The document summarizes information about the Zika virus. It discusses how the World Health Organization declared Zika a public health emergency due to its suspected link to microcephaly. It then provides details about the symptoms of Zika virus, how it is transmitted, diagnosed, prevented, and treated. The document also discusses the WHO and CDC responses to Zika and efforts to develop a vaccine.
This document summarizes information about the Zika virus. It describes how the virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, causes mild fever and rash in most cases but can lead to microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers. It discusses outbreaks in Africa, Asia, and the Americas and the association between Zika infection and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Diagnosis involves testing body fluids for the virus. While there is no vaccine or treatment, prevention focuses on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and protecting against mosquito bites.
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus that causes mild fever and rash. It was first discovered in Uganda in 1947 and recent outbreaks have occurred in the Americas. The virus is transmitted primarily through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes. While most infections cause mild symptoms, infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. There is no vaccine or treatment currently available, so prevention focuses on reducing mosquito habitat and exposure through clothing and repellents.
Zika virus is primarily spread through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes. While Zika infection is usually mild, symptoms can include fever, rash, joint pain, and red eyes. The virus poses a serious risk to pregnant women, as infection during pregnancy has been linked to microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects in babies. There is no vaccine or treatment for Zika, so prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing and repellents when traveling in affected areas.
Zika virus is transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. It typically causes mild fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis lasting up to a week. While most infections are asymptomatic, Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. The virus was first identified in 1947 and outbreaks have occurred in Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands and the Americas. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, so prevention focuses on controlling the mosquito vector and protecting against bites.
Poliovirus is an enterovirus that causes the disease poliomyelitis. It has a positive-sense RNA genome and protein capsid. Poliovirus infects human cells by binding to the poliovirus receptor on the cell surface and is then taken up by endocytosis. The virus can invade the brain and spinal cord, causing paralysis. While most poliovirus infections cause no symptoms, it can also cause flu-like symptoms or meningitis. There are currently two vaccines that can prevent polio.
This document provides an overview of dengue virus and dengue fever. It discusses what dengue virus is, its history and taxonomy. It describes the four types of dengue virus, how it is transmitted via mosquitos, its pathogenesis and worldwide epidemiology. The document outlines the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of dengue fever as well as precautions to prevent transmission. It concludes by discussing the role of pharmacists in controlling dengue fever.
The document discusses the Zika virus, including its structure, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and association with microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. It notes that Zika is spread primarily through mosquito bites but can also be sexually transmitted. While most infections cause mild or no symptoms, Zika infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly in babies. There is also evidence it may be linked to Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Public health authorities are working to investigate and control the outbreak in Brazil and its potential links to birth defects and neurological issues.
- Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus first identified in 1947 in Uganda. It spread widely in 2015-2016 throughout South and Central America and the Caribbean.
- It is transmitted primarily via the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. While most cases are asymptomatic, it can cause mild fever and rash. A major concern is its link to microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers.
- There is no vaccine or treatment. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing and repellents, especially for pregnant women considering travel to outbreak areas.
This document summarizes information about the Zika virus. It describes how the virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, causes mild fever and rash in most cases but can lead to microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers. It discusses outbreaks in Africa, Asia, and the Americas and the association between Zika infection and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Diagnosis involves testing body fluids for the virus. While there is no vaccine or treatment, prevention focuses on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and protecting against mosquito bites.
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus that causes mild fever and rash. It was first discovered in Uganda in 1947 and recent outbreaks have occurred in the Americas. The virus is transmitted primarily through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes. While most infections cause mild symptoms, infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. There is no vaccine or treatment currently available, so prevention focuses on reducing mosquito habitat and exposure through clothing and repellents.
Zika virus is primarily spread through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes. While Zika infection is usually mild, symptoms can include fever, rash, joint pain, and red eyes. The virus poses a serious risk to pregnant women, as infection during pregnancy has been linked to microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects in babies. There is no vaccine or treatment for Zika, so prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing and repellents when traveling in affected areas.
Zika virus is transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. It typically causes mild fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis lasting up to a week. While most infections are asymptomatic, Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. The virus was first identified in 1947 and outbreaks have occurred in Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands and the Americas. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, so prevention focuses on controlling the mosquito vector and protecting against bites.
Poliovirus is an enterovirus that causes the disease poliomyelitis. It has a positive-sense RNA genome and protein capsid. Poliovirus infects human cells by binding to the poliovirus receptor on the cell surface and is then taken up by endocytosis. The virus can invade the brain and spinal cord, causing paralysis. While most poliovirus infections cause no symptoms, it can also cause flu-like symptoms or meningitis. There are currently two vaccines that can prevent polio.
This document provides an overview of dengue virus and dengue fever. It discusses what dengue virus is, its history and taxonomy. It describes the four types of dengue virus, how it is transmitted via mosquitos, its pathogenesis and worldwide epidemiology. The document outlines the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of dengue fever as well as precautions to prevent transmission. It concludes by discussing the role of pharmacists in controlling dengue fever.
The document discusses the Zika virus, including its structure, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and association with microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. It notes that Zika is spread primarily through mosquito bites but can also be sexually transmitted. While most infections cause mild or no symptoms, Zika infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly in babies. There is also evidence it may be linked to Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Public health authorities are working to investigate and control the outbreak in Brazil and its potential links to birth defects and neurological issues.
- Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus first identified in 1947 in Uganda. It spread widely in 2015-2016 throughout South and Central America and the Caribbean.
- It is transmitted primarily via the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. While most cases are asymptomatic, it can cause mild fever and rash. A major concern is its link to microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers.
- There is no vaccine or treatment. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing and repellents, especially for pregnant women considering travel to outbreak areas.
Zika virus disease is a mosquito-borne viral infection that primarily occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.
It is related to other pathogenic vector borne flaviviruses including dengue, West-Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses but produces a comparatively mild disease in humans
Genre: Flavivirus
Vector: Aedes mosquitoes (which usually bite during the morning and late afternoon/evening hours)
Reservoir: mosquitoes (gut, blood, saliva )
human ( blood, prostate, semen and testes )
Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that causes mild illness but can lead to microcephaly in infants born to infected mothers. The document summarizes Zika virus transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, complications including microcephaly and eye abnormalities in infants, and recommendations for testing pregnant women and infants exposed to Zika. El Niño conditions can help the spread of Zika virus by increasing mosquito populations. Brazil has seen a sharp rise in microcephaly cases linked to Zika virus infection during pregnancy.
