This document discusses the importance of developing a theoretical framework and hypotheses for research. It states that the theoretical framework is based on variables identified from the literature review as being relevant to the problem. The theoretical framework guides the formulation of testable hypotheses about relationships between variables. Hypotheses can be stated as directional ("if-then") statements and include null and alternative hypotheses. The literature review provides foundation for the theoretical framework and hypotheses development.

1. Literature Review and Theoritical
Conceptual Framework
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Theoritical
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The theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research project is based. logically
developed, described, and elaborated network of associations among the variables deemed relevant to
the problem situation and identified through such processes as interviews, observations, and literature
survey. Experience and intuition also guide in developing the theoretical framework. The relationship
between the literature survey and the theoretical frame- work is that the former provides a solid
foundation for developing the latter. That is, the literature survey identifies the variables that might be
important, as determined by previous research findings.
Theoritical Framework
The results of these tests offer us some clues as to what could be changed in the situation to solve the
problem. Formulating such testable state- ments is called hypotheses development. A hypothesis can
be defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the
form of a testable statement. Relationships are conjectured on the basis of the network of associations
established in the theo- retical framework formulated for the research study. By testing the hypotheses
and confirming the conjectured relationships, it is expected that solution can be found to correct the
problem encountered.
Example: If the pilots are given adequate training to handle midair crowded situa- tions, air-safety
violations will be reduced.
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Hypotheses Development

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Statement of Hypotheses:Format
If-Then Statements
A hypothesis can also test whether there are differences between two groups (or among several groups)
with respect to any variable or variables. To examine whether or not the conjectured relationships or
differences exist, these hypotheses can be set either as propositions or in the form of if–then statements.
Example: If employees are more healthy, then they will take sick leave less frequently
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Directional and Nondirectional Hypothese
If, in stating the relationship between two variables or comparing two groups, terms such as positive,
negative, more than, less than, and the like are used, then these hypotheses are directional because the
direction of the relationship between the variables (positive/negative) is indicated.
Example: The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction of employees.
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Null and Alternate Hypotheses
The null hypothesis is a proposition that states a definitive, exact relationship between two variables.
It states that the population correlation between two variables is equal to zero or that the difference in
the means of two groups in the population is equal to zero (or some definite number). In general, the
null statement is expressed as no (significant) relationship between two variables or no (significant)
difference between two groups, as we will see in the various examples in this chapter.
Conceptual Literature
Research Literature
Systematic Identification
Critical Analysis
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Literature

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Purposes of literature
• Mengembangkan uraian pada masalah penelitian, sehingga dapat menentukan apa yang telah
dilakukan guna menghindari penelitian yang duplikasi
• Memberikan dasar dan pemahaman untuk pengembangan kerangka pemikiran, sehingga dapat
menghindari kekurangan yang dilakukan sebelumnya dan mengambil manfaatnya
• Memberikan dasar perumusan hipotesis
• Membantu pembahasan dan penguraian lebih lanjut
• Mengungkapkan dasar teoritis dan empiris

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Literature Review and Theoritical, Conceptual Framework
Theoritical Framework