Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus that causes mild fever and rash. It was first discovered in Uganda in 1947 and recent outbreaks have occurred in the Americas. The virus is transmitted primarily through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes. While most infections cause mild symptoms, infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. There is no vaccine or treatment currently available, so prevention focuses on reducing mosquito habitat and exposure through clothing and repellents.
Zika virus is transmitted primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes and can cause fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. While usually mild, Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. The virus was first identified in 1947 and outbreaks have recently occurred in Brazil, the Americas, and the Pacific. Diagnosis involves virus detection or antibody testing, but results can be complicated by cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses like dengue.
This document summarizes information about the Zika virus. It describes how Zika is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, causes a mild fever in most cases but can also result in Guillain-Barre syndrome and birth defects. Recent large outbreaks have occurred in French Polynesia, Brazil and the Americas. There is no vaccine and diagnosis involves virus detection or antibody testing. Protection from mosquito bites is recommended.
Chikungunya fever is caused by the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which is spread by mosquito bites from the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The disease causes symptoms of high fever and severe joint pain. The recent epidemic in India from 2005-2006 affected over 1 million people across 16 states. Pregnant women and newborns are at higher risk of complications from the disease. While symptoms are usually self-limiting, joint pain from the virus can persist for months or years in some cases.
Zika virus is transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. It typically causes mild fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis lasting up to a week. While most infections are asymptomatic, Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. The virus was first identified in 1947 and outbreaks have occurred in Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands and the Americas. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, so prevention focuses on controlling the mosquito vector and protecting against bites.
Three years ago, the Zika virus was nowhere to be found in the Western Hemisphere. But in 2015, Brazil suddenly found itself in the throes of an unprecedented Zika outbreak — with more than a million people infected by the mosquito-transmitted disease
The presentation discusses the Zika virus. It provides an overview of the virus's history, symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention. The virus is spread primarily via mosquito bites and can cause birth defects if contracted during pregnancy. While symptoms are often mild, it poses neurological risks. Currently, prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites and protected sexual contact for those in affected areas. Further research is ongoing to develop a vaccine.
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus that causes mild fever and rash. It was first discovered in Uganda in 1947 and recent outbreaks have occurred in the Americas. The virus is transmitted primarily through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes. While most infections cause mild symptoms, infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. There is no vaccine or treatment currently available, so prevention focuses on reducing mosquito habitat and exposure through clothing and repellents.
Zika virus is transmitted primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes and can cause fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. While usually mild, Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. The virus was first identified in 1947 and outbreaks have recently occurred in Brazil, the Americas, and the Pacific. Diagnosis involves virus detection or antibody testing, but results can be complicated by cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses like dengue.
This document summarizes information about the Zika virus. It describes how Zika is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, causes a mild fever in most cases but can also result in Guillain-Barre syndrome and birth defects. Recent large outbreaks have occurred in French Polynesia, Brazil and the Americas. There is no vaccine and diagnosis involves virus detection or antibody testing. Protection from mosquito bites is recommended.
Chikungunya fever is caused by the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which is spread by mosquito bites from the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The disease causes symptoms of high fever and severe joint pain. The recent epidemic in India from 2005-2006 affected over 1 million people across 16 states. Pregnant women and newborns are at higher risk of complications from the disease. While symptoms are usually self-limiting, joint pain from the virus can persist for months or years in some cases.
Zika virus is transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. It typically causes mild fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis lasting up to a week. While most infections are asymptomatic, Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. The virus was first identified in 1947 and outbreaks have occurred in Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands and the Americas. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, so prevention focuses on controlling the mosquito vector and protecting against bites.
Three years ago, the Zika virus was nowhere to be found in the Western Hemisphere. But in 2015, Brazil suddenly found itself in the throes of an unprecedented Zika outbreak — with more than a million people infected by the mosquito-transmitted disease
The presentation discusses the Zika virus. It provides an overview of the virus's history, symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention. The virus is spread primarily via mosquito bites and can cause birth defects if contracted during pregnancy. While symptoms are often mild, it poses neurological risks. Currently, prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites and protected sexual contact for those in affected areas. Further research is ongoing to develop a vaccine.
SARS is a viral respiratory disease caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1). It emerged in 2002-2003 originating in China and spread to over 25 countries. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. While there is no specific treatment, supportive care and isolation are effective. Lessons from SARS and COVID-19 show the importance of early detection, isolation, contact tracing, and international cooperation to control coronavirus outbreaks.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by the SARS coronavirus. It emerged in China in 2002 and spread to over 30 countries, infecting over 8,000 people and killing 774. SARS is transmitted through respiratory droplets from infected individuals or contact with contaminated surfaces. It causes flu-like symptoms initially which can progress to pneumonia. Treatment focuses on supportive care and isolation of infected patients helps control spread. Nurses play an important role in properly isolating patients and educating on prevention through hand hygiene and use of protective equipment.
Chikungunya Presentation by Belize Ministry of HealthAdele Ramos
This slide presentation was delivered by the Ministry of Health at a sensitization session for health professionals in Belize City. The debilitating disease first detected in the Caribbean in November 2013 is suspected to have affected more than 10,000 in 11 countries.
