The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses different types of anchorage used in orthodontics. It defines anchorage as the resistance used to overcome the reaction to an applied force. There are different factors that affect a tooth's resistance to force, as well as different types of anchorage including extra-oral anchorage like headgear and intra-oral anchorage that can be intra-maxillary or inter-maxillary. Examples of each type are provided. Temporary orthodontic micro anchorage systems are also discussed as a modern method to reinforce anchorage.
This document discusses interceptive orthodontics and serial extraction procedures. It defines interceptive orthodontics as recognizing and eliminating potential irregularities in the developing dentofacial complex. Serial extraction involves removing primary and permanent teeth in a planned sequence to correct crowding and guide teeth into improved positions. The document describes several popular serial extraction methods, including Dewel's three-stage method and Tweed's method of extracting primary molars and canines. Factors such as a tooth-size discrepancy or premature tooth loss help determine if serial extraction is appropriate for correcting a developing malocclusion.
1. Orthodontic tooth movement occurs through remodeling of the alveolar bone in response to prolonged mechanical forces on teeth. Bone resorbs on the pressure side and forms on the tension side of the periodontal ligament.
2. Physiologic tooth movements include eruption, drift, and minor movements during mastication. Eruption occurs through growth of the root and forces from the periodontal ligament.
3. When forces are within physiologic limits, tooth movement occurs through frontal resorption on the pressure side and bone formation on the tension side. Excessive forces cause hyalinization and undermining resorption.
Ackerman & proffit classification of malocclusionAli Waqar Hasan
This document describes the Ackerman-Proffit analysis system for orthodontic malocclusions. It evaluates malocclusions based on Angle's classification plus five additional characteristics: transverse and vertical discrepancies, crowding, asymmetry, and incisor protrusion. It also assesses the dental arch, profile, lip posture, incisor display, and presence of crossbites or open bites. Rotational deviations around transverse, antero-posterior, and vertical axes (pitch, roll, yaw) are also evaluated. Scoring is done on a scale of 0 to 5 based on severity of the malocclusion characteristics.
This document provides an overview of functional appliances used in orthodontic treatment. It begins with definitions of functional appliances and a brief history of their development. It then discusses the basis, classification, forces, treatment principles, indications, actions, case selection, and common appliances like the activator, frankel regulator, bionator, twin block, and Herbst appliance. It provides details on their design, indications, mode of action, and advantages. In summary, the document serves as a comprehensive guide to functional appliances, their development and use in orthodontic treatment.
This document provides an overview of orthodontics and orthodontic tooth movement. It defines orthodontics as the specialty concerned with treatment and management of malocclusion. Orthodontic tooth movement results from forces delivered by fixed or removable appliances and occurs through the periodontal ligament in response to these mechanical forces. Proper application of biomechanical principles can improve treatment efficiency. Different types of tooth movement like tipping, translation, and rotation are discussed along with optimal force levels and durations. Factors like wire properties, bracket size and material are also covered.
This document discusses oral habits such as thumb sucking, pacifier use, tongue thrusting, mouth breathing, and bruxism. It focuses on defining and classifying different types of tongue thrusting, including anterior, lateral, physiologic, habitual, functional, and anatomic tongue thrusting. The prevalence, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of both simple and complex tongue thrusting are described. Treatment involves training correct swallowing and tongue posture, using appliances to guide the tongue, and fixed or removable orthodontic appliances with cribs or spikes to restrain anterior tongue movement and retrain the swallowing pattern.
The document discusses different types of anchorage used in orthodontics. It defines anchorage as the resistance used to overcome the reaction to an applied force. There are different factors that affect a tooth's resistance to force, as well as different types of anchorage including extra-oral anchorage like headgear and intra-oral anchorage that can be intra-maxillary or inter-maxillary. Examples of each type are provided. Temporary orthodontic micro anchorage systems are also discussed as a modern method to reinforce anchorage.
This document discusses interceptive orthodontics and serial extraction procedures. It defines interceptive orthodontics as recognizing and eliminating potential irregularities in the developing dentofacial complex. Serial extraction involves removing primary and permanent teeth in a planned sequence to correct crowding and guide teeth into improved positions. The document describes several popular serial extraction methods, including Dewel's three-stage method and Tweed's method of extracting primary molars and canines. Factors such as a tooth-size discrepancy or premature tooth loss help determine if serial extraction is appropriate for correcting a developing malocclusion.
1. Orthodontic tooth movement occurs through remodeling of the alveolar bone in response to prolonged mechanical forces on teeth. Bone resorbs on the pressure side and forms on the tension side of the periodontal ligament.
2. Physiologic tooth movements include eruption, drift, and minor movements during mastication. Eruption occurs through growth of the root and forces from the periodontal ligament.
3. When forces are within physiologic limits, tooth movement occurs through frontal resorption on the pressure side and bone formation on the tension side. Excessive forces cause hyalinization and undermining resorption.
Ackerman & proffit classification of malocclusionAli Waqar Hasan
This document describes the Ackerman-Proffit analysis system for orthodontic malocclusions. It evaluates malocclusions based on Angle's classification plus five additional characteristics: transverse and vertical discrepancies, crowding, asymmetry, and incisor protrusion. It also assesses the dental arch, profile, lip posture, incisor display, and presence of crossbites or open bites. Rotational deviations around transverse, antero-posterior, and vertical axes (pitch, roll, yaw) are also evaluated. Scoring is done on a scale of 0 to 5 based on severity of the malocclusion characteristics.
This document provides an overview of functional appliances used in orthodontic treatment. It begins with definitions of functional appliances and a brief history of their development. It then discusses the basis, classification, forces, treatment principles, indications, actions, case selection, and common appliances like the activator, frankel regulator, bionator, twin block, and Herbst appliance. It provides details on their design, indications, mode of action, and advantages. In summary, the document serves as a comprehensive guide to functional appliances, their development and use in orthodontic treatment.
This document provides an overview of orthodontics and orthodontic tooth movement. It defines orthodontics as the specialty concerned with treatment and management of malocclusion. Orthodontic tooth movement results from forces delivered by fixed or removable appliances and occurs through the periodontal ligament in response to these mechanical forces. Proper application of biomechanical principles can improve treatment efficiency. Different types of tooth movement like tipping, translation, and rotation are discussed along with optimal force levels and durations. Factors like wire properties, bracket size and material are also covered.
This document discusses oral habits such as thumb sucking, pacifier use, tongue thrusting, mouth breathing, and bruxism. It focuses on defining and classifying different types of tongue thrusting, including anterior, lateral, physiologic, habitual, functional, and anatomic tongue thrusting. The prevalence, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of both simple and complex tongue thrusting are described. Treatment involves training correct swallowing and tongue posture, using appliances to guide the tongue, and fixed or removable orthodontic appliances with cribs or spikes to restrain anterior tongue movement and retrain the swallowing pattern.
