Chikungunya is an arboviral disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes that causes fever and severe joint pain. It was first identified in Tanzania in 1952 and has since caused outbreaks in Asia and Africa. India saw a major outbreak in 2006 with over 1.5 million cases reported. Clinical symptoms include high fever, joint pain and swelling, rash, and fatigue. While rarely fatal, the joint pain can last for months in some cases. Diagnosis is confirmed through serological tests showing IgM or IgG antibodies. There is no vaccine or antiviral treatment, so care is supportive with rest, hydration, and pain medication. Prevention relies on controlling mosquito populations and avoiding bites.
Chikungunya (chik-un-GUN-yuh) is a viral illness transmitted by mosquitoes that causes the sudden onset of fever and severe joint pain. Other signs and symptoms may include fatigue, muscle pain, headache and rash. Signs and symptoms of chikungunya usually appear within two to seven days after being bitten by an infected mosquito.
Chikungunya is an epidemic disease, broke out in Bangladesh in 2017. It was first identified in Tanzania 1953. From then it continuously rose as an epidemic disease after some interval in Asia, Africa and even in America.
Chikungunya (chik-un-GUN-yuh) is a viral illness transmitted by mosquitoes that causes the sudden onset of fever and severe joint pain. Other signs and symptoms may include fatigue, muscle pain, headache and rash. Signs and symptoms of chikungunya usually appear within two to seven days after being bitten by an infected mosquito.
Chikungunya is an epidemic disease, broke out in Bangladesh in 2017. It was first identified in Tanzania 1953. From then it continuously rose as an epidemic disease after some interval in Asia, Africa and even in America.
Swine flu is a respiratory disease. It is caused by the influenza viruses that infect the respiratory tract of pigs. It can lead to symptoms such as a barking cough, decreased appetite, nasal secretions, and listless behaviour; the virus can be transmitted to humans. The Swine flu vaccination or H1N1 vaccination is crucial to provide immunity against swine flu.
Swine flu is a respiratory disease. It is caused by the influenza viruses that infect the respiratory tract of pigs. It can lead to symptoms such as a barking cough, decreased appetite, nasal secretions, and listless behaviour; the virus can be transmitted to humans. The Swine flu vaccination or H1N1 vaccination is crucial to provide immunity against swine flu.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
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QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
2. What is Chikungunya
• An arboviral disease (genus Alphavirus)
• Transmitted to humans by infected
mosquitoes –Aedes aegypti and Aedes
albopictus.
• The name chikungunya originates from a verb
in the Kimakonde language, meaning 'to
become contorted'. This refers to the
'stooped' appearance of those suffering with
joint pain
3. Geographical distribution
• First isolated Tanzania 1952
• Caused periodic outbreak Asia and Africa since
1960
• 2006: Outbreak in India, more than 1 500 000
cases of chikungunya were reported with Ae.
aegypti implicated as the vector.
• Between 2001 and 2011, a number of
countries reported on chikungunya outbreaks.
• 2016 at Delhi
7. Some others symptoms in children
• Retro-orbital pain
• Photophobia
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Meningeal syndrome
• Acute encephalopathy
8. Course of disease
• Chikungunya is rarely fatal.
• Symptoms are generally self-limiting and last for 2–3
days.
• The virus remains in the human system for 5-7 days
and mosquitoes feeding on an infected person during
this period can also become infected.
• Chikungunya shares some clinical signs with dengue
and can be misdiagnosed in areas where dengue is
common.
• Chikungunya can be detected using serological tests
• Recovery from an infection will confer life-long
immunity.
9. Case Definition by NVBDCP
• Probable or suspected case: a patient meeting