Dengue is an important arthropod-borne viral disease that affects tropical and subtropical regions. It is caused by the dengue virus, which has four distinct serotypes, and is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Secondary infection with a different serotype is a major risk factor for the more severe form of the disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever, due to antibody-dependent enhancement. Each year, around 100 million cases of dengue fever occur worldwide, mostly in tropical areas such as Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Central and South America.
The document summarizes information about the Zika virus. It discusses how the World Health Organization declared Zika a public health emergency due to its suspected link to microcephaly. It then provides details about the symptoms of Zika virus, how it is transmitted, diagnosed, prevented, and treated. The document also discusses the WHO and CDC responses to Zika and efforts to develop a vaccine.
Zika virus is spread by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes and often causes mild or no symptoms. It was isolated in Uganda in 1947 and has recently spread to areas in the Americas. The virus is associated with microcephaly in fetuses when the mother is infected during pregnancy and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. While medications and vaccines are currently unavailable, health organizations recommend precautions for pregnant women such as postponing travel to affected areas.
Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that causes mild illness but can lead to microcephaly in infants born to infected mothers. The document summarizes Zika virus transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, complications including microcephaly and eye abnormalities in infants, and recommendations for testing pregnant women and infants exposed to Zika. El Niño conditions can help the spread of Zika virus by increasing mosquito populations. Brazil has seen a sharp rise in microcephaly cases linked to Zika virus infection during pregnancy.
The document discusses the Zika virus, including its structure, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and association with microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. It notes that Zika is spread primarily through mosquito bites but can also be sexually transmitted. While most infections cause mild or no symptoms, Zika infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly in babies. There is also evidence it may be linked to Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Public health authorities are working to investigate and control the outbreak in Brazil and its potential links to birth defects and neurological issues.
The document discusses filarial nematodes which are roundworms that can cause filariasis in humans. It describes the main filarial species that infect humans including Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, and others. It covers their life cycles, vectors, sites of infection in the body, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The distribution of different filarial species is worldwide for W. bancrofti and includes parts of Asia, Africa and the Pacific for others.
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that primarily affects monkeys and humans in tropical areas of Africa and South America. It causes fever, jaundice, and can lead to severe liver and kidney damage. There are three main transmission cycles: a sylvatic cycle between monkeys and wild mosquitoes in forests; an intermediate cycle between monkeys, humans and semi-domestic mosquitoes near forests; and an urban cycle between humans and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The virus is controlled through vaccination programs and mosquito control measures like larval source reduction and insecticide spraying. International travel regulations require a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate for entry into affected areas.
- Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus first identified in 1947 in Uganda. It spread widely in 2015-2016 throughout South and Central America and the Caribbean.
- It is transmitted primarily via the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. While most cases are asymptomatic, it can cause mild fever and rash. A major concern is its link to microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers.
- There is no vaccine or treatment. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing and repellents, especially for pregnant women considering travel to outbreak areas.
Let's learn about COVID-19. COVID-19 is the greatest pandemic of earth now. So, learning about COVID-19 and Coronavirus are very important to survive nowadays. I have tried my best to sort the presentation according to the WHO.
Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes that causes fever and severe joint pain. It is caused by the chikungunya virus which is spread between humans by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Large outbreaks have occurred in parts of Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. Currently, there is no vaccine available and treatment focuses on relieving symptoms.
Zika virus disease is a mosquito-borne viral infection that primarily occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.
It is related to other pathogenic vector borne flaviviruses including dengue, West-Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses but produces a comparatively mild disease in humans
Genre: Flavivirus
Vector: Aedes mosquitoes (which usually bite during the morning and late afternoon/evening hours)
Reservoir: mosquitoes (gut, blood, saliva )
human ( blood, prostate, semen and testes )
The document provides information about Coronavirus (COVID-19). It describes how COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus and spreads mainly through respiratory droplets from infected individuals. Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath. While most cases are mild, it can progress to pneumonia and multi-organ failure in some cases. The mortality rate is around 2%. Currently there is no vaccine, though some antiviral medications are being tested. Prevention relies on hand washing and hygiene measures.
Yellow fever is an acute viral disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. It is caused by the yellow fever virus and primarily spreads through the bites of infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The disease was originally found in Africa and was spread to the Americas via the slave trade. Symptoms include fever, chills, nausea and jaundice in some cases. There is no specific treatment, but supportive care can improve outcomes. Vaccination is the most important prevention method against yellow fever.
This document discusses the Zika virus. It provides information on the composition, history, outbreaks, transmission, symptoms, and prevention of the Zika virus. The virus is spread primarily via mosquito bites. While usually causing only mild symptoms, infection during pregnancy can lead to microcephaly in babies. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites and areas with ongoing transmission.
Chikungunya virus is an alphavirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes that causes fever and joint pain. It was first identified in Tanzania in 1952. An outbreak in 2005-2006 affected over 250,000 people on Réunion Island with 200 associated deaths. The virus is maintained in a mosquito-human transmission cycle and causes acute, self-limiting fever and arthralgia. There is no vaccine or antiviral treatment, so prevention focuses on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and limiting exposure to bites.