This document discusses pulp therapy in pediatric dentistry. It outlines several reasons for preserving teeth with pulp involvement, including preventing malocclusion, aiding mastication, and preventing psychological impacts of early tooth loss. The primary objectives of pulp treatment are to maintain oral health and integrity. A thorough diagnosis involves assessing factors like pain characteristics, tooth mobility, discoloration, periapical changes on radiographs, and pulpal hemorrhage in response to exposure. Pulp testing can help evaluate vitality, though results may be inconclusive for primary teeth. The goal of treatment is to restore the tooth when possible while considering the extent of pulpal inflammation or necrosis.
The biological width refers to the dimensions of the junctional epithelium and connective tissue attachment above the alveolar crest, which averages 2.04mm. Placement of restoration margins within 1mm of the gingival sulcus is ideal to preserve this biological width, while subgingival placement can lead to inflammation, recession, or bone loss by violating the biological width. When a violation occurs, it can be corrected by surgery to remove bone away from the margin by the ideal biological width distance, or by orthodontic extrusion. Maintaining the biological width is essential for periodontal health.
classification of Malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document discusses retention and relapse in orthodontics, defining retention as maintaining teeth in their corrected positions and relapse as the loss of correction. It examines various causes of relapse like periodontal ligament traction, abnormal growth patterns, lack of adequate stabilization, and muscular imbalances. The document also outlines different retention methods and factors to consider for proper retention planning to prevent teeth from relapsing back to their original maloccluded positions.
Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontics in Pediactric DentistryDr Tridib Goswami
The document summarizes preventive and interceptive orthodontics. It discusses various aspects of preventive orthodontics including parent education on proper feeding habits, caries control through restoration and fluoride application, timely extraction of supernumerary teeth before they cause malocclusion, and use of space maintainers to prevent drifting after premature tooth loss. It also describes interceptive orthodontics including procedures like serial extractions and correction of developing cross-bites. Details are provided on different types of space maintainers including removable, fixed band and loop, and lingual arch appliances.
Space regainers /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The lingual arch space maintainer is a passive bilateral mandibular appliance used to control tooth movement and arch perimeter after the loss of lower primary molars. It consists of bands on the first molars connected by a stainless steel wire. The wire is positioned to contact the lower incisors and rest on the gingiva of the molared and molar bands. It maintains the arch shape and leeway space until the permanent teeth erupt. Advantages include allowing eruption of permanents without interference and maintaining oral hygiene, while disadvantages include not preventing opposing tooth extrusion and potential for distortion.
Abutment & Its Selection In Fixed Partial DentureSelf employed
This document discusses factors to consider when selecting abutment teeth for fixed partial dentures (FPDs). It defines an abutment tooth and outlines how to assess potential abutments, including taking radiographs and evaluating crown morphology, root configuration, crown-to-root ratio, and other anatomical features. Good abutment teeth are vital with adequate bone and root support and crown structure to withstand forces from the FPD. Location, occlusion, tooth structure and root health must be optimized for successful force distribution from the prosthesis.
This document discusses space maintainers, which are appliances used to maintain space for permanent teeth after premature loss of primary teeth. It describes different types of space maintainers including removable, fixed, lingual arch, and distal shoe appliances. Key factors in planning space maintenance like dental age and sequence of eruption are outlined. The document summarizes indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of various space maintainer designs. Space maintainers aim to guide proper eruption of permanent teeth into ideal alignment and occlusion.
gingiva and periodontal problems in childrenGarima Singh
This document provides an overview of gingival and periodontal diseases in children. It begins with an introduction stating that many periodontal diseases originate during childhood, so early detection and treatment are important. It then covers topics such as the normal periodontium in children, classifications of gingival diseases including gingivitis, acute gingival diseases like herpetic gingivostomatitis, and gingival enlargement. It also discusses periodontitis, specifically aggressive periodontitis which can occur in adolescents, as well as systemic diseases associated with periodontal problems. The conclusion emphasizes that early detection and treatment of periodontal issues in children can prevent more advanced diseases and also identify underlying systemic conditions.
This document discusses the definition, etiology, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of cross bites. Cross bites can be anterior or posterior and can have dental, skeletal, or functional causes. Management involves correcting the cross bite through various appliances depending on the stage of dentition, from simple elastics in primary dentition to more complex appliances like face masks or orthognathic surgery in permanent dentition. The goal is to intercept and correct cross bites early to prevent progression to more severe malocclusions requiring prolonged treatment.
Model analysis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
Tongue thrusting is defined as the forward movement of the tongue between the teeth during swallowing or speech instead of the mature swallow pattern. It can be classified based on its effects and may cause malocclusions like an open bite. Diagnosis involves examining swallow patterns and tongue posture. Treatment depends on the age of the patient and involves myofunctional exercises, appliances to reposition the tongue, and orthodontics or surgery if malocclusion is present. Speech therapy may also be used if a speech defect is associated with the tongue thrusting.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Serial extraction is an interceptive orthodontic procedure that involves the planned extraction of certain primary and permanent teeth in a sequence to guide the erupting permanent teeth into a favorable position. It was first described in 1929 as a way to address arch length deficiencies. The most common methods are Dewel's method, Tweed's method, and Nance method, all of which extract primary teeth first, followed by premolars and canines. Potential problems include anterior crossbites from residual spacing or skeletal discrepancies.
The document summarizes theories of orthodontic tooth movement including the pressure-tension theory and bone-bending theory. It discusses how application of orthodontic forces leads to remodeling changes in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone through pressure and tension sites. Key signaling molecules that mediate the biological response to orthodontic forces are also summarized, including prostaglandins, cytokines, and growth factors that regulate bone resorption and formation during tooth movement.
The document discusses midline diastemas, which are spaces between the two central incisors. It defines midline diastemas and discusses their various etiologies such as normal development, tooth material deficiencies, physical impediments like habits or retained primary teeth, and iatrogenic causes from procedures like rapid maxillary expansion. The diagnosis involves a clinical exam and radiographs to identify the cause. Treatment involves removing the cause, using appliances to close the space, and retainers to maintain results. Midline diastemas can be aesthetically improved through various orthodontic or restorative techniques.
This document discusses self-correcting anomalies that arise during development from the predentate period to the permanent dentition period. It classifies anomalies based on the developmental period and describes several types including retrognathic mandible, anterior open bite, deep bite, flush terminal plane, primate and physiological spacing, anterior deep bite, end on molar relation, mandibular anterior crowding, and the ugly duckling stage. Many of these anomalies correct on their own through continued growth, eruption of teeth, attrition, and movement of jaws without requiring dental treatment.
1. Space maintainers are appliances used to maintain space created by premature tooth loss. They prevent crowding, impaction, and other issues by holding space open.
2. Common space maintainers include band and loop, crown and loop, lingual arch, Nance palatal arch, and removable appliances. The best option depends on factors like time since tooth loss and dental age.
3. Space maintainers are generally indicated when space is closing, future orthodontics may be simplified, or to prevent issues like supraeruption. They are contraindicated if space isn't closing or the succedaneous tooth is absent.
