The document discusses the design of an effective pastoral extension system for Ethiopia. It notes that past extension systems have failed to adequately serve pastoral livelihoods as they were not designed with pastoralism in mind. It provides an overview of national and regional responses to criticisms of previous approaches. Some key issues that need to be considered in developing a new pastoral extension system include participation of pastoral communities, provision of mobile services, livelihood diversification support, access to markets, technical assistance that builds on indigenous knowledge, and addressing conflict and basic needs.