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a viral infection that affects the nose, throat, bronchi and occasionally the lungs. Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, muscle pains, coughing and fatigue. The influenza virus is classified into types A, B and C. Types A and B are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics and pandemics. The virus undergoes antigenic drift and shift, requiring new vaccines each year. At risk groups like the elderly are recommended for annual flu vaccination to prevent severe complications.
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus first identified in 1947. It causes mild fever and rash symptoms. Recent outbreaks in Brazil and French Polynesia have been linked to neurological complications like microcephaly in newborns. The virus is transmitted primarily via Aedes mosquitoes and can also be sexually transmitted. While there is no vaccine or treatment, prevention focuses on reducing mosquito habitats and using repellents. Health organizations recommend pregnant women avoid travel to outbreak areas.
This document summarizes information about the Zika virus. It describes how Zika is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, causes a mild fever in most cases but can also result in Guillain-Barre syndrome and birth defects. Recent large outbreaks have occurred in French Polynesia, Brazil and the Americas. There is no vaccine and diagnosis involves virus detection or antibody testing. Protection from mosquito bites is recommended.
Chikungunya is an arboviral disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes that causes fever and severe joint pain. It was first identified in Tanzania in 1952 and has since caused outbreaks in Asia and Africa. India saw a major outbreak in 2006 with over 1.5 million cases reported. Clinical symptoms include high fever, joint pain and swelling, rash, and fatigue. While rarely fatal, the joint pain can last for months in some cases. Diagnosis is confirmed through serological tests showing IgM or IgG antibodies. There is no vaccine or antiviral treatment, so care is supportive with rest, hydration, and pain medication. Prevention relies on controlling mosquito populations and avoiding bites.
Report on Rabies vaccine in India. Rabies is caused by lyssavirus which is a deadly virus which affects the CNS. And its genetic material consists of mainly RNA and it undergoes reverse transcription mechanism and multiply in the host.
Chickenpox is an infectious disease caused by a virus that is characterized by a rash of itchy blisters over the entire body. It mainly affects children but can be more serious in adults by potentially affecting internal organs. Symptoms include nausea, loss of appetite, aching muscles, and headache. The rash begins as spots that spread and form blisters. Treatment involves staying home while infectious to avoid spreading it, keeping nails short to prevent scratching, and there is a vaccine recommended for adults who have not had chickenpox. Once a person has chickenpox, they are protected and cannot get it again.
Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and contain segmented negative-sense RNA. There are four types of influenza viruses (A, B, C, and D), with types A and B causing seasonal flu epidemics in humans. Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes based on combinations of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. Influenza spreads easily through respiratory droplets when infected people cough or sneeze. Symptoms include fever, cough, and sore throat. While most people recover within a week, influenza can cause severe illness or death in high risk groups. Laboratory tests can confirm the presence of the virus. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and antiviral
This document discusses the Zika virus. It provides information on the composition, history, outbreaks, transmission, symptoms, and prevention of the Zika virus. The virus is spread primarily via mosquito bites. While usually causing only mild symptoms, infection during pregnancy can lead to microcephaly in babies. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites and areas with ongoing transmission.
Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes that originated in Central Africa. It causes symptoms like fever, jaundice, and in severe cases significant bleeding. While most cases resolve, 15% of infections progress severely and can result in death within 7-10 days. The virus is a positive-sense RNA flavivirus about 50-60nm in diameter. Diagnosis involves testing for viral RNA or antibodies in the blood. Vaccines can prevent yellow fever, but supplies of one major vaccine may be limited in the near future.
Varicella, commonly known as chickenpox, is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It presents with an itchy rash that goes through several phases from raised bumps to fluid-filled blisters to crusts and scabs. While usually mild and self-limiting, it can develop into more serious complications in babies, pregnant women, and those with weak immune systems. The virus is transmitted through direct contact or respiratory droplets. Vaccination with two doses is recommended to prevent infection. Complications may include bacterial skin infections, pneumonia, or inflammation of the brain or bloodstream. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and allowing the immune system to suppress the virus.
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). While most infections result in little or no symptoms, occasional inflammation of the brain occurs. In these cases, symptoms may include headache, vomiting, fever, confusion and seizures. This occurs about 5 to 15 days after infection.
What is influenza ,ethology ,types ,presentations signs and symptoms ,epidemic influenza ,laboratory investigations , management , the WHO guidelines in dealing with cases and contact
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the Chikungunya virus. It is transmitted via the bites of infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Symptoms include abrupt high fever, joint pains and stiffness. The joint pains often persist for weeks or months in the chronic phase. There is no vaccine and treatment is focused on relieving symptoms. Prevention relies on protecting against mosquito bites through the use of repellents.
Avian influenza, also known as bird flu, is caused by infection from avian influenza Type A/H5N1 viruses which naturally occur in wild aquatic birds but can also infect and sicken domestic poultry. The H5N1 virus was first isolated in China in 1996 and is a contagious virus among birds that can potentially transmit to humans. The virus is spherical, contains RNA and proteins that allow it to copy itself inside host cells.
Flaviviruses are a family of small, spherical, enveloped viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes. Important flaviviruses that cause disease in humans include dengue virus, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus. Dengue virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and has four serotypes. It causes dengue fever and the more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. Symptoms range from mild fever to bleeding, low platelets and shock. There is no vaccine for dengue virus, so prevention depends on controlling mosquito populations.
This document provides information about chickenpox including: describing the identification and infectious agent of chickenpox; explaining its incubation period, period of communicability, and modes of transmission; outlining susceptibility and prevention/control measures including isolation, disinfection, quarantine, and vaccination; and noting chickenpox is a common occurrence worldwide that spreads via contact with open blisters or respiratory droplets.