Aims, scope & global history of orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic cou...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses pulp therapy in pediatric dentistry. It outlines several reasons for preserving teeth with pulp involvement, including preventing malocclusion, aiding mastication, and preventing psychological impacts of early tooth loss. The primary objectives of pulp treatment are to maintain oral health and integrity. A thorough diagnosis involves assessing factors like pain characteristics, tooth mobility, discoloration, periapical changes on radiographs, and pulpal hemorrhage in response to exposure. Pulp testing can help evaluate vitality, though results may be inconclusive for primary teeth. The goal of treatment is to restore the tooth when possible while considering the extent of pulpal inflammation or necrosis.
The biological width refers to the dimensions of the junctional epithelium and connective tissue attachment above the alveolar crest, which averages 2.04mm. Placement of restoration margins within 1mm of the gingival sulcus is ideal to preserve this biological width, while subgingival placement can lead to inflammation, recession, or bone loss by violating the biological width. When a violation occurs, it can be corrected by surgery to remove bone away from the margin by the ideal biological width distance, or by orthodontic extrusion. Maintaining the biological width is essential for periodontal health.
classification of Malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document discusses retention and relapse in orthodontics, defining retention as maintaining teeth in their corrected positions and relapse as the loss of correction. It examines various causes of relapse like periodontal ligament traction, abnormal growth patterns, lack of adequate stabilization, and muscular imbalances. The document also outlines different retention methods and factors to consider for proper retention planning to prevent teeth from relapsing back to their original maloccluded positions.
Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontics in Pediactric DentistryDr Tridib Goswami
The document summarizes preventive and interceptive orthodontics. It discusses various aspects of preventive orthodontics including parent education on proper feeding habits, caries control through restoration and fluoride application, timely extraction of supernumerary teeth before they cause malocclusion, and use of space maintainers to prevent drifting after premature tooth loss. It also describes interceptive orthodontics including procedures like serial extractions and correction of developing cross-bites. Details are provided on different types of space maintainers including removable, fixed band and loop, and lingual arch appliances.
Space regainers /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The lingual arch space maintainer is a passive bilateral mandibular appliance used to control tooth movement and arch perimeter after the loss of lower primary molars. It consists of bands on the first molars connected by a stainless steel wire. The wire is positioned to contact the lower incisors and rest on the gingiva of the molared and molar bands. It maintains the arch shape and leeway space until the permanent teeth erupt. Advantages include allowing eruption of permanents without interference and maintaining oral hygiene, while disadvantages include not preventing opposing tooth extrusion and potential for distortion.
Abutment & Its Selection In Fixed Partial DentureSelf employed
This document discusses factors to consider when selecting abutment teeth for fixed partial dentures (FPDs). It defines an abutment tooth and outlines how to assess potential abutments, including taking radiographs and evaluating crown morphology, root configuration, crown-to-root ratio, and other anatomical features. Good abutment teeth are vital with adequate bone and root support and crown structure to withstand forces from the FPD. Location, occlusion, tooth structure and root health must be optimized for successful force distribution from the prosthesis.
This document discusses space maintainers, which are appliances used to maintain space for permanent teeth after premature loss of primary teeth. It describes different types of space maintainers including removable, fixed, lingual arch, and distal shoe appliances. Key factors in planning space maintenance like dental age and sequence of eruption are outlined. The document summarizes indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of various space maintainer designs. Space maintainers aim to guide proper eruption of permanent teeth into ideal alignment and occlusion.
gingiva and periodontal problems in childrenGarima Singh
This document provides an overview of gingival and periodontal diseases in children. It begins with an introduction stating that many periodontal diseases originate during childhood, so early detection and treatment are important. It then covers topics such as the normal periodontium in children, classifications of gingival diseases including gingivitis, acute gingival diseases like herpetic gingivostomatitis, and gingival enlargement. It also discusses periodontitis, specifically aggressive periodontitis which can occur in adolescents, as well as systemic diseases associated with periodontal problems. The conclusion emphasizes that early detection and treatment of periodontal issues in children can prevent more advanced diseases and also identify underlying systemic conditions.
This document discusses the definition, etiology, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of cross bites. Cross bites can be anterior or posterior and can have dental, skeletal, or functional causes. Management involves correcting the cross bite through various appliances depending on the stage of dentition, from simple elastics in primary dentition to more complex appliances like face masks or orthognathic surgery in permanent dentition. The goal is to intercept and correct cross bites early to prevent progression to more severe malocclusions requiring prolonged treatment.
Model analysis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
Tongue thrusting is defined as the forward movement of the tongue between the teeth during swallowing or speech instead of the mature swallow pattern. It can be classified based on its effects and may cause malocclusions like an open bite. Diagnosis involves examining swallow patterns and tongue posture. Treatment depends on the age of the patient and involves myofunctional exercises, appliances to reposition the tongue, and orthodontics or surgery if malocclusion is present. Speech therapy may also be used if a speech defect is associated with the tongue thrusting.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Serial extraction is an interceptive orthodontic procedure that involves the planned extraction of certain primary and permanent teeth in a sequence to guide the erupting permanent teeth into a favorable position. It was first described in 1929 as a way to address arch length deficiencies. The most common methods are Dewel's method, Tweed's method, and Nance method, all of which extract primary teeth first, followed by premolars and canines. Potential problems include anterior crossbites from residual spacing or skeletal discrepancies.
The document summarizes theories of orthodontic tooth movement including the pressure-tension theory and bone-bending theory. It discusses how application of orthodontic forces leads to remodeling changes in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone through pressure and tension sites. Key signaling molecules that mediate the biological response to orthodontic forces are also summarized, including prostaglandins, cytokines, and growth factors that regulate bone resorption and formation during tooth movement.
The document discusses midline diastemas, which are spaces between the two central incisors. It defines midline diastemas and discusses their various etiologies such as normal development, tooth material deficiencies, physical impediments like habits or retained primary teeth, and iatrogenic causes from procedures like rapid maxillary expansion. The diagnosis involves a clinical exam and radiographs to identify the cause. Treatment involves removing the cause, using appliances to close the space, and retainers to maintain results. Midline diastemas can be aesthetically improved through various orthodontic or restorative techniques.
This document discusses self-correcting anomalies that arise during development from the predentate period to the permanent dentition period. It classifies anomalies based on the developmental period and describes several types including retrognathic mandible, anterior open bite, deep bite, flush terminal plane, primate and physiological spacing, anterior deep bite, end on molar relation, mandibular anterior crowding, and the ugly duckling stage. Many of these anomalies correct on their own through continued growth, eruption of teeth, attrition, and movement of jaws without requiring dental treatment.
1. Space maintainers are appliances used to maintain space created by premature tooth loss. They prevent crowding, impaction, and other issues by holding space open.
2. Common space maintainers include band and loop, crown and loop, lingual arch, Nance palatal arch, and removable appliances. The best option depends on factors like time since tooth loss and dental age.
3. Space maintainers are generally indicated when space is closing, future orthodontics may be simplified, or to prevent issues like supraeruption. They are contraindicated if space isn't closing or the succedaneous tooth is absent.