Infectious disease epidemiology describes influenza as an acute viral infection typically causing abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms like cough and sore throat. Complications can include primary viral or secondary bacterial pneumonia. Influenza viruses are transmitted through respiratory secretions when people cough, sneeze or talk. There are annual epidemics in winter months in temperate regions that vary in severity each year. Pandemics occur less frequently and represent major antigenic shifts in influenza virus subtypes. Surveillance, vaccines, antiviral drugs, rest, and handwashing help prevent and treat influenza.
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation (PPT) for active learning sessions on medical topics. The key points are:
- Slides can be freely edited, modified and personalized.
- Many slides will be intentionally blank except for the title to prompt student discussion of that topic.
- The instructor should first show the blank slides to elicit student feedback before presenting information on subsequent slides.
- This process repeats to reinforce learning over three revisions of the material.
- The PPT can also be used for self-study.
- Bibliographic references are included in the notes section.
This document discusses dengue virus and dengue fever. It covers the classification of dengue into four serotypes, with each providing lifetime immunity to that serotype but potential cross-immunity between serotypes. Dengue is endemic in over 100 countries and incidence has been increasing yearly from 2000-2005. The mosquito Aedes aegypti transmits dengue virus and breeds preferentially in artificial containers near human habitats. Clinical signs of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever are described. Control methods discussed include vector control through biological and chemical means and eliminating mosquito breeding sites, as well as developing vaccines.
The document discusses loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) as a simple, rapid diagnostic tool for detecting microbial diseases. LAMP can amplify DNA under isothermal conditions in less than an hour using a single-tube reaction. It uses a set of six special primers that recognize eight distinct sequences on the target DNA to achieve high specificity. By utilizing a polymerase with strand displacement activity, LAMP amplifies DNA without the need for thermal cycling, producing large amounts of target DNA. This allows for visual detection of results without gel electrophoresis.
SARS is a viral respiratory disease caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1). It emerged in 2002-2003 originating in China and spread to over 25 countries. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. While there is no specific treatment, supportive care and isolation are effective. Lessons from SARS and COVID-19 show the importance of early detection, isolation, contact tracing, and international cooperation to control coronavirus outbreaks.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by the SARS coronavirus. It emerged in China in 2002 and spread to over 30 countries, infecting over 8,000 people and killing 774. SARS is transmitted through respiratory droplets from infected individuals or contact with contaminated surfaces. It causes flu-like symptoms initially which can progress to pneumonia. Treatment focuses on supportive care and isolation of infected patients helps control spread. Nurses play an important role in properly isolating patients and educating on prevention through hand hygiene and use of protective equipment.
Chikungunya Presentation by Belize Ministry of HealthAdele Ramos
This slide presentation was delivered by the Ministry of Health at a sensitization session for health professionals in Belize City. The debilitating disease first detected in the Caribbean in November 2013 is suspected to have affected more than 10,000 in 11 countries.
Dengue is an important arthropod-borne viral disease that affects tropical and subtropical regions. It is caused by the dengue virus, which has four distinct serotypes, and is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Secondary infection with a different serotype is a major risk factor for the more severe form of the disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever, due to antibody-dependent enhancement. Each year, around 100 million cases of dengue fever occur worldwide, mostly in tropical areas such as Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Central and South America.
The document summarizes information about the Zika virus. It discusses how the World Health Organization declared Zika a public health emergency due to its suspected link to microcephaly. It then provides details about the symptoms of Zika virus, how it is transmitted, diagnosed, prevented, and treated. The document also discusses the WHO and CDC responses to Zika and efforts to develop a vaccine.
Zika virus is spread by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes and often causes mild or no symptoms. It was isolated in Uganda in 1947 and has recently spread to areas in the Americas. The virus is associated with microcephaly in fetuses when the mother is infected during pregnancy and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. While medications and vaccines are currently unavailable, health organizations recommend precautions for pregnant women such as postponing travel to affected areas.
Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that causes mild illness but can lead to microcephaly in infants born to infected mothers. The document summarizes Zika virus transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, complications including microcephaly and eye abnormalities in infants, and recommendations for testing pregnant women and infants exposed to Zika. El Niño conditions can help the spread of Zika virus by increasing mosquito populations. Brazil has seen a sharp rise in microcephaly cases linked to Zika virus infection during pregnancy.
The document discusses the Zika virus, including its structure, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and association with microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. It notes that Zika is spread primarily through mosquito bites but can also be sexually transmitted. While most infections cause mild or no symptoms, Zika infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly in babies. There is also evidence it may be linked to Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Public health authorities are working to investigate and control the outbreak in Brazil and its potential links to birth defects and neurological issues.
The document discusses filarial nematodes which are roundworms that can cause filariasis in humans. It describes the main filarial species that infect humans including Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, and others. It covers their life cycles, vectors, sites of infection in the body, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The distribution of different filarial species is worldwide for W. bancrofti and includes parts of Asia, Africa and the Pacific for others.
