Time
PCR
Methods
• Before starting ART
• Every 3-6 months after
starting ART
When to use
30. 30
HIV resistance testing
When to use
HIV patients: not response to ART
Aims
Detect drug-resistant in HIV infection
Method
Genotypic assay
(Sequencing method)
Detect mutation
Phenotypic assay
Measure drug
susceptibility
32. 32
Co-receptor tropism assay
A blood test identifies strains of HIV by tropism
Virus only uses
CCR5=R5 Tropic virus
Virus only uses
CXCR4=X4 Tropic virus
Rapid
progression
Slow
progression
Virus that can use either receptor
= Dual Tropic virus
http://www.monogrambio.com/hiv-tests/tropism
HIV
33. 33
Co-receptor tropism assay
HIV-1
from PBMS
MT-2 cells
(Human T-cell)
SI: Syncytium
induction
NSI: No Syncytium
induction
SI (With X4 HIV) NSI (Without X4 HIV)
MT-2 cell assay
Principle:
Detect CPE (Cytopathic
effect) via microscope
Used to detect X4 HIV
http://www.natap.org/2008/ResisWksp/ResisWksp_56.htm
36. 36
Proposed by CDC and APHL in March, 2010.
Updated by Diagnostic Conference 2012.
Guideline entitled by CLSI
HIV Laboratory Diagnostic
Testing Algorithm
37. 37
Initial testing with 4th generation HIV-1/2 antigen/antibody
combination immunoassay (IA).
Reactive result followed by HIV-1/2 antibody differentiation
assay.
Negative or indeterminate result undergo HIV-1 nucleic
acid test(NAT).
Advantages
Over conventional algorithm followed by Western Blot
Comfirmation- repeatedly reactive results
Accurately classify HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection.
Algorithm Recommends
41. 41
Some general guidelines to follow
1. Lab should specify which assay are used.
2. If use the substituted assays for
recommended algorithm,should describe the
limitations.
3. If the entire algorithm is not
completed,should specify which tests are
pending or additional specimens required.
Guidance on Reporting to Health
Care Providers
44. 44
HIV infection in infant
and children
http://www.tensteps.org/breastfeeding-hiv-pmtct.shtml
During pregnancy, delivery and post partum through
breastfeeding, or through parenteral exposure.
45. 45
Early diagnosis, treatment and
safe feeding can reduce mortality
and morbidity
http://degrees.fhi360.org/2012/12/preventing-mother-to-child-
transmission-of-hiv-in-zambia-replicating-success/
http://www.topnews.in/healthcare/content/21468mother-child-hiv-
transmission-decline-us-more-can-be-done
Preventing mother to child
transmission (PMTCT)
46. 46
Serological test
Maternal HIV antibody can persist for 18 months
Positive test - confirm HIV exposure, but not definite
diagnosis, need virological confirmation test
Negative test - suggest unexposed or uninfected
- risk of HIV in breastfeeding
Determine Ag-Ab combo test
- have not been evaluated for early infant
- can detect acute infection in adult
HIV test for baby <18 months
47. 47
Virological test
HIV DNA from whole blood or dry blood spot
(DBS) - PCR
HIV RNA from plasma - RTPCR
p24 antigen from plasma and DBS-
Immunoassay
HIV test for baby <18 months
48. 48
Virological test
HIV DNA from whole blood - PCR
HIV RNA from plasma or dry blood spot
(DBS) - RTPCR
P24 antigen from plasma and DBS-
Immunoassay
HIV test for baby <18 months
50. 50
HIV test for baby <18 months
Status age Remark
Exposed infant 4-6 weeks Virological test (+)indicate infected in
utero
>9 month Recommend to perform serological
test, If (+) result – do virological test
Breastfeeding 6 week
after
cessation
of breast
feeding
Need age-appropriate retesting
Infant still be at risk of acquiring HIV
Non breastfed/
Never breastfed
At / above
9 month
Serological test negative rule out HIV
infection
51. 51
HIV test for baby <18 months
Immediately start ART
Virological test (+)
Second sample for confirmation
Negative in 1/3 of child(+) confirmed
DBS not recommend
Third sample to solve
previous discordance results
HIVDNA test is needed for
reconfirmation and
before ART discontinued
52. 52
HIV test for baby <18 months
Adult <18 month of
age
Serological test Diagnosis test Not reliable for
diagnosis
Virological test For monitoring
treatment
For confirmation
and monitoring
treatment
Ag/Ab combo
test
Use for detect
early infection
Have not been
validated