Aims, scope & global history of orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic cou...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document summarizes a design project focused on improving the dental patient experience in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Research activities included interviewing patients, doctors, and others involved in dental care. The document profiles common types of dental patients like females, teens, the elderly, and children. It also outlines the stakeholders in the dental experience and maps the current patient journey. The document concludes by identifying opportunities to enhance the dental experience based on the research findings.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses space management in mixed dentition. It defines different types of spacing in primary dentition and factors affecting the decision to maintain space. It also defines space maintainers and describes different classifications including fixed, removable, functional, and according to area of placement. Specific space maintainers are described like band and loop, lingual arch, and Nance appliance. Construction details and indications for different space maintainers are provided. Factors for ideal extraction of primary molars and situations where space maintenance may not be needed are outlined. Parental consent considerations are also mentioned.
This document outlines the curriculum for community dentistry over four years of study. It includes courses in epidemiological methods, determinants of health and disease, clinical epidemiology, evidence-based care, communication, ethics, and jurisprudence. Students will learn to evaluate clinical care and evidence as well as provide care to patients. The document also provides an introduction to epidemiology, including its nature, contributions to dentistry, and examples like the 1854 London cholera epidemic and fluoride/dental caries relationship.
Management of Crowding /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
An introduction to dentistry in the digital ageAmit Paryag
An overview of current technlogies available and an overview of imprortant concerns about getting into dentistry in the digital age. The content herein is referenced as much as possible and disemminated without charge for discussion and eduation purposes.
The document provides a history of dentistry from ancient times to modern day. It discusses key figures like Hippocrates who was considered the father of medicine and established ethical guidelines. It outlines advancements made by various early civilizations in practices like fillings. The document then focuses on developments in the United States including the founding of the first dental college and contributions of figures like GV Black who helped standardize practices. It notes milestones like the first woman to graduate dental school and the establishment of dental hygiene as a profession.
Preventive and interceptive orthodonticsAyesha Abbas
This document discusses various orthodontic procedures including preventive, interceptive, and comprehensive orthodontics. It describes different types of orthodontic problems seen in children including non-skeletal (dental) problems and skeletal problems. Specific issues covered include natal teeth, occlusal relationship problems, eruption problems, space maintenance, traumatic displacement of teeth, and space-related problems. Treatment approaches are provided for each problem depending on factors such as the severity, timing, and underlying cause. Early intervention is emphasized to prevent the development or worsening of malocclusions.
This document discusses various systems for classifying malocclusion. It begins by defining malocclusion and explaining the need for classification systems. It then covers Angle's original 1899 classification system, which categorizes malocclusions based on molar relationships. Several modifications to Angle's system are also presented, including the British Standard classification of incisor relationships. Other classification systems discussed include Andrew's Six Keys, skeletal classification, canine classification, Simon's classification, and Ackerman and Proffit's classification.
The document defines normal occlusion as the contact relationship between the teeth when the jaws are closed. It provides definitions of occlusion from Angle and Wheeler. Occlusion involves the interaction of teeth, periodontal ligaments, jaws, temporomandibular joint, muscles and nervous system. When the jaws are closed, the cusps, fossae and incisal edges of opposing teeth come into contact, making up the occlusion of the dentition. The document also describes static and dynamic occlusion, various occlusal concepts like centric relation and centric occlusion, centric contacts, and imaginary occlusal planes like the Curve of Spee and Curve of Wilson.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Occlusal concepts part 1 (final modification ) copy/ dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Malocclusion/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses concepts of occlusion including definitions of normal, ideal, physiologic, and pathologic occlusion. It describes static and dynamic occlusion as well as supporting and non-supporting cusps. Compensatory curves including the curves of Spee, Wilson, and Monson are explained. Posterior and anterior centric contacts, the plane of occlusion, centric relation, and centric occlusion are defined. The importance of understanding centric relation for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning is highlighted.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Evolution of posterior tooth forms / dental implant courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Occulasl consideration for implant supported prostehsi/ dentistry jobsIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Occulasl consideration for implant supported prostehsi /certified fixed ortho...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses occlusal considerations for implant-supported prostheses. It notes key differences between natural teeth and implants, such as implants lacking a periodontal ligament to absorb forces and distribute stress. This increased stress transmission to bone makes occlusion an important factor for implant success. The document outlines principles of implant protective occlusion (IPO), including using lingualized contacts to reduce risks and developing an occlusal scheme that minimizes harmful forces on implants. Proper diagnosis and progressive loading are also discussed to improve bone support and reduce stress beyond physiological limits.
occlusal considerations for Implant supported Prosthesis /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Occulasl consideration for implant supported prostehsi/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Teeth arrangement for complete dentures/cosmetic dentistry coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses different concepts of occlusion including bilaterally balanced occlusion, unilaterally balanced occlusion, and mutually protected occlusion. It describes the key features of each concept and compares their advantages and disadvantages. The document also discusses factors that influence occlusion like condylar guidance, anterior guidance, and patient adaptability. It defines pathogenic occlusion and lists potential signs and symptoms. Finally, it outlines objectives and techniques for occlusal treatment, including the use of occlusal splints or devices.
Balanced occlusion and its importance/ cosmetic dentistry trainingIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Similar to Orthodontics scope & introduction (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
2. Ortho= straighten or correctOrtho= straighten or correct
dontics= related to teethdontics= related to teeth
Orthodontics is a branch of dentistry concerned withOrthodontics is a branch of dentistry concerned with
prevention, interception & correction of malocclusion &prevention, interception & correction of malocclusion &
other dentoskeletal abnormalities .other dentoskeletal abnormalities .
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
3. DEFINITIONDEFINITION
Orthodontics & dentofacial orthopaedics is that specialty areaOrthodontics & dentofacial orthopaedics is that specialty area
of health science of dentistry concerned with diagnosis,of health science of dentistry concerned with diagnosis,
supervision, guidance & treatment of growing & maturesupervision, guidance & treatment of growing & mature
dentofacial structures including those conditions that requiresdentofacial structures including those conditions that requires
movement of teeth & treatment of malrelationships &movement of teeth & treatment of malrelationships &
malformations of craniofacial complex. It includes themalformations of craniofacial complex. It includes the
correction of relationships between & among teeth & facialcorrection of relationships between & among teeth & facial
bones, application of force, including orthopedic & functionalbones, application of force, including orthopedic & functional
forces & diagnosis & treatment in conjunction withforces & diagnosis & treatment in conjunction with
orthognathic surgery to attain & maintain optimalorthognathic surgery to attain & maintain optimal
physiological health & esthetic harmony of the patient.physiological health & esthetic harmony of the patient.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
4. OCCLUSIONOCCLUSION
According to Edward Angle,According to Edward Angle, occlusion is the normal relation of theocclusion is the normal relation of the
occlusal surfaces of the teeth when the jaws are closed.occlusal surfaces of the teeth when the jaws are closed.
The static relationship between the incising or masticatory surfaces ofThe static relationship between the incising or masticatory surfaces of
the maxillary & mandibular teeth or tooth analogues.the maxillary & mandibular teeth or tooth analogues.
Centric occlusionCentric occlusion is the relation of the opposing occlusal surfaces thatis the relation of the opposing occlusal surfaces that
provides maximum planned contact &/or intercuspation.provides maximum planned contact &/or intercuspation.