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that primarily affects monkeys and humans in tropical areas of Africa and South America. It causes fever, jaundice, and can lead to severe liver and kidney damage. There are three main transmission cycles: a sylvatic cycle between monkeys and wild mosquitoes in forests; an intermediate cycle between monkeys, humans and semi-domestic mosquitoes near forests; and an urban cycle between humans and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The virus is controlled through vaccination programs and mosquito control measures like larval source reduction and insecticide spraying. International travel regulations require a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate for entry into affected areas.
- Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus first identified in 1947 in Uganda. It spread widely in 2015-2016 throughout South and Central America and the Caribbean.
- It is transmitted primarily via the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. While most cases are asymptomatic, it can cause mild fever and rash. A major concern is its link to microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers.
- There is no vaccine or treatment. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing and repellents, especially for pregnant women considering travel to outbreak areas.
Let's learn about COVID-19. COVID-19 is the greatest pandemic of earth now. So, learning about COVID-19 and Coronavirus are very important to survive nowadays. I have tried my best to sort the presentation according to the WHO.
Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes that causes fever and severe joint pain. It is caused by the chikungunya virus which is spread between humans by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Large outbreaks have occurred in parts of Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. Currently, there is no vaccine available and treatment focuses on relieving symptoms.
Zika virus disease is a mosquito-borne viral infection that primarily occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.
It is related to other pathogenic vector borne flaviviruses including dengue, West-Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses but produces a comparatively mild disease in humans
Genre: Flavivirus
Vector: Aedes mosquitoes (which usually bite during the morning and late afternoon/evening hours)
Reservoir: mosquitoes (gut, blood, saliva )
human ( blood, prostate, semen and testes )
The document provides information about Coronavirus (COVID-19). It describes how COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus and spreads mainly through respiratory droplets from infected individuals. Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath. While most cases are mild, it can progress to pneumonia and multi-organ failure in some cases. The mortality rate is around 2%. Currently there is no vaccine, though some antiviral medications are being tested. Prevention relies on hand washing and hygiene measures.
Yellow fever is an acute viral disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. It is caused by the yellow fever virus and primarily spreads through the bites of infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The disease was originally found in Africa and was spread to the Americas via the slave trade. Symptoms include fever, chills, nausea and jaundice in some cases. There is no specific treatment, but supportive care can improve outcomes. Vaccination is the most important prevention method against yellow fever.
This document discusses the Zika virus. It provides information on the composition, history, outbreaks, transmission, symptoms, and prevention of the Zika virus. The virus is spread primarily via mosquito bites. While usually causing only mild symptoms, infection during pregnancy can lead to microcephaly in babies. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites and areas with ongoing transmission.
Chikungunya virus is an alphavirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes that causes fever and joint pain. It was first identified in Tanzania in 1952. An outbreak in 2005-2006 affected over 250,000 people on Réunion Island with 200 associated deaths. The virus is maintained in a mosquito-human transmission cycle and causes acute, self-limiting fever and arthralgia. There is no vaccine or antiviral treatment, so prevention focuses on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and limiting exposure to bites.
Infectious disease epidemiology describes influenza as an acute viral infection typically causing abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms like cough and sore throat. Complications can include primary viral or secondary bacterial pneumonia. Influenza viruses are transmitted through respiratory secretions when people cough, sneeze or talk. There are annual epidemics in winter months in temperate regions that vary in severity each year. Pandemics occur less frequently and represent major antigenic shifts in influenza virus subtypes. Surveillance, vaccines, antiviral drugs, rest, and handwashing help prevent and treat influenza.
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation (PPT) for active learning sessions on medical topics. The key points are:
- Slides can be freely edited, modified and personalized.
- Many slides will be intentionally blank except for the title to prompt student discussion of that topic.
- The instructor should first show the blank slides to elicit student feedback before presenting information on subsequent slides.
- This process repeats to reinforce learning over three revisions of the material.
- The PPT can also be used for self-study.
- Bibliographic references are included in the notes section.
This document discusses dengue virus and dengue fever. It covers the classification of dengue into four serotypes, with each providing lifetime immunity to that serotype but potential cross-immunity between serotypes. Dengue is endemic in over 100 countries and incidence has been increasing yearly from 2000-2005. The mosquito Aedes aegypti transmits dengue virus and breeds preferentially in artificial containers near human habitats. Clinical signs of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever are described. Control methods discussed include vector control through biological and chemical means and eliminating mosquito breeding sites, as well as developing vaccines.
The document discusses loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) as a simple, rapid diagnostic tool for detecting microbial diseases. LAMP can amplify DNA under isothermal conditions in less than an hour using a single-tube reaction. It uses a set of six special primers that recognize eight distinct sequences on the target DNA to achieve high specificity. By utilizing a polymerase with strand displacement activity, LAMP amplifies DNA without the need for thermal cycling, producing large amounts of target DNA. This allows for visual detection of results without gel electrophoresis.