Epidemiology of smallpox,chickenpox,rubella and measlesDr.Rani Komal Lata
This document discusses four infectious diseases: smallpox, chickenpox, rubella, and measles. It provides details on the causative agents, transmission, epidemiology, and global status of each disease. For smallpox, it notes it has been eradicated worldwide since the last case in 1977. For chickenpox and measles, introduction of vaccines has led to a significant reduction in deaths. Rubella cases also occur worldwide but vaccination aims to eliminate it in several WHO regions by targeted dates. Overall, the document outlines the key facts about these four viral diseases.
Three years ago, the Zika virus was nowhere to be found in the Western Hemisphere. But in 2015, Brazil suddenly found itself in the throes of an unprecedented Zika outbreak — with more than a million people infected by the mosquito-transmitted disease
La infección por el virus Zika produce, por lo general, una enfermedad leve en el ser humano (cursa de forma asintomática en el 75-80% de los casos), si bien recientemente se han descrito cuadros neurológicos y anomalías congénitas asociadas a infecciones por este virus. Es necesario, pues, identificar y sospechar del virus Zika en aquellos cuadros susceptibles de su diagnóstico ya desde el ámbito de la Atención Primaria.
Zika virus disease is a mosquito-borne viral infection that primarily occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.
It is related to other pathogenic vector borne flaviviruses including dengue, West-Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses but produces a comparatively mild disease in humans
Genre: Flavivirus
Vector: Aedes mosquitoes (which usually bite during the morning and late afternoon/evening hours)
Reservoir: mosquitoes (gut, blood, saliva )
human ( blood, prostate, semen and testes )
Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that causes mild illness but can lead to microcephaly in infants born to infected mothers. The document summarizes Zika virus transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, complications including microcephaly and eye abnormalities in infants, and recommendations for testing pregnant women and infants exposed to Zika. El Niño conditions can help the spread of Zika virus by increasing mosquito populations. Brazil has seen a sharp rise in microcephaly cases linked to Zika virus infection during pregnancy.
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a viral infection that affects the nose, throat, bronchi and occasionally the lungs. Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, muscle pains, coughing and fatigue. The influenza virus is classified into types A, B and C. Types A and B are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics and pandemics. The virus undergoes antigenic drift and shift, requiring new vaccines each year. At risk groups like the elderly are recommended for annual flu vaccination to prevent severe complications.
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus first identified in 1947. It causes mild fever and rash symptoms. Recent outbreaks in Brazil and French Polynesia have been linked to neurological complications like microcephaly in newborns. The virus is transmitted primarily via Aedes mosquitoes and can also be sexually transmitted. While there is no vaccine or treatment, prevention focuses on reducing mosquito habitats and using repellents. Health organizations recommend pregnant women avoid travel to outbreak areas.
This document summarizes information about the Zika virus. It describes how Zika is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, causes a mild fever in most cases but can also result in Guillain-Barre syndrome and birth defects. Recent large outbreaks have occurred in French Polynesia, Brazil and the Americas. There is no vaccine and diagnosis involves virus detection or antibody testing. Protection from mosquito bites is recommended.
Chikungunya is an arboviral disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes that causes fever and severe joint pain. It was first identified in Tanzania in 1952 and has since caused outbreaks in Asia and Africa. India saw a major outbreak in 2006 with over 1.5 million cases reported. Clinical symptoms include high fever, joint pain and swelling, rash, and fatigue. While rarely fatal, the joint pain can last for months in some cases. Diagnosis is confirmed through serological tests showing IgM or IgG antibodies. There is no vaccine or antiviral treatment, so care is supportive with rest, hydration, and pain medication. Prevention relies on controlling mosquito populations and avoiding bites.
Report on Rabies vaccine in India. Rabies is caused by lyssavirus which is a deadly virus which affects the CNS. And its genetic material consists of mainly RNA and it undergoes reverse transcription mechanism and multiply in the host.
Chickenpox is an infectious disease caused by a virus that is characterized by a rash of itchy blisters over the entire body. It mainly affects children but can be more serious in adults by potentially affecting internal organs. Symptoms include nausea, loss of appetite, aching muscles, and headache. The rash begins as spots that spread and form blisters. Treatment involves staying home while infectious to avoid spreading it, keeping nails short to prevent scratching, and there is a vaccine recommended for adults who have not had chickenpox. Once a person has chickenpox, they are protected and cannot get it again.
Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and contain segmented negative-sense RNA. There are four types of influenza viruses (A, B, C, and D), with types A and B causing seasonal flu epidemics in humans. Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes based on combinations of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. Influenza spreads easily through respiratory droplets when infected people cough or sneeze. Symptoms include fever, cough, and sore throat. While most people recover within a week, influenza can cause severe illness or death in high risk groups. Laboratory tests can confirm the presence of the virus. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and antiviral
This document discusses the Zika virus. It provides information on the composition, history, outbreaks, transmission, symptoms, and prevention of the Zika virus. The virus is spread primarily via mosquito bites. While usually causing only mild symptoms, infection during pregnancy can lead to microcephaly in babies. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites and areas with ongoing transmission.
Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes that originated in Central Africa. It causes symptoms like fever, jaundice, and in severe cases significant bleeding. While most cases resolve, 15% of infections progress severely and can result in death within 7-10 days. The virus is a positive-sense RNA flavivirus about 50-60nm in diameter. Diagnosis involves testing for viral RNA or antibodies in the blood. Vaccines can prevent yellow fever, but supplies of one major vaccine may be limited in the near future.
Varicella, commonly known as chickenpox, is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It presents with an itchy rash that goes through several phases from raised bumps to fluid-filled blisters to crusts and scabs. While usually mild and self-limiting, it can develop into more serious complications in babies, pregnant women, and those with weak immune systems. The virus is transmitted through direct contact or respiratory droplets. Vaccination with two doses is recommended to prevent infection. Complications may include bacterial skin infections, pneumonia, or inflammation of the brain or bloodstream. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and allowing the immune system to suppress the virus.
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). While most infections result in little or no symptoms, occasional inflammation of the brain occurs. In these cases, symptoms may include headache, vomiting, fever, confusion and seizures. This occurs about 5 to 15 days after infection.
