2. Introduction.
History.
Problem Statement.
Epidemiology.
Clinical Features.
Diagnosis.
Treatment.
Prevention.
3. Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne
virus that was first identified in Zika forest of
Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys through a
monitoring network of sylvatic yellow fever.
When the monkey developed a fever,
researchers isolated from its serum a
transmissible agent that was first described
as Zika virus in 1952.
In 1954, it was isolated for the first time from
humans in Nigeria.
4. From its discovery until 2007, confirmed
cases of Zika virus infection from Africa and
Southeast Asia were rare. However, serum
samples from patients in the acute phase of
illness contained RNA of Zika virus. There
were 49 confirmed cases, 59 unconfirmed
cases, no hospitalizations, and no deaths.
5. Since April 2015, a large, ongoing outbreak
of Zika virus that began in Brazil has spread
to much of South and Central America, and
the Caribbean.
In January 2016, According to the CDC,
Brazilian health authorities reported more
than 3,500 microcephaly cases between
October 2015 and January 2016. Some of the
affected infants have had a severe type of
microcephaly and some have died.In the
worst affected region of Brazil, approximately
1 percent of newborns are suspected of being
microcephalic.
6.
7. Group IV ((+)ssRNA)
Family:Flaviviridae
Genus:Flavivirus
Species:Zika virus
Reserviour: Aedes
mosquito
8. Zika virus is transmitted to people primarily
through the bite of an infected Aedes species
mosquito. These are the same mosquitoes that
spread dengue,chikungunya and yellow
fever viruses.
Species as A.aegypti,and arboreal mosquitoes
such as A. africanus, A. apicoargenteus, A.
furcifer, A. hensilli, A. luteocephalus, and A.
vitattus.
9. These mosquitoes typically lay eggs in and
near standing water in things like
Buckets,
Bowls,
Animal dishes,
Flower pots and vases.
They are aggressive daytime biters, prefer to
bite people, and live indoors and outdoors near
people.
Mosquitoes become infected when they feed
on a person already infected with the virus.
Infected mosquitoes can then spread the virus
to other people through bites.
10. A mother already infected with Zika virus near
the time of delivery can pass on the virus to her
newborn around the time of birth.
It is possible that Zika virus could be passed
from mother to fetus during pregnancy.
To date, there are no reports of infants getting
Zika virus through breastfeeding. Because of
the benefits of breastfeeding, mothers are
encouraged to breastfeed even in areas where
Zika virus is found.
11.
12. About 1 in 5 people infected with Zika virus
become ill (i.e., develop Zika).
The most common symptoms of Zika are
fever,
rash,
joint pain, or conjunctivitis (red eyes).
Other common symptoms include muscle
pain and headache.
13. The incubation period (the time from exposure
to symptoms) for Zika virus disease is not
known, but is likely to be a few days to a
week.
The illness is usually mild with symptoms
lasting for several days to a week.
Zika virus usually remains in the blood of an
infected person for a few days but it can be
found longer in some people.
15. There are no commercially available
diagnostic tests for Zika virus disease.
Zika virus is diagnosed through PCR
(polymerase chain reaction) and virus
isolation from blood samples.
Diagnosis by serology can be difficult as the
virus can cross-react with other flaviviruses
such as dengue, West Nile and yellow fever.
16. NOTE: Testing will not be initiated without the
inclusion of:
date of onset of symptoms
date of specimen collection
NOTE: If the specimen collection occurs
within 8 days after the onset of symptoms, a
convalescent specimen will be requested.
any pertinent travel history (3 months prior to
the date of symptom
onset)
the patient's name (REQUIRED for submitting
specimens)
17. SpecimenTiming
Acute :3 to 10 days after onset of symptoms
Convalescent:2-3 weeks after acute sample
18. No vaccine or medications are available to
prevent or treat Zika infections.
Treat the symptoms:
◦ Get plenty of rest
◦ Drink fluids to prevent dehydration
◦ Take medicine such as acetaminophen to relieve
fever and pain
19. No vaccine exists to prevent Zika virus
disease (Zika)
Prevent Zika by avoiding mosquito bites.
1. Mosquitoes that spread Zika virus bite
mostly during the daytime.
2. Mosquitoes that spread Zika virus also
spread dengue and chikungunya viruses.
20. When traveling to countries where Zika virus or
other viruses spread by mosquitoes are
found, take the following steps:
Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants.
Stay in places with air conditioning or that
use window and door screens to keep
mosquitoes outside.
Sleep under a mosquito bed net if you are
overseas or outside and are not able to
protect yourself from mosquito bites
21. It is also important to empty, clean or cover
containers that can hold water such as
buckets, flower pots or tyres, so that places
where mosquitoes can breed are removed.
22. All EPA-registered insect repellents are
evaluated for effectiveness.
Always follow the product label instructions
Reapply insect repellent as directed.
Do not spray repellent on the skin under
clothing.
If you are also using sunscreen, apply
sunscreen before applying insect repellent
23. DEET: (N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide or
N,N‐diethly‐3‐ methyl‐benzamide)
Picaridin: (KBR 3023), 2‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1‐
piperidinecarboxylic acid 1‐methylpropyl
ester )
Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus* or PMD
(para‐Menthane‐3,8‐ diol) the synthesized
version of oil of lemon eucalyptus
IR3535 (Chemical (Chemical Name:
3‐[N‐Butyl‐N‐acetyl] acetyl]‐ aminopropionic
acid, ethyl ester)
25. WHO declared Zika as global emergency on 31st jan
A rare case of the Zika virus being transmitted through
sex, not a mosquito bite, has been reported in the US.
(BBC world)
The American Red Cross has meanwhile urged prospective
blood donors returning from Zika-hit countries to wait at
least 28 days before donating their blood. (NY Times)
The CDC recommends that pregnant women avoid travel
to more than two dozen countries with Zika outbreaks,
mostly in the Caribbean and Latin America including
venezula. (CDC)
India has developed first vaccine against zika.
(timesofindia)