This document provides an overview of hepatitis A-E viruses. It discusses the source and route of transmission for each virus type. Hepatitis A is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, while hepatitis B-D are transmitted via blood and blood-derived body fluids. Hepatitis E is also transmitted via the fecal-oral route. The viruses differ in their ability to cause chronic infection, with hepatitis B and C most likely to result in chronic infection. Prevention strategies include immunization, screening of blood donors, and ensuring safe drinking water and food hygiene.
This document discusses Japanese encephalitis (JE), a mosquito-borne viral disease prevalent in parts of Asia and the Pacific. It notes that JE is a zoonotic disease, with pigs acting as an amplifying host and birds and animals as natural reservoirs. While most human cases are asymptomatic, some progress to severe encephalitis, coma, and even death. Diagnosis involves testing blood or cerebrospinal fluid for JE-specific IgM antibodies or viral RNA. There is no treatment other than supportive care, so prevention through mosquito control and vaccination are important for those at risk of exposure.
The document discusses dengue fever, including its origins, epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and laboratory tests. It provides details on dengue virus serotypes, the disease progression and definitions of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome. Rapid tests and other laboratory diagnostics for dengue are also outlined.
This seminar presentation summarizes key information about Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, including its characteristics, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control. HEV is an RNA virus that causes acute hepatitis and has four genotypes that infect humans and animals. It is transmitted fecal-orally and causes inflammation of the liver. Pregnant women are particularly susceptible and have a high mortality rate from HEV infection. Diagnosis involves microscopy, serological techniques like ELISA, and molecular techniques like PCR. Prevention focuses on proper sanitation, vaccination, and screening of animals that can transmit HEV like swine.
This document provides guidelines for the management of different types of medical waste at healthcare facilities. It discusses proper waste segregation, packaging, storage, and disposal methods. Key types of waste mentioned include infectious, sharp, pharmaceutical, chemical and radioactive waste. The guidelines emphasize the importance of waste minimization and following standard operating procedures for collection, transport and treatment of each waste stream to protect human and environmental health.
The document summarizes various hepatitis viruses including Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses. It discusses the clinical features, transmission, diagnosis and treatment of these viruses. It also briefly describes other viruses that can cause hepatitis such as cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus and yellow fever virus.
The document discusses the different types of hepatitis viruses. It states that hepatitis A, B, and C are the most common types, which can be contracted through contaminated food/water or bodily fluids. Hepatitis A has a vaccine that is given in two doses six months apart, while hepatitis B has a three dose vaccine series. There is currently no approved vaccine for hepatitis C. The document provides information on symptoms of the different hepatitis types and vaccines.
This document provides an overview of Zika virus. It discusses the virus's origin and identification in Uganda in 1947, its isolation from humans in Nigeria in 1954, and outbreaks in Brazil starting in 2015. Symptoms of Zika virus disease are usually mild, but it has been linked to microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers and Guillain-Barré syndrome. The virus is transmitted primarily via Aedes mosquito bites. While no vaccine exists, prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent and protective clothing.
Zika virus is primarily spread through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes. While Zika infection is usually mild, symptoms can include fever, rash, joint pain, and red eyes. The virus poses a serious risk to pregnant women, as infection during pregnancy has been linked to microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects in babies. There is no vaccine or treatment for Zika, so prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing and repellents when traveling in affected areas.
7 Best Ways to avoid catching Viral Diseases | CIO Women MagazineCIOWomenMagazine
Here are the 7 Best Ways to avoid catching Viral Diseases; 1. Clean your hands 2. Do not share personal items 3. Cover your mouth 4. Get vaccinated 5. Exercise food safety
Zika virus is transmitted primarily through the bite of infected Aedes species mosquitoes. Symptoms are usually mild and include fever, rash, joint pain, and red eyes. While Zika infection is generally not dangerous, it can cause birth defects if transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus. There is no vaccine or treatment for Zika, so prevention through mosquito bite avoidance is key.
Haramaya university Zika Presentation by Ruach BielMedical Student
This Slide share prepared by Group five.
Department of nursing in Ethiopia that give knowledge about CDC and focus on Zika virus and how to be transmitted and prevent. we wish you good luck.
Haramaya university
prepared
By Ruach Biel Reath
Haramaya university Zika Presentation by Ruach BielMedical Student
this slide is prepared by health care student in ethiopia At haramaya university
College of health and medical science
That can give you good knowledge and how to care for patient who came with zika virus prevention and control.
Haramaya university
Prepared by
Ruach Biel Reath
Travel Vaccination Clinics are very important and provide some protection. You should still take care with food, drink and personal hygiene when aborad.When you have your check-up at your local surgery, it’s a good idea to review your medical history, present state of health, medications and any allergies. Keep your immunisation certificates (and list of current medication) with your passport for use during your travels and as a record for the future.
Know more: https://www.travel-doc.com/service/vaccinations/
This document provides information about Zika virus from its causes and transmission to symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It is caused by a virus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitos and can also be sexually transmitted. While most cases have mild or no symptoms, it poses risks for neurological complications and microcephaly if contracted during pregnancy. There is no vaccine and treatment focuses on relieving symptoms. Prevention emphasizes avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing and repellent. The WHO is supporting affected countries through surveillance, laboratory testing, clinical guidance, and vector control activities to address the ongoing Zika outbreak.