Centric relationCentric relation is the relation of the mandible to the maxilla when theis the relation of the mandible to the maxilla when the
condyles are in their most posterosuperior unstrained position in thecondyles are in their most posterosuperior unstrained position in the
glenoid fossa at an established vertical relation.glenoid fossa at an established vertical relation.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
5. OVERJETOVERJET- Horizontal overlap of the incisors. (normal 2-3- Horizontal overlap of the incisors. (normal 2-3
mm). It is usually measured parallel to the occlusal plane. Itmm). It is usually measured parallel to the occlusal plane. It
is measured from the labial surface of the lower central incisoris measured from the labial surface of the lower central incisor
to the lingual surface of the upper central incisor at the levelto the lingual surface of the upper central incisor at the level
of the upper incisor edge.of the upper incisor edge.
OVERBITEOVERBITE- Vertical overlap of- Vertical overlap of
the incisors ( normal 1-2 mm). It isthe incisors ( normal 1-2 mm). It is
usually measured perpendicular tousually measured perpendicular to
the occlusal plane. It is usually thethe occlusal plane. It is usually the
distance between the lower incisor edgedistance between the lower incisor edge
& upper incisor edge.& upper incisor edge.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
6. AIMS OF ORTHODONTICAIMS OF ORTHODONTIC
TREATMENTTREATMENT
Major responsibilities of orthodontic practiceMajor responsibilities of orthodontic practice
include the diagnosis, prevention, interceptioninclude the diagnosis, prevention, interception
& treatment of all forms of malocclusion of& treatment of all forms of malocclusion of
teeth & associated alterations in theirteeth & associated alterations in their
surrounding structures; the design,surrounding structures; the design,
application & control of functional &application & control of functional &
corrective appliances; & the guidance of thecorrective appliances; & the guidance of the
dentition & its supporting structures to attaindentition & its supporting structures to attain
& maintain optimum relations in physiologic && maintain optimum relations in physiologic &
esthetic harmony among facial & cranialesthetic harmony among facial & cranial
structures.structures.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
7. JACKSON’S TRIADJACKSON’S TRIAD
Jackson has summarized the aimsJackson has summarized the aims
& objectives of orthodontic& objectives of orthodontic
treatment as the Jackson’s triadtreatment as the Jackson’s triad
which include-which include-
a. Structural balancea. Structural balance
b. Functional efficiencyb. Functional efficiency
c. Esthetic harmonyc. Esthetic harmony
Soft tissues
Dentoalveolar
system
Skeletal tissues
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
8. NEED FOR ORTHODONTICNEED FOR ORTHODONTIC
TREATMENTTREATMENT
APPEARANCEAPPEARANCE- patients dissatisfied with the irregular appearance of their- patients dissatisfied with the irregular appearance of their
teeth.teeth.
TO PREVENT TRAUMA TO THE SUPPORTING TISSUES OF THETO PREVENT TRAUMA TO THE SUPPORTING TISSUES OF THE
TEETH-TEETH- eg. A lower incisor which is trapped labial to the upper incisor dueeg. A lower incisor which is trapped labial to the upper incisor due
to traumatic occlusion. The occlusal forces are transmitted along the longto traumatic occlusion. The occlusal forces are transmitted along the long
axis of the tooth which is forced against the labial plate of the alveolaraxis of the tooth which is forced against the labial plate of the alveolar
process. If this is not corrected, the tooth will eventually loosen & will fall off.process. If this is not corrected, the tooth will eventually loosen & will fall off.
With careful occlusal guidance this situation is intercepted & prevented &With careful occlusal guidance this situation is intercepted & prevented &
treated before irreparable damage occurs.treated before irreparable damage occurs.
TRAUMA TO TEETH-TRAUMA TO TEETH- Due to traumatic occlusion wear facets & attritionDue to traumatic occlusion wear facets & attrition
occurs.occurs.
TRAUMA TO THE ORAL MUCOSA-TRAUMA TO THE ORAL MUCOSA- Abnormal position of the teeth mayAbnormal position of the teeth may
cause teeth to impinge against the oral mucosa instead of the antagonistcause teeth to impinge against the oral mucosa instead of the antagonist
teeth. This causes mucosal ulcerations & pain.teeth. This causes mucosal ulcerations & pain.
FRACTURE OF TEETH-FRACTURE OF TEETH- Teeth which project out & are not covered by lipsTeeth which project out & are not covered by lips
are susceptible to fracture. (esp. during contact sports)are susceptible to fracture. (esp. during contact sports)
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
9. •DENTAL CARIES-DENTAL CARIES- Malaligned teeth are more susceptibleMalaligned teeth are more susceptible
to plaque accumulation & consequently more prone to caries.to plaque accumulation & consequently more prone to caries.
Due to improper position the self cleansing action of teeth is lostDue to improper position the self cleansing action of teeth is lost..
•PERIODONTAL DISEASE-PERIODONTAL DISEASE- Malaligned teeth with heavy plaqueMalaligned teeth with heavy plaque
accumulation lead to periodontal diseases.accumulation lead to periodontal diseases.
OCCLUSAL INTERFERENCE-OCCLUSAL INTERFERENCE- Malocclusion which producesMalocclusion which produces
deviation in the path of closure of the mandible as a result of occlusaldeviation in the path of closure of the mandible as a result of occlusal
interference may be contributory factor in the development of paininterference may be contributory factor in the development of pain
dysfunction syndrome.dysfunction syndrome.
Irregularities in the position of cusps of opposing teeth may preventIrregularities in the position of cusps of opposing teeth may prevent
mandibular closure in centric relation, & if deviation occurs it means thatmandibular closure in centric relation, & if deviation occurs it means that
asymmetric contraction is induced in muscles of mastication.asymmetric contraction is induced in muscles of mastication.
EXTRUSION & INTRUSION OF TEETH-EXTRUSION & INTRUSION OF TEETH-
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
10. ORTHODONTIC MOVEMENT OF TEETHORTHODONTIC MOVEMENT OF TEETH
REQUIRED IN CONJUCNTION WITHREQUIRED IN CONJUCNTION WITH
RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY-RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY- When teeth have driftedWhen teeth have drifted
as a result of dental extraction or periodontalas a result of dental extraction or periodontal
disease, it is necessary to reposition them to facilitate restorativedisease, it is necessary to reposition them to facilitate restorative
procedures. The up righting of tilted teeth or closure of spacingprocedures. The up righting of tilted teeth or closure of spacing
before making a partial denture.before making a partial denture.
AS AN ADJUVANT TO SPEECH THERAPY-AS AN ADJUVANT TO SPEECH THERAPY- eg.eg.
Patients with cleft palate, correction of nasal twang due toPatients with cleft palate, correction of nasal twang due to
improperly placed teeth, lisping etc.improperly placed teeth, lisping etc.