What is influenza ,ethology ,types ,presentations signs and symptoms ,epidemic influenza ,laboratory investigations , management , the WHO guidelines in dealing with cases and contact
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the Chikungunya virus. It is transmitted via the bites of infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Symptoms include abrupt high fever, joint pains and stiffness. The joint pains often persist for weeks or months in the chronic phase. There is no vaccine and treatment is focused on relieving symptoms. Prevention relies on protecting against mosquito bites through the use of repellents.
Avian influenza, also known as bird flu, is caused by infection from avian influenza Type A/H5N1 viruses which naturally occur in wild aquatic birds but can also infect and sicken domestic poultry. The H5N1 virus was first isolated in China in 1996 and is a contagious virus among birds that can potentially transmit to humans. The virus is spherical, contains RNA and proteins that allow it to copy itself inside host cells.
Flaviviruses are a family of small, spherical, enveloped viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes. Important flaviviruses that cause disease in humans include dengue virus, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus. Dengue virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and has four serotypes. It causes dengue fever and the more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. Symptoms range from mild fever to bleeding, low platelets and shock. There is no vaccine for dengue virus, so prevention depends on controlling mosquito populations.
This document provides information about chickenpox including: describing the identification and infectious agent of chickenpox; explaining its incubation period, period of communicability, and modes of transmission; outlining susceptibility and prevention/control measures including isolation, disinfection, quarantine, and vaccination; and noting chickenpox is a common occurrence worldwide that spreads via contact with open blisters or respiratory droplets.
Epidemiology of smallpox,chickenpox,rubella and measlesDr.Rani Komal Lata
This document discusses four infectious diseases: smallpox, chickenpox, rubella, and measles. It provides details on the causative agents, transmission, epidemiology, and global status of each disease. For smallpox, it notes it has been eradicated worldwide since the last case in 1977. For chickenpox and measles, introduction of vaccines has led to a significant reduction in deaths. Rubella cases also occur worldwide but vaccination aims to eliminate it in several WHO regions by targeted dates. Overall, the document outlines the key facts about these four viral diseases.
Three years ago, the Zika virus was nowhere to be found in the Western Hemisphere. But in 2015, Brazil suddenly found itself in the throes of an unprecedented Zika outbreak — with more than a million people infected by the mosquito-transmitted disease
La infección por el virus Zika produce, por lo general, una enfermedad leve en el ser humano (cursa de forma asintomática en el 75-80% de los casos), si bien recientemente se han descrito cuadros neurológicos y anomalías congénitas asociadas a infecciones por este virus. Es necesario, pues, identificar y sospechar del virus Zika en aquellos cuadros susceptibles de su diagnóstico ya desde el ámbito de la Atención Primaria.
La infección por el virus Zika la transmiten mosquitos del género ‘Aedes’ en zonas tropicales de África, Asia y América. Suele pasar desapercibida y, cuando hay síntomas, son leves y se resuelven sin secuelas. Adoptar medidas para evitar las picaduras de mosquitos es la forma más efectiva de prevenir el virus Zika.
La fiebre Zika es una nueva enfermedad en América causada por el virus Zika y transmitida por el mosquito Aedes aegypti. Los síntomas son generalmente leves y de corta duración, incluyendo fiebre, dolor de cabeza y sarpullido. Debido a que el virus es nuevo en América, la población no tiene resistencia y es muy susceptible a contraerla. No hay vacuna ni tratamiento específico, solo medidas sintomáticas.
O documento descreve a história do primeiro caso documentado do vírus Zika em 1964 e seus sintomas comuns, como exantema maculopapular, febre e dor nas costas. Também explica que o vírus se replica no citoplasma das células e infecta inicialmente células dendríticas próximas ao local de inoculação, espalhando-se depois para os nódulos linfáticos e corrente sanguínea. Por fim, ressalta que ainda existem muitas incertezas sobre o vírus Zika devido à falta de estudos
El virus Zika se aisló por primera vez en 1947 en Uganda. Causa una enfermedad febril eruptiva transmitida principalmente por la picadura del mosquito Aedes aegypti. Los síntomas son leves y la mayoría de las personas infectadas no presentan síntomas. No se ha reportado ninguna muerte atribuida directamente al virus Zika.
This document discusses Zika virus and provides information about diagnosis and treatment. It begins with two pre-test questions about advising individuals who may have been exposed to Zika virus. The rest of the document summarizes key details about Zika virus, including its history, transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, evaluation of pregnant women exposed, and treatment approaches. Zika virus is an emerging infectious disease that spreads through mosquito bites and can cause microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers. Diagnosis involves laboratory testing of blood and other samples. Evaluation and monitoring of pregnant women exposed focuses on fetal ultrasound screening. Treatment is generally rest, fluids, and acetaminophen.
Este documento resume la información actual sobre el virus Zika. El virus Zika es un arbovirus emergente en la región transmitido principalmente por el mosquito Aedes aegypti. El virus fue aislado por primera vez en Uganda en 1947 y causó brotes en África y Asia desde 1951 hasta 1981. Recientemente ha habido brotes importantes en varias islas del Pacífico en 2007 y 2013-2014. En mayo de 2015 se reportaron los primeros casos en Brasil y en octubre de 2015 llegó a Colombia. No hay vacuna ni tratamiento específico, solo se recomienda
El documento trata sobre el mosquito tigre (Aedes albopictus) y la enfermedad causada por el virus Zika. Explica que el mosquito tigre es originario del sudeste asiático y se ha extendido por todo el mundo, incluyendo Europa y la Península Ibérica. La enfermedad por el virus Zika se transmite a través de la picadura de este mosquito, y causa síntomas como fiebre y erupciones cutáneas. La OMS ha declarado la enfermedad una emergencia de salud
Zika virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family of RNA viruses, which includes other viruses like dengue, yellow fever, and West Nile virus. It is spherical and around 50nm in diameter. Like other flaviviruses, Zika virus has a single stranded RNA genome and encodes its proteins via a single polyprotein that is cleaved into structural and non-structural proteins. The structural proteins include the envelope, membrane, and capsid proteins. Zika virus is most closely related to Spondweni virus and has around 40-60% amino acid identity with other flaviviruses. While much is known about its relationship to other flaviviruses, important unknowns remain regarding how differences in Z
Descripción General
El Zika es una enfermedad causada por un virus del género Flavivirus transmitido por mosquitos del género Aedes.