The West Nile virus originated in Uganda in 1937 and has since spread throughout Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, reaching the United States in 1999. It is transmitted primarily between birds via mosquitoes, and can infect humans, causing mild to severe illness. Older adults over 50 are most at risk. While there is no vaccine, individuals can reduce risk of infection by using insect repellent, eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed, and minimizing outdoor activity during dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active.
Our aim is very simple: To protect the health of overseas travellers by reducing the risk of problems abroad and to generally promote a safe, healthy and enjoyable travel experience.
Know more: https://www.travel-doc.com/
Global Medical Cures™ | Understanding VACCINES
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
This document provides guidance from OSHA and NIOSH for protecting workers from occupational exposure to the Zika virus. It outlines risks for outdoor workers, healthcare workers, and mosquito control workers. It recommends employing engineering controls, hygiene practices like handwashing, and personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves, gowns, and insect repellent to prevent exposure to Zika virus through mosquito bites or contact with infectious blood and body fluids. The guidance emphasizes following standard precautions from OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens standard and CDC recommendations.
Preventing viral infections like colds and flu is important, especially for vulnerable groups. Simple steps can help provide protection, including getting vaccinated, practicing good hygiene like hand washing, avoiding contact with sick people, not sharing items that touch the mouth, and getting enough sleep and staying hydrated to support immune health. Viruses are small particles that infect hosts by hijacking cells to reproduce, and they can cause illness through cell damage and immune responses. Common symptoms result from active viral infections proliferating in the body or latent viruses reactivating.
Vaccines help children develop immunity to dangerous diseases like measles, polio, and tetanus without having to get sick first. They work by exposing the immune system to weakened or dead versions of viruses and bacteria. While vaccines carry very small risks of side effects like fever or soreness, they have reduced serious illnesses to historically low levels. It is recommended that children receive vaccinations according to schedules from organizations like the CDC to develop immunity at key ages.
Rotavirus is commonly spread from person to person through the fecal-oral route. It infects the small intestine where replication occurs. Infected children begin shedding the virus in their stool before symptoms appear and can shed over 1 trillion viral particles per gram of stool. Transmission can be reduced through frequent handwashing and treating contaminated materials at high temperatures. Rotavirus infections in adults are generally milder than in children. Vaccines have been developed to help prevent rotavirus infection and gastroenteritis in infants and young children.
Vaccination is widely considered one of the greatest medical achievements as it has led to childhood diseases becoming increasingly rare. The chickenpox vaccine introduced in 1995 has substantially reduced the impact of the disease in the United States, with hospitalizations in 2012 being 93% lower than before the vaccine. While once a common childhood illness, widespread vaccination has led to a steady decline in chickenpox cases.
The document discusses chickenpox (varicella) and the chickenpox vaccine. It begins by describing the symptoms of chickenpox which include a rash, fever, and blisters. It then notes that before the vaccine was introduced in the 1990s, around 4 million cases of chickenpox occurred annually in the US. Hospitalizations due to chickenpox have declined by around 90% since the vaccine was introduced. The document concludes by stating that widespread chickenpox vaccination has led to a significant decline in cases of the disease.
The document provides information about Zika virus from the Fairfax County Health Department. It discusses the epidemiology and clinical presentation of Zika, risks to pregnancy, and strategies for prevention and control. If local transmission was detected, the Health Department would conduct educational outreach and begin mosquito control activities like removing breeding sites, larvicide and pesticide treatments. It emphasizes the role of Aedes mosquitoes and provides tips for residents to eliminate standing water and prevent mosquito bites to help control the spread of Zika.
This document is a student's outline for a presentation on smallpox. It includes an introduction stating smallpox is a deadly disease caused by the variola virus. It then outlines the causes of smallpox, the different types of smallpox (Variola major and minor), signs and symptoms (fever, rash), diagnosis methods (throat swab, skin sample), treatments (isolation, quarantine), and prevention primarily through vaccination. The last naturally occurring case was in 1977 and WHO declared it eradicated in 1980.
The document summarizes information about various COVID-19 vaccines that have been approved or are in clinical trials globally. It provides details on the efficacy, dosing, storage and distribution of the Pfizer, Moderna, and Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccines. It also discusses Bangladesh's plans to obtain the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine in January 2021, as it can be stored at higher temperatures than the mRNA vaccines and will allow the country to vaccinate 1.5 crore people.
The UK has identified a new variant of SARS-CoV-2 that is spreading rapidly. This variant contains multiple mutations in the spike protein, including one called N501Y that allows it to bind more tightly to human cells. Preliminary analysis suggests this variant is up to 70% more transmissible than previous variants. National public health authorities should work to identify, isolate, and contact trace cases of the new variant to stop its spread. Increased genomic surveillance is also needed to monitor the spread and effects of this and other new variants.