AS AN ADJUVANT TO SURGICALAS AN ADJUVANT TO SURGICAL
CORRECTIONS BY ORAL SURGEONS ORCORRECTIONS BY ORAL SURGEONS OR
OTOLARGYNEOLOGISTS (ENT SURGEON)OTOLARGYNEOLOGISTS (ENT SURGEON)- eg.- eg.
As in cleft palate patients maxillary expansion brought about afterAs in cleft palate patients maxillary expansion brought about after
surgery.surgery.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
11. MALOCCLUSIONMALOCCLUSION
Malocclusion : a deviation in intramaxillary &/orMalocclusion : a deviation in intramaxillary &/or
intermaxillary relations of teeth that presents a hazard to theintermaxillary relations of teeth that presents a hazard to the
individual’s well being; often associated with otherindividual’s well being; often associated with other
dentofacial deformitiesdentofacial deformities..
INTRA ARCH MALOCCLUSIONINTRA ARCH MALOCCLUSION
INTERARCH MALOCCLUSIONINTERARCH MALOCCLUSION
SKELETAL MALOCCLUSIONSKELETAL MALOCCLUSION
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
13. CLASSIFICATION OFCLASSIFICATION OF
MALOCCLUSIONMALOCCLUSION
Edward H. Angle 1890 postulated that theEdward H. Angle 1890 postulated that the
upper first molarupper first molar was the key to occlusion &was the key to occlusion &
the upper & lower molar should be relatedthe upper & lower molar should be related
so that theso that the mesiobuccal cusp of the uppermesiobuccal cusp of the upper
molar occludes in the buccal groove of themolar occludes in the buccal groove of the
lower molarlower molar..
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
14. Angle’s Class IAngle’s Class I
Normal relationship ofNormal relationship of
molars, but line of occlusionmolars, but line of occlusion
incorrect because ofincorrect because of
crowding, spacing,crowding, spacing,
rotations, missing tooth etc.rotations, missing tooth etc.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
15. Bimaxillary protrusionBimaxillary protrusion
where patient exhibitswhere patient exhibits
normal class I molarnormal class I molar
relationship but therelationship but the
dentition of both thedentition of both the
upper & lower arches areupper & lower arches are
forwardly placed inforwardly placed in
relation to the facialrelation to the facial
profile.profile.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
16. Angle’s Class IIAngle’s Class II
Class II molar relationshipClass II molar relationship
where the distobuccal cusp ofwhere the distobuccal cusp of
the upper first permanentthe upper first permanent
molar occludes in the buccalmolar occludes in the buccal
groove of the lower firstgroove of the lower first
permanent molar. Angle haspermanent molar. Angle has
subdivided class IIsubdivided class II
malocclusions into 2malocclusions into 2
divisions-divisions-
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
17. Angle’s Class IIIAngle’s Class III
Class III molar relationClass III molar relation
with the mesiobuccalwith the mesiobuccal
cusp of the maxillarycusp of the maxillary
first permanent molarfirst permanent molar
occluding in theoccluding in the
interdental spaceinterdental space
between the mandibularbetween the mandibular
first & second molar.first & second molar.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
19. SCOPE OF ORTHODONTICSCOPE OF ORTHODONTIC
TREATMENTTREATMENT
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
20. SCOPE OF ORTHODONTICSCOPE OF ORTHODONTIC
TREATMENTTREATMENT
Orthodontic practice deals directly or indirectly with the following:Orthodontic practice deals directly or indirectly with the following:
1.1. Guidance of occlusal developmentGuidance of occlusal development
2.2. Elimination of impairment of masticatory function caused byElimination of impairment of masticatory function caused by
dental malocclusiondental malocclusion
3.3. Reduction of susceptibility to dental caries caused by dentalReduction of susceptibility to dental caries caused by dental
irregularitiesirregularities
4.4. Correction of dentofacial abnormalities of genetic, congenital &Correction of dentofacial abnormalities of genetic, congenital &
environmental originenvironmental origin
5.5. Improvement of dentofacial estheticsImprovement of dentofacial esthetics
6.6. Elimination of periodontal disease & other conditions of the oralElimination of periodontal disease & other conditions of the oral
tissues resulting from malocclusiontissues resulting from malocclusion
7.7. Correction of shifted teeth prior to the construction of bridges &Correction of shifted teeth prior to the construction of bridges &
partial denturespartial dentures
8.8. Elimination of harmful dentofacial habitsElimination of harmful dentofacial habits
9.9. Correction of temporomandibular joint abnormalities caused byCorrection of temporomandibular joint abnormalities caused by
malocclusionmalocclusion
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
22. PREVENTIVEPREVENTIVE
ORTHODONTICSORTHODONTICS
Preventive orthodontics is that part of orthodontic practice which is concerned withPreventive orthodontics is that part of orthodontic practice which is concerned with
patient & parent education, supervision of growth & development of the dentition &patient & parent education, supervision of growth & development of the dentition &
the craniofacial structures, the diagnostic procedures undertaken to predict thethe craniofacial structures, the diagnostic procedures undertaken to predict the
appearance of malocclusion & the treatment procedures instituted to prevent theappearance of malocclusion & the treatment procedures instituted to prevent the
onset of malocclusion.onset of malocclusion.
Preventive orthodontics includes procedures undertaken prior to thePreventive orthodontics includes procedures undertaken prior to the
development of malocclusion in anticipation of a developingdevelopment of malocclusion in anticipation of a developing
malocclusion. It is basically the treatment of moderate non skeletalmalocclusion. It is basically the treatment of moderate non skeletal
problems in preadolescent children. It involves moderately severeproblems in preadolescent children. It involves moderately severe
orthodontic problems, or potential problems, that are within theorthodontic problems, or potential problems, that are within the
purview of the dentistpurview of the dentist..
The preventive procedures are planned by looking into the familialThe preventive procedures are planned by looking into the familial
patterns, habits, present dental conditions etc.patterns, habits, present dental conditions etc.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
23. PREVENTIVEPREVENTIVE
ORTHODONTICSORTHODONTICS
Procedures undertaken in preventive orthodontics are-Procedures undertaken in preventive orthodontics are-
1. Parent education1. Parent education
2. Caries control2. Caries control
3. Care of deciduous dentition3. Care of deciduous dentition
4. Management of ankylosed tooth4. Management of ankylosed tooth
5. Tooth shedding pattern assessment5. Tooth shedding pattern assessment
6. Oral habits & habit breaking if necessary6. Oral habits & habit breaking if necessary
7. Occlusal equilibrium if occlusal prematurities are present7. Occlusal equilibrium if occlusal prematurities are present
8. Avoidance of damage to occlusion. Eg. Milwaukee braces8. Avoidance of damage to occlusion. Eg. Milwaukee braces
9. Extraction of supernumerary teeth9. Extraction of supernumerary teeth
10. Space maintenance10. Space maintenance
11. Management of deeply locked first permanent molar11. Management of deeply locked first permanent molar
12. Management of abnormal frenal attachments12. Management of abnormal frenal attachments
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
24. Irregular & malaligned teeth in early mixed dentition arise due
to two main causes-
1. Lack of adequate space for alignment , which causes an
erupting tooth to be deflected from its normal position in the
arch.