Los pacientes con enfermedad por el virus de Zika suelen presentar fiebre no muy elevada, erupción y conjuntivitis, síntomas que suelen durar entre 2 y 7 días.
Posibles complicaciones asociadas:
Síndrome de Guillian Barré
Microcefalia
La prevención se basa principalmente en evitar la picadura del mosquito
Referencias:
Textos tomados de los portales del CDC, Medline, OPS/OMS, PUBMED
Gráficos tomados de:
http://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2015/10/22/nota/5197442/zika-chikungunya-dengue-tienen-sintomas-similares
https://www.pinterest.com/jbciss/nursing-school/
http://www.t13.cl/noticia/nacional/
http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/spanish/birthdefects/microcephaly.html
Cadena epidemiológica es propio.
MFS
El virus Zika se transmite a través de la picadura de mosquitos infectados y causa síntomas como fiebre leve, sarpullido, conjuntivitis y dolores musculares que duran entre 4 y 7 días. No tiene vacuna ni tratamiento específico, solo manejo sintomático. Para prevenirlo, se recomienda usar repelente e insecticida, así como ropa que cubra el cuerpo y mosquiteros.
Este documento describe al mosquito Aedes aegypti y las tres enfermedades que transmite: dengue, chikungunya y zika. Aedes aegypti es un mosquito pequeño originario de África que transmite estos virus al picar a humanos infectados y luego a otros humanos. Sus picaduras pueden causar fiebres, dolores musculares y articulares, sarpullido y otros síntomas. No hay vacunas para estas enfermedades, aunque la mayoría de las personas se recuperan en dos semanas del dengue. El zika, ch
Shaping the Caribbean's response to Zika, UWI’s Zika Task Force (www.uwi.edu/zika) is gathering and providing expert advice to develop a strategic, scientific approach for tackling the Zika virus.
The document summarizes information about the Zika virus, including that it is mosquito-borne and can also be sexually transmitted. It notes that while most adult cases are mild, Zika infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects in babies. The document provides details on symptoms, transmission routes, areas affected, current case numbers in New Jersey, recommendations for pregnant women, and steps individuals can take to prevent Zika infection through mosquito bites and safe sex.
This document summarizes the history and spread of the Zika virus. It was first isolated in 1947 in Uganda and has since had outbreaks in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands and most recently the Americas. The virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and causes mild fever, rash and joint pain in most cases. There is growing evidence linking Zika infection during pregnancy to microcephaly and other birth defects. As of late 2015, Brazil was experiencing a major outbreak with over 1,000 reported cases of microcephaly. There is no vaccine or treatment, so prevention focuses on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and using insect repellent.
Zika is a mosquito-borne virus spread through the bites of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the same species that transmits dengue and chikungunya. It was first identified in Africa in 1947 and has since spread to Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Americas. Infection with Zika virus often causes mild fever and rash, but can result in neurological disorders in newborns if mothers are infected during pregnancy. There is no vaccine or treatment currently available.
Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 in Uganda. It spread from Africa to Asia between 1951-1981 and caused its first outbreak outside of Africa and Asia on Yap Island in 2007. In 2015, Zika virus emerged in Brazil and has since spread across South and Central America. The main reasons for the outbreak in the Americas include lack of prior exposure or immunity, presence of the Aedes mosquito vector, and living conditions conducive to mosquito breeding. Zika virus is alarming due to its association with microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers and the lack of vaccines or treatments.
Zika virus is transmitted by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes and can cause mild fever and rash in humans. It emerged as a global health concern in 2015 when infection during pregnancy was linked to microcephaly and other birth defects. There is no vaccine or treatment, so prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites.
This document provides information about Zika virus from its causes and transmission to symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It is caused by a virus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitos and can also be sexually transmitted. While most cases have mild or no symptoms, it poses risks for neurological complications and microcephaly if contracted during pregnancy. There is no vaccine and treatment focuses on relieving symptoms. Prevention emphasizes avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing and repellent. The WHO is supporting affected countries through surveillance, laboratory testing, clinical guidance, and vector control activities to address the ongoing Zika outbreak.
Zika virus was first identified in 1947 but was not considered a major health threat until the 2015 outbreak in Brazil. The virus is transmitted by mosquitos and can cause microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers. India has now reported its first three cases of Zika virus, including two pregnant women who delivered healthy babies. While most Zika infections do not cause symptoms, it is important to continue surveillance and research to better understand the virus and prevent transmission.
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This document provides an orientation on Zika virus for family planning and maternal and child health programs. It discusses the epidemiology of Zika virus, modes of transmission including mosquito-borne and sexual transmission, clinical features and diagnosis, implications for pregnancy including screening and fetal anomalies, prevention methods focusing on mosquito control, and programmatic implications for reproductive health services. The goal is to update knowledge on Zika virus and its implications for family planning and MCH programs.
The document provides information about Zika virus from the Fairfax County Health Department. It discusses the epidemiology and clinical presentation of Zika, risks to pregnancy, and strategies for prevention and control. If local transmission was detected, the Health Department would conduct educational outreach and begin mosquito control activities like removing breeding sites, larvicide and pesticide treatments. It emphasizes the role of Aedes mosquitoes and provides tips for residents to eliminate standing water and prevent mosquito bites to help control the spread of Zika.
The presentation discusses the Zika virus. It provides an overview of the virus's history, symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention. The virus is spread primarily via mosquito bites and can cause birth defects if contracted during pregnancy. While symptoms are often mild, it poses neurological risks. Currently, prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites and protected sexual contact for those in affected areas. Further research is ongoing to develop a vaccine.
Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that is causing an alarming outbreak. It is transmitted primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. The current outbreak in Brazil is alarming because it is linked to a surge in microcephaly cases and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Pregnant women are advised to avoid travel to affected areas due to the risk of maternal-fetal transmission and birth defects. Public health officials recommend mosquito bite prevention and testing of pregnant women with a history of travel to affected regions.
Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that is causing an alarming outbreak. It is transmitted primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. The current outbreak in Brazil is alarming because it is linked to a surge in microcephaly cases in newborns. Pregnant women are advised to avoid travel to affected areas due to the risk of maternal-fetal transmission and potential birth defects. Public health officials are working to understand and contain the outbreak.
This document provides an overview of Zika virus. It discusses the virus's origin and identification in Uganda in 1947, its isolation from humans in Nigeria in 1954, and outbreaks in Brazil starting in 2015. Symptoms of Zika virus disease are usually mild, but it has been linked to microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers and Guillain-Barré syndrome. The virus is transmitted primarily via Aedes mosquito bites. While no vaccine exists, prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent and protective clothing.
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus first identified in Uganda in 1947. It causes mild fever and rash in most cases but has been linked to Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. The virus spread out of Africa and Asia, causing major outbreaks in French Polynesia in 2013 and Brazil in 2015. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes. While most cases are mild, the virus can be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy and cause birth defects like microcephaly. There is no vaccine or treatment currently available, so prevention focuses on controlling mosquito populations and protecting against bites.
This document provides an overview of the Zika virus. It begins with definitions and an introduction to the virus. The history section describes its discovery and spread. Key points include it being first isolated in 1947 in Uganda and recent outbreaks in French Polynesia, Brazil, and other Americas countries. The rest of the document covers epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of the Zika virus. It provides details on transmission, symptoms, complications like Guillain-Barré syndrome, diagnostic testing, current lack of vaccines or treatment, and recommendations to prevent mosquito bites.
This document discusses the National Immunization Program (NIP) and Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in the Philippines. The EPI was established in 1976 to provide vaccines for infants/children and mothers against six diseases: tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles. The program aims to reduce morbidity and mortality from these and other vaccine-preventable diseases. It outlines the various vaccines recommended, including BCG, hepatitis B, pentavalent, polio, PCV, and MMR vaccines. It also describes strategies like routine immunization, supplemental immunization activities, and disease surveillance to control and eliminate targeted diseases.
Advisor Live: Zika virus disease – What you need to knowPremier Inc.
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This webinar covers:
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* Issues for reproductive age and pregnant women, including evaluation, management, counseling, and congenital findings, and
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This document discusses the National Immunization Program (NIP) and Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in the Philippines. It aims to reduce morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases like tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles. The strategies discussed include routine immunization, supplemental immunization activities, and vaccine-preventable disease surveillance. A monthly immunization schedule is also provided for infants from birth to 1 year old, covering vaccines for BCG, hepatitis B, pentavalent, polio, PCV, and MMR to protect against various diseases.
The document summarizes the history, transmission, symptoms, treatment and current status of the Zika virus outbreak. It traces the virus from its discovery in monkeys in Uganda in 1947 to the current epidemic affecting over 1.5 million people in South and Central America. The virus is transmitted primarily via mosquito bites from the Aedes species. While symptoms are usually mild, infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly in fetuses. There is currently no vaccine or cure. The World Health Organization has declared a global health emergency due to the rapid spread of Zika in the Americas and risk to other regions with Aedes mosquitoes, such as Asia and the Philippines. National health authorities are working to limit outbreaks through public advisories and
Achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus that results from damaged nerves that control food movement. It causes difficulty swallowing and food getting stuck. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, tests used to diagnose (endoscopy, manometry), and treatments of achalasia. Treatments include medications to relax muscles, botox injections, balloon dilation procedures, and surgeries like Heller myotomy to cut the lower esophageal sphincter muscle.
Cryptococcal meningitis is caused by the fungus Cryptococcus infecting the brain and spinal cord. It commonly affects people with weakened immune systems. Symptoms include headache, fever, neck stiffness, nausea and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves examining cerebrospinal fluid for cryptococcal antigen or viewing yeast cells with India ink stain. Treatment involves antifungal medications like amphotericin B and fluconazole given over several weeks to months depending on severity and patient's immune status.
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It also includes an overview on complications of APLA syndrome and prevention.
The document provides information about interstitial lung disease (ILD), including:
- ILD affects the interstitium, a lace-like network of tissue in the lungs. Common symptoms include shortness of breath.
- There are many types of ILD, which can be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, environmental exposures like asbestos, or idiopathic factors.
- Diagnosis involves imaging tests and may require a lung biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but can include antibiotics, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, immunosuppressants, or lung transplant in severe cases. Managing risk factors and lifestyle changes can also help.
VIPER SNAKE BITE SEMINAR AND ANTIVENOM TREATMENTfareedresidency
This document provides information about viper snake bites in India. It discusses that India has the highest rate of snakebite mortality in the world, with around 83,000 bites and 11,000 deaths annually. The four most dangerous and venomous snakes that cause most bites are the common cobra, Russell's viper, saw-scaled viper, and common krait. It then goes on to describe the identification, venom composition, symptoms of envenoming, management, and treatment of snake bites, with a focus on proper first aid and administration of antivenom.
1. Radiocontrast agents, also known as contrast media, are substances used to improve the visibility of internal organs and structures during medical imaging. The most common types are iodine-based agents used for computed tomography and angiography, and gadolinium-based agents used for magnetic resonance imaging.
2. Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) refers to acute kidney injury caused by radiocontrast agents in patients with underlying renal impairment or risk factors. Preventing CIN involves identifying at-risk patients, minimizing contrast volume, using iso-osmolar or low-osmolar agents, intravenous hydration before and after exposure, and holding nephrotoxic drugs like metformin.
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A 36-year-old female presented with pain and tingling in her left hand and fingers that progressed to her arm and neck, as well as blurred vision in her right eye for 15 days. MRI revealed acute demyelinating optic neuritis. She was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and right optic neuritis. Treatment included intravenous methylprednisolone, gabapentin, prednisolone, supplements, amlodipine for hypertension, and pantoprazole for acidity. Her medications, diet, disease monitoring, and follow up were discussed to manage her multiple sclerosis and symptoms.