This document provides information about 2019-nCoV (now known as SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19. It discusses the virus's origin in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It describes the virus's structure and transmission methods. It also outlines the signs and symptoms of COVID-19, recommendations for prevention and treatment, and the current situation regarding confirmed cases in Bangladesh.
Alarming turn of Dengue Fever in Dhaka in 2019Dr.Arifa Akram
The number of dengue cases in Dhaka, Bangladesh has more than doubled in 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, with 16,223 cases reported in July alone. Serotype DENV-3 has become predominant, replacing DENV-2, and co-infection with DENV-2 and DENV-3 has been detected. Most deaths have occurred in people experiencing a second dengue infection. Experts attribute the increase to factors such as climate change, intermittent rain, and lack of cleanliness. Urgent public health measures are needed, including vector control programs and awareness campaigns, to curb the alarming rise in dengue cases.
Largest dengue outbreak of the decade with high fatality may be due to reemer...Dr.Arifa Akram
T. Shirin1, A. K. M. Muraduzzaman1, A. N. Alam1, S. Sultana1,M. Siddiqua4, M. H. Khan1, A. Akram1, A. R. Sharif2,S. Hossain2and M. S. Flora31) Department of Virology, 2) Department ofEpidemiology, 3) IEDCR and 4) Department of Microbiology, IbnSina MedicalCollege, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
The use of low quality in vitro diagnostics (IVDs) in resource poor countries poses serious risks. While standards for IVD registration exist in developed nations, many developing countries lack regulatory processes and infrastructure to ensure IVD quality. As a result, substandard diagnostic kits are often marketed and used without formal evaluation, adversely impacting patient care and public health. There is a need for comprehensive regulatory frameworks in developing nations, similar to those governing pharmaceuticals, to increase access to good quality diagnostics through guidelines for IVD standards, testing, and enforcement against non-compliant products. Establishing effective regulatory oversight can help address this important issue, just as the mice in Aesop's fable eventually solved their "cat
Event based surveillance of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Bangladesh among pilgrims and travelers from the Middle East: An update for the period 2013-2016
This document summarizes a review article about occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Occult HBV infection is defined as detecting HBV DNA in serum or liver tissue in individuals who test negative for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) but may test positive for other hepatitis B markers. The prevalence of occult HBV infection varies globally and can range from 1% to 95% depending on factors like diagnostic techniques used and endemicity of HBV infection in a population. Occult HBV infection can favor progression of liver diseases like fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Sensitive HBV DNA amplification assays are the standard for detecting occult HBV infection.
Akram et al-2018-journal_of_viral_hepatitisDr.Arifa Akram
Detection of Hepatitis B Virus DNA among Chronic and potential Occult HBV patients in resource‐limited settings by Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification assay
This document discusses various types and applications of immunotherapy. It defines immunotherapy as the treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response. The two main types are activation immunotherapy, which elicits an immune response, and suppression immunotherapy, which reduces an immune response. Activation immunotherapy includes techniques like cancer vaccines and adoptive T-cell transfer. Suppression immunotherapy uses drugs to dampen abnormal immune responses in diseases like autoimmunity and transplant rejection. The document also outlines specific immunotherapies for conditions like cancer, allergies, infertility, and more.
If the many beneficial effects of the chemokines can be preserved, such efforts hold great promise for uncovering new therapies for inflammatory and immunologic disease
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify specific DNA fragments. It involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the DNA sample in the presence of DNA polymerase, primers, and nucleotides. During each cycle, the DNA strand is separated from its complement at a high temperature and two new strands are synthesized from the original copies at a lower temperature, thereby exponentially increasing the number of target DNA copies. Real-time PCR allows for quantification of the target DNA by detecting fluorescence at each cycle, while reverse transcription PCR is used to transcribe RNA into DNA.
OBI is a complex entity that comprises many conditions and different situations. Patients who have recovered from acute hepatitis B can carry HBV genomes for a long time,
and the virus might aggravate the course of their liver disease, when other causes of liver damage are present.The availability of highly sensitive molecular methods
has made it possible to unveil several virological features of OBI, to show its worldwide diffusion, and to reveal its possible involvement in different clinical settings. Relevant evidence indicates that HBV persistence as an OBI represents an important risk factor for HCC development.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Zika virus barna
1. Dr. Arifa Akram Barna
MBBS MD(VIROLOGY)
Department of Virology
Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research
(IEDCR), DHAKA.
2. Zika is a virus spread by mosquitoes, which can cause fever, rash,
joint pain, and conjunctivitis (red or pink eyes). Most people
infected with Zika virus do not even get sick.
Virology
Zika virus belongs to the Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus,
and thus related to dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis,
and West Nile viruses.
Zika virus is enveloped and icosahedral and has a nonsegmented,
single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome.
5. Zika virus is transmitted to people primarily through the
bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito (A. aegypti and
A. albopictus). These are the same mosquitoes that spread
dengue and chikungunya viruses which can breed in a pool
of water as small as a bottle cap and usually bite during the
day.
pregnant mother who has been bitten by an infected
mosquito to her baby during pregnancy or around the time
of birth.