2. Interference with eruption , which prevents a permanent
tooth from erupting on normal schedule & secondarily lead to
space problems because other teeth drift into their place.
The goal of early treatment is to prevent teeth from drifting &
to create some additional space within the dental arch so that
alignment becomes possible.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
25. ORAL HABBITS & HABBITORAL HABBITS & HABBIT
BREAKINGBREAKING
Habit is the tendency towards an act that has becomeHabit is the tendency towards an act that has become
a repeated performance, relatively fixed, consistent,a repeated performance, relatively fixed, consistent,
easy to perform, and almost automaticeasy to perform, and almost automatic..
THUMB SUCKINGTHUMB SUCKING
TONGUE THRUSTTONGUE THRUST
MOUTH BREATHINGMOUTH BREATHING
BRUXISMBRUXISM
LIP BITINGLIP BITING
NAIL BITINGNAIL BITING
CLENCHINGCLENCHING
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
26. Normal development at age 4 Normal development at age 6.
Normal development at age 10 Normal development at age 12
SPACE MAINTAINENCESPACE MAINTAINENCE
Early loss of primary tooth presents a potentialEarly loss of primary tooth presents a potential
alignment problem because of the drift of permanentalignment problem because of the drift of permanent
& other primary teeth is likely unless prevented by& other primary teeth is likely unless prevented by
space maintenance.space maintenance.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
27. What a Tooth Is Lost Prematurely...
Let's assume that unfortunately child's primary first
molar is lost prematurely at age 6. Without the
stabilizing influence of this tooth, the primary
second molar and the permanent 6-year molar (6)
begin to move forward. When the space left by the
primary first molar is closed, it prevents both
permanent bicuspids (1 & 2) from erupting into
proper position.
In another situation, let's assume that the
primary second molar is prematurely lost.
With nothing to hold it in position, the
permanent 6-year molar (6) migrates forward
and closes up the space. Once again, there
will not be enough room for both permanent
bicuspids (1 & 2) to erupt properly.
PRIMARY SECOND MOLAR MOVES INTO SPACE
PERMANENT 6 YR MOLAR
MOVES INTO SPACEwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
28. Stopping Problems Before They Develop
Treatment for loss of the primary molar is simple, but
critical. It requires construction of a space maintainer, an
appliance that preserves the space left by the prematurely
lost tooth. Later, when it is time for the permanent
bicuspids (1 & 2) to erupt, they will have adequate room.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
30. INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICSINTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS
Interceptive orthodontics is that phase of the science &Interceptive orthodontics is that phase of the science &
art of orthodontics employed to recognize & eliminateart of orthodontics employed to recognize & eliminate
potential irregularities & malpositions in thepotential irregularities & malpositions in the
developing dentofacial complexdeveloping dentofacial complex..
It refers to the measures undertaken to prevent aIt refers to the measures undertaken to prevent a
potential malocclusion from progressing into a morepotential malocclusion from progressing into a more
severe one. These procedures are carried out when thesevere one. These procedures are carried out when the
signs & symptoms of malocclusion have appeared. Thesigns & symptoms of malocclusion have appeared. The
malocclusion may develop because of hereditary patternmalocclusion may develop because of hereditary pattern
or extrinsic or intrinsic factors.or extrinsic or intrinsic factors.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
31. INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICSINTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS
Procedures undertaken in interceptiveProcedures undertaken in interceptive
orthodontics include:orthodontics include:
1.1. Serial extractionsSerial extractions
2.2. Correction of developing crossbiteCorrection of developing crossbite
3.3. Control of abnormal habitsControl of abnormal habits
4.4. Space regainingSpace regaining
5.5. Muscle exercisesMuscle exercises
6.6. Interception of skeletal malrelationInterception of skeletal malrelation
7.7. Removal of soft tissue & bony barrier to enableRemoval of soft tissue & bony barrier to enable
eruption of teetheruption of teeth
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
32. SERIAL EXTRACTIONS-The plannedSERIAL EXTRACTIONS-The planned
sequence of tooth removal involving thesequence of tooth removal involving the
extraction of selected primary teeth &extraction of selected primary teeth &
ultimately permanent teeth to relieveultimately permanent teeth to relieve
crowding & irregularity during thecrowding & irregularity during the
transition from primary to permanenttransition from primary to permanent
dentition .dentition .
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
33. CORRECTIVE ORTHODONTICSCORRECTIVE ORTHODONTICS
Corrective orthodontics is that branch of orthodonticsCorrective orthodontics is that branch of orthodontics
that recognizes the existance of malocclusion & thethat recognizes the existance of malocclusion & the
need for employing certain technical procedures toneed for employing certain technical procedures to
reduce or eliminate the problem & the attendantreduce or eliminate the problem & the attendant
sequelaesequelae..
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
35. Correction of commonCorrection of common
malocclusions-malocclusions-
- management of- management of
midline diastemamidline diastema
- alignment of- alignment of
crowded, spacedcrowded, spaced
teethteeth
- correction of rotated- correction of rotated
teethteeth
DIASTEMA- A space betweenDIASTEMA- A space between
adjacent teeth. Most common isadjacent teeth. Most common is
maxillary midline diastema.maxillary midline diastema.
SPACING
CROWDINGwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
36. SPACINGSPACING
Spaces can result from a disharmonySpaces can result from a disharmony
between tooth-size and jaw-size or bybetween tooth-size and jaw-size or by
abnormal tongue thrusting activity.abnormal tongue thrusting activity.
Spaces between the teeth can lookSpaces between the teeth can look
unattractive and can interfere with speech.unattractive and can interfere with speech.
Orthodontic treatment usually involves theOrthodontic treatment usually involves the
use of braces to align the teeth and touse of braces to align the teeth and to
close the spaces.close the spaces.
Abnormal tongue activity must beAbnormal tongue activity must be
eliminated or the spacing is likely to recureliminated or the spacing is likely to recur
CROWDINGCROWDING
A disharmony between tooth-size and jaw-A disharmony between tooth-size and jaw-
size can result in crowded, irregular teeth.size can result in crowded, irregular teeth.
Crowded teeth can look unattractive andCrowded teeth can look unattractive and
can be more difficult to clean.can be more difficult to clean.
Orthodontic treatment usually involves theOrthodontic treatment usually involves the
use of braces which are the most efficientuse of braces which are the most efficient
and accurate way of aligning teeth.and accurate way of aligning teeth.
Sometimes it is necessary to extract teethSometimes it is necessary to extract teeth
to provide sufficient space to allow theto provide sufficient space to allow the
teeth to be aligned in a stable andteeth to be aligned in a stable and
harmonious position within the jaws andharmonious position within the jaws and
face.face.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
37. Deep bite- The vertical overlapping of upper teeth overDeep bite- The vertical overlapping of upper teeth over
lower teeth, usually measured perpendicular to to thelower teeth, usually measured perpendicular to to the
occlusal planeocclusal plane..
The upper and/or lower front teeth can overupt toThe upper and/or lower front teeth can overupt to
produce a deep bite.produce a deep bite.
In severe cases, the upper teeth can cover the lowerIn severe cases, the upper teeth can cover the lower
teeth completely.teeth completely.
A deep bite can cause excessive wear of the front teethA deep bite can cause excessive wear of the front teeth
and can damage the gum behind the upper front teeth.and can damage the gum behind the upper front teeth.
Deep bites can exert excessive strain on the jaw jointDeep bites can exert excessive strain on the jaw joint
resulting in tempero-mandibular joint problems.resulting in tempero-mandibular joint problems.
Open bite- A malformation in which the anterior do not
occlude in any mandibular position.
•An open-bite exists when opposing teeth don't meet.
An open-bite can cause eating problems and excessive
wear of those teeth which do make contact. An open-
bite can be unattractive and can be associated with
speech problems.
•Open-bites are often caused by abnormal tongue
habits and, although the open-bite can be closed with
braces, unless the abnormal tongue habits are
corrected, the open bite is likely to recur.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
38. If the lower incisors are in front of theIf the lower incisors are in front of the
upper incisors, the condition is calledupper incisors, the condition is called
reverse overjet or anteriorreverse overjet or anterior
crossbitecrossbite..
Posterior crossbite exists when thePosterior crossbite exists when the
maxillary posterior teeth are linguallymaxillary posterior teeth are lingually
positioned relative to the mandibularpositioned relative to the mandibular
teeth.teeth.
Anterior crossbites can cause unevenAnterior crossbites can cause uneven
wear of the teeth and can interfere withwear of the teeth and can interfere with
normal jaw closure, placing extra strainnormal jaw closure, placing extra strain
on the jaw joint which can result inon the jaw joint which can result in
tempero-mandibular joint problems.tempero-mandibular joint problems.
Orthodontic treatment involves the use ofOrthodontic treatment involves the use of
a fixed or removable appliance to movea fixed or removable appliance to move
the offending tooth (or teeth) forward intothe offending tooth (or teeth) forward into
a normal position.a normal position.
Sometimes deciduous teeth must beSometimes deciduous teeth must be
extracted to provided sufficient space.extracted to provided sufficient space.
As a general rule, anterior crossbitesAs a general rule, anterior crossbites
should be corrected as soon as they areshould be corrected as soon as they are
detected.detected.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
45. SURGICAL ORTHODONTICSSURGICAL ORTHODONTICS
Surgical orthodontics is the branch of orthodontics that includes surgicalSurgical orthodontics is the branch of orthodontics that includes surgical
procedures carried out as an adjunct to or in conjunction withprocedures carried out as an adjunct to or in conjunction with
orthodontic treatment to correct severe dentoskeletal anormalitiesorthodontic treatment to correct severe dentoskeletal anormalities
These surgical procedures are usually carried out toThese surgical procedures are usually carried out to
eliminate an etiologic factor or to correct severeeliminate an etiologic factor or to correct severe
dentofacial abnormalities that cannot be satisfactorilydentofacial abnormalities that cannot be satisfactorily
treated by growth modification procedures or orthodontictreated by growth modification procedures or orthodontic
camouflage.camouflage.
The surgical procedures are broadly classified as major orThe surgical procedures are broadly classified as major or
minor surgical procedures. Major surgeries aim atminor surgical procedures. Major surgeries aim at
correction of severe skeletal malocclusioncorrection of severe skeletal malocclusion
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
46. SURGICAL ORTHODONTICSSURGICAL ORTHODONTICS
Minor surgeriesMinor surgeries
1.1. Extractions & serialExtractions & serial
extractionsextractions
2.2. Surgical uncovering ofSurgical uncovering of
teeth & operculectomyteeth & operculectomy
3.3. FrenectomyFrenectomy
4.4. PericisionPericision
5.5. Transplantation of teethTransplantation of teeth
6.6. CorticotomyCorticotomy
7.7. GingivoplastyGingivoplasty
8.8. Cosmetic contouring ofCosmetic contouring of
marginal gingivamarginal gingiva
Major surgeriesMajor surgeries
1.1. Orthognathic surgeriesOrthognathic surgeries
2.2. Cosmetic surgeriesCosmetic surgeries
3.3. Surgical correction ofSurgical correction of
cleft lip & palatecleft lip & palate
4.4. Surgically assisted rapidSurgically assisted rapid
maxillary expansionmaxillary expansion
5.5. Placement of dentalPlacement of dental
implantsimplants
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
48. INDEX OF ORTHODONTICINDEX OF ORTHODONTIC
TREATMENT NEEDTREATMENT NEED
IOTN was developed to helpIOTN was developed to help
determine the likely impact of adetermine the likely impact of a
malocclusion on an individual’s dentalmalocclusion on an individual’s dental
health & psychosocial wellbeing. Ithealth & psychosocial wellbeing. It
comprises of 2 elements-comprises of 2 elements-
1.1. Dental health componentDental health component
2.2. Aesthetic componentAesthetic component
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
49. IOTN TREATMENT GRADESIOTN TREATMENT GRADES
Dental componentDental component
GRADE 1- No need for treatmentGRADE 1- No need for treatment
GRADE 2- Mild or little needGRADE 2- Mild or little need
GRADE 3- Moderate or borderline needGRADE 3- Moderate or borderline need
GRADE 4- Severe or need for treatmentGRADE 4- Severe or need for treatment
GRADE 5- Extreme or need treatmentGRADE 5- Extreme or need treatment
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
50. Aesthetic componentAesthetic component
This is to assess the aestheticThis is to assess the aesthetic
handicap posed by malocclusion &handicap posed by malocclusion &
thus the likely psychosocial impactthus the likely psychosocial impact
upon the patient.It consists of sets ofupon the patient.It consists of sets of
10 standard photographs which are10 standard photographs which are
graded from 1- most pleasing to 10-graded from 1- most pleasing to 10-
least aesthetically pleasingleast aesthetically pleasing..
Score 1or 2 – noneScore 1or 2 – none
Score 3 or 4 – slightScore 3 or 4 – slight
Score 5,6 or 7 – moderateScore 5,6 or 7 – moderate
Score 8,9 or 10 – definiteScore 8,9 or 10 – definite
The average score can be taken ofThe average score can be taken of
the 2 components. But the dentalthe 2 components. But the dental
health component is more widelyhealth component is more widely
usedused
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
51. PEER ASSESSMENTPEER ASSESSMENT
RATING(PAR)RATING(PAR)
Measures the success of treatmentMeasures the success of treatment
The features recorded are-The features recorded are-
1.1. Crowding by contact point displacementCrowding by contact point displacement
2.2. Buccal segment relationship in the anteroposterior,Buccal segment relationship in the anteroposterior,
vertical & trasverse planesvertical & trasverse planes
3.3. OverjetOverjet
4.4. OverbiteOverbite
5.5. Centre-linesCentre-lines
The difference between the PAR scores at the start &The difference between the PAR scores at the start &
on completion of treatment can be calculated & fromon completion of treatment can be calculated & from
this the percentage change in PAR score which is athis the percentage change in PAR score which is a
reflection of the success of the treatment is derived.reflection of the success of the treatment is derived.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com