This document provides information on Multiple Sclerosis (MS), including its epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, disease course, and treatment options. MS is an immune-mediated disease that attacks the central nervous system, destroying myelin and axons. Common symptoms include visual changes, numbness, weakness, and balance issues. Diagnosis involves MRI, lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and evoked potentials testing. The disease course varies between relapsing-remitting, primary progressive, and secondary progressive forms. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and disability through medications like interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, and natalizumab, as well as managing symptoms with drugs for pain,
This document provides an overview of dengue fever, including its epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, prevention, and vaccines. Dengue fever is caused by infection with one of four dengue virus serotypes and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It presents as an acute febrile illness and can develop into severe dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome in some cases. Diagnosis involves virus or antibody detection tests. Management focuses on treatment of symptoms, and prevention through mosquito control measures and vaccine development.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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2. 2
WHO has already declared the Zika virus
as a Public Health Emergency of
International Concern over its suspected
link to microcephaly.
From 2010 to 2014, Brazil
only saw an average of 156
cases of microcephaly per
year. But from Oct. 2015 to
Jan. 2016, Brazil
has recorded over 4,000
reported cases, though they
have been able to investigate
and discard 462 initial
diagnoses according to an
update last month.
3. INTRODUCTION
Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that
was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in rhesus
monkeys through a monitoring network of sylvatic
yellow fever. It was subsequently identified in humans
in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of
Tanzania. Outbreaks of Zika virus disease have been
recorded in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific.
Genre: Flavivirus
Vector: Aedes mosquitoes (which usually bite during
the morning and late afternoon/evening hours)
Reservoir: Unknown
3
4. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The incubation period (the time from exposure to symptoms) of
Zika virus disease is not clear, but is likely to be a few days.
The symptoms are similar to other arbovirus infections such as
dengue, and include fever, skin rashes, conjunctivitis, muscle
and joint pain, malaise, and headache. These symptoms are
usually mild and last for 2-7 days.
During large outbreaks in French Polynesia and Brazil in 2013
and 2015 respectively, national health authorities reported
potential neurological and auto-immune complications of Zika
virus disease. Recently in Brazil, local health authorities have
observed an increase in Zika virus infections in the general
public as well as an increase in babies born with microcephaly
in northeast Brazil. Agencies investigating the Zika outbreaks
are finding an increasing body of evidence about the link
between Zika virus and microcephaly. However, more
investigation is needed before we understand the relationship
between microcephaly in babies and the Zika virus. Other 4
5. TRANSMISSION
Zika virus is transmitted to people through the bite of
an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus,
mainly Aedes aegypti in tropical regions. This is the
same mosquito that transmits dengue, chikungunya
and yellow fever.
Zika virus disease outbreaks were reported for the
first time from the Pacific in 2007 and 2013 (Yap and
French Polynesia, respectively), and in 2015 from the
Americas (Brazil and Colombia) and Africa (Cape
Verde). In addition, more than 13 countries in the
Americas have reported sporadic Zika virus infections
indicating rapid geographic expansion of Zika virus.
5
6. DIAGNOSIS
Zika virus is diagnosed through PCR
(polymerase chain reaction) and virus
isolation from blood samples. Diagnosis by
serology can be difficult as the virus can
cross-react with other flaviviruses such as
dengue, West Nile and yellow fever.
6
7. PREVENTION
Mosquitoes and their breeding sites pose a significant
risk factor for Zika virus infection. Prevention and
control relies on reducing mosquitoes through source
reduction (removal and modification of breeding sites)
and reducing contact between mosquitoes and people.
This can be done by using insect repellent; wearing
clothes (preferably light-coloured) that cover as much of
the body as possible; using physical barriers such as
screens, closed doors and windows; and sleeping under
mosquito nets. It is also important to empty, clean or
cover containers that can hold water such as buckets,
flower pots or tyres, so that places where mosquitoes can
breed are removed. 7
8. • Special attention and help should be given to those who
may not be able to protect themselves adequately, such as
young children, the sick or elderly.
• During outbreaks, health authorities may advise that
spraying of insecticides be carried out. Insecticides
recommended by the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme
may also be used as larvicides to treat relatively large
water containers.
• Travellers should take the basic precautions described
above to protect themselves from mosquito bites.
8
9. TREATMENT
Zika virus disease is usually relatively mild
and requires no specific treatment. People
sick with Zika virus should get plenty of rest,
drink enough fluids, and treat pain and fever
with common medicines. If symptoms
worsen, they should seek medical care and
advice. There is currently no vaccine
available.
Do not take aspirin and other non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs.
9
10. ZIKA VIRUS IN PREGNANCY
Zika virus can be spread from a pregnant woman to
her unborn baby. There have been reports of a
serious birth defect of the brain called
microcephaly and other poor pregnancy outcomes in
babies of mothers who were infected with Zika virus
while pregnant. Knowledge of the link between Zika
and these outcomes is evolving, but until more is
known, CDC recommends special precautions for the
following groups:
Women who are pregnant (in any trimester):
• Consider postponing travel to any area where Zika
virus transmission is ongoing.
• If you must travel to one of these areas, talk to your
doctor first and strictly follow steps to prevent 10
11. 11
Women who are trying to become pregnant:
• Before you travel, talk to your doctor about your
plans to become pregnant and the risk of Zika virus
infection.
• Strictly follow steps to prevent mosquito bitesduring
your trip.
Specific areas where Zika virus transmission is
ongoing are often difficult to determine and are likely
to change over time. As more information becomes
available, this travel notice will be updated. Please
check back frequently for the most up-to-date
recommendations.
12. 12
What can travelers do to prevent Zika?
There is currently no vaccine to prevent or medicine to treat
Zika. Travelers can protect themselves by preventing
mosquito bites:
• Cover exposed skin by wearing long-sleeved shirts and long
pants.
• Use EPA-registered insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin,
oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), or IR3535. Always use as directed.
• Pregnant and breastfeeding women can use all EPA-registered
insect repellents, including DEET, according to the product label.
• Most repellents, including DEET, can be used on children aged >
2 months.
• Use permethrin-treated clothing and gear (such as boots, pants,
socks, and tents). You can buy pre-treated clothing and gear or
treat them yourself.
• Stay and sleep in screened-in or air-conditioned rooms.
13. 13
WHO RESPONSE
WHO is supporting countries to control Zika virus
disease through:
Define and prioritize research into Zika virus
disease by convening experts and partners.
Enhance surveillance of Zika virus and potential
complications.
Strengthen capacity in risk communication to help
countries meet their commitments under the
International Health Regulations.
Provide training on clinical management, diagnosis
and vector control including through a number of
WHO Collaborating Centres.
14. 14
• Strengthen the capacity of laboratories to detect
the virus.
• Support health authorities to implement vector
control strategies aimed at
reducing Aedes mosquito populations such as
providing larvicide to treat standing water sites
that cannot be treated in other ways, such as
cleaning, emptying, and covering them.
• Prepare recommendations for clinical care and
follow-up of people with Zika virus, in
collaboration with experts and other health
agencies.
15. VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
Work has begun towards developing a vaccine for Zika
virus, according to Anthony Fauci, director of the National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. The researchers
at the Vaccine Research Center have extensive experience
from working with vaccines for other viruses such as West
Nile virus, chikungunya virus, and dengue fever. Nikos
Vasilakis of the Center for Biodefense and Emerging
Infectious Diseases predicted that it may take two years to
develop a vaccine, but 10 to 12 years may be needed
before an effective Zika virus vaccine is approved by
regulators for public use.
Bharat Biotech, a Hyderabad based Indian drug company
has claimed that they have developed a vaccine for Zika
virus, but they are in the process for approval to be released15
16. 16
• There is now a rush to develop a vaccine. Global
firms includingFrance’s Sanofi and Japan’s Takeda
have begun their own research. But Bharat Biotech
was the first company to file a patent for a Zika
vaccine, which is now in pre-clinical testing as the
firm prepares to test it on animals.
• It is not clear if and when Bharat’s vaccines will
reach the market. Animal testing is expected
to take about five months, and then they would
need to be tested on humans. The vaccine doesn’t
just need to be effective in trials; Indian regulatory
authorities also need to expedite the process, Ella
said. Passing through those stages could take
many years, but Ella is confident that, once
approved, Bharat Biotech can produce millions of
17. CDC GUIDELINES
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
has issued interim guidelines for the evaluation, testing, and
management of infants with possible congenital Zika virus
infection. The guidelines recommend Zika virus testing for
infants with microcephaly or intracranial calcifications who
were born to women who traveled to or resided in an area
with Zika virus transmission while pregnant and for infants
born to mothers with positive or inconclusive test results for
Zika virus infection. In these situations, the CDC
recommends:
Testing infant serum for Zika virus RNA, Zika virus
immunoglobulin M (IgM) and neutralizing antibodies, and
dengue virus IgM and neutralizing antibodies. The initial
sample should be collected either from the umbilical cord or
directly from the infant within 2 days of birth, if possible. 17
18. 18
• If cerebrospinal fluid is obtained for other studies, it
should also be tested for Zika virus RNA, Zika virus
IgM and neutralizing antibodies, and dengue virus
IgM and neutralizing antibodies.
• Histopathologic evaluation of the placenta and
umbilical cord with Zika virus immunohistochemical
staining on fixed tissue and Zika virus reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction on fixed
and frozen tissue may also be considered.
• If not already performed during pregnancy, test
mother's serum for Zika virus IgM and neutralizing
antibodies and dengue virus IgM and neutralizing
antibodies.
19. MICROCEPHALY
Microcephaly is a neurodevelopment
disorder where an infant’s head does not
develop normally and remains abnormally
small when compared to the heads of others
the same age and sex.
19
20. 20
• Microcephaly means “small head.” It is very similar
to and should not be confused with the word
microencephaly, which means “small brain.” The
skull size (and thus head size) is determined by
brain size, therefore a person with microcephaly is
guaranteed to have microencephaly as well.
22. HISTORY
Microcephaly was first noticed in children of
pregnant Japanese women who survived the
atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
The radiation mutated the children.
Currently there is a heavy presence of
microcephalic children in Amish country in
Philadelphia
22
23. CAUSES
Microcephaly is the result of a mutation on
one of the six microcephalin genes. The most
common being the MCPH1gene.
Each gene corresponds to one of the three
common types of microcephaly:
Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal Recessive (most common)
X-Linked
23
25. CAUSES
There are two forms of microcephaly. They
are determined by when the mutation occurs.
If it is in the womb it is congenital onset
microcephaly. If it occurs after birth it is
postnatal onset microcephaly.
Microcephaly can either be inherited from
parents that carry the mutated gene or can
occur randomly due to a plethora of
disorders and environmental conditions.
25
26. SYMPTOMS
Microcephaly results in an abnormally small head size.
With this comes multiple symptoms:
Dwarfism
Delayed motor and speech functions
Mental retardation
Facial distortions
Seizures
Hyperactivity
Balance and coordination problems
Shortened life span
Limited mental capacity
Some people with microcephaly have grow up to have
normal intelligence.
26
27. CURE
There is no cure for microcephaly. It is
impossible without the technology to stimulate
nerve cell growth, which has yet to be
developed.
Current treatment focuses on mitigating the
effects of the symptoms of microcephaly.
If caught early on, speech therapy and physical
therapy may be able to mitigate the effects of motor
and speech dysfunction that is sure to ensue.
Medicine to treat hyperactivity has been developed.
Scientists have recently discovered that amino acid
therapy can significantly reduce the occurrence of
seizures.
27
28. PROGNOSIS FOR MICROCEPHALY
Prognosis for microcephaly varies and depends on
the presence of other existing medical conditions.
In general, life expectancy for children with
microcephaly is reduced and the chances for
attaining normal brain function is reduced.
28
29. KEY FACTS
Zika virus disease is caused by a virus
transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.
People with Zika virus disease usually have a
mild fever, skin rash (exanthema) and
conjunctivitis. These symptoms normally last for
2-7 days.
There is no specific treatment or vaccine
currently available.
The best form of prevention is protection against
mosquito bites.
The virus is known to circulate in Africa, the
Americas, Asia and the Pacific.
29
30. REFERENCES
Sternberg, Steve (22 January 2016). "Vaccine Efforts Underway as Zika
Virus Spreads". US News & World Report. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
James Cook (27 January 2016). "Zika virus: US scientists say vaccine
'10 years away'—BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
"Zika Travel Health Notices". www.cdc.gov. CDC. Retrieved24
January 2016.
"Microcephaly in Brazil potentially linked to the Zika virus epidemic,
ECDC assesses the risk". European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
CDC Issues Interim Guidance on Congenital Zika Virus Infection- CDC.
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