Recently, sexual transmission.
6.
7. About 1 in 5 people infected become ill (i.e., develop
Zika).
The most common symptoms of Zika are fever, rash,
joint pain, or conjunctivitis (red eyes).
Other common symptoms include muscle pain and
headache.
The incubation period (the time from exposure to
symptoms) for Zika virus disease is not known, but is
likely to be a few days to a week.
The illness is usually mild with symptoms lasting for
several days to a week.
Deaths are rare.
8. The possibility that the Zika virus causes
microcephaly – unusually small heads and damaged
brains – emerged only in October”15, when doctors
in northern Brazil noticed a surge in babies with the
condition.
It may be that other factors, such as simultaneous
infection with other viruses, are contributing to the
rise; investigators may even find that Zika virus is
not the main cause, although right now
circumstantial evidence suggests that it is.
9. Babies with microcephaly have unusually small heads.
But in the remainder of cases, the infant’s brain may not have developed
properly during pregnancy or may have stopped growing in the first
years of life. These children may experience a range of problems, like
developmental delays, intellectual deficits or hearing loss.
Genetic abnormalities are a common cause. Microcephaly can also be
triggered by infections of the fetus, including German measles (also
known as rubella), toxoplasmosis (a disease caused by a parasite found
in undercooked contaminated meat and cat feces) and cytomegalovirus.
Microcephaly may also result if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, is
severely malnourished or has diabetes. If the defect occurs in a child’s
first years, it may be a result of a brain injury during labor.
There is no treatment for an unusually small head.
10. During the first week after onset of symptoms, diagnosed
by performing reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR) on serum.
Virus-specific IgM and neutralizing antibodies typically
develop toward the end of the first week of illness; cross-
reaction with related flaviviruses (e.g., dengue and yellow
fever viruses) is common and may be difficult to discern.
Plaque-reduction neutralization testing can be performed
to measure virus-specific neutralizing antibodies and
discriminate between cross-reacting antibodies in primary
flavivirus infections.
12. Is there a treatment? -No.
The C.D.C. does not recommend a particular antiviral
medication for people infected with the Zika virus.
Treat the symptoms:
Get plenty of rest.
Drink fluids to prevent dehydration.
Take medicine such as acetaminophen to reduce fever and
pain.
Do not take aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs.
13. Protection is difficult in mosquito-infested regions.
There is no vaccine against the Zika virus. Efforts to make one
have just begun, and creating and testing a vaccine normally
takes years and costs hundreds of millions of dollars.
Because it is impossible to completely prevent mosquito bites,
the C.D.C. has advised pregnant women to avoid going to
regions where Zika is being transmitted, and has advised
women thinking of becoming pregnant to consult doctors
before going.
Travelers to these countries are advised to avoid or minimize
mosquito bites by staying in screened or air-conditioned rooms
or sleeping under mosquito nets, wearing insect repellent at all
times and wearing long pants, long sleeves, shoes and hats.
14. 1. Eliminate standing water in and around your home:
Once a week, empty and scrub, turn over, cover, or
throw out items that hold water, such as tires, buckets, planters,
toys, pools, birdbaths, flowerpots, or trash containers. Check
inside and outside your home.
Tightly cover water storage containers (buckets,
cisterns, rain barrels) so that mosquitoes cannot get inside to
lay eggs.
For containers without lids, use wire mesh with holes smaller
than an adult mosquito.
2. If you have a septic tank, follow these steps:
Repair cracks or gaps.
Cover open vent or plumbing pipes. Use wire mesh with holes
smaller than an adult mosquito.
15. 3. Keep mosquitoes out of your home
Use screens on windows and doors.
Repair holes in screens.
Use air conditioning when available.
4. Prevent mosquito bites
Use a repellent with DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide), permethrin,
picaridin (KBR 3023),IR3535 (3-[N-butyl-N-acetyl]-aminopropionic
acid) or oil of lemon eucalyptus [p-menthane 3, 8-diol (PMD)]
according to the instructions on the product label. When used as
directed on the product label, insect repellents containing DEET,
picaridin, and IR3535 are safe for pregnant women.
Treat clothing and gear (such as boots, pants, socks, and tents) with
permethrin or purchase permethrin-treated clothing and gear.
Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants
16. The World Health Organization has declared the Zika virus an
international public health emergency, prompted by growing
concern that it could cause birth defects. As many as four
million people could be infected by the end of the year.
Officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
have urged pregnant women against travel to about two dozen
countries, mostly in the Caribbean and Latin America, where
the outbreak is growing.
The infection appears to be linked to the development of
unusually small heads and brain damage in newborns. Some
pregnant women who have been to these regions should be
tested for the infection, the agency said. Here are some
answers and advice about the outbreak.
17. No.
Outbreaks of Zika previously have been reported in
tropical Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands.
Zika virus likely will continue to spread to new areas.
In May 2015, the Pan American Health Organization
(PAHO) issued an alert regarding the first confirmed
Zika virus infection in Brazil.
Are you immune for life once infected?
Once a person has been infected, he or she is likely to
be protected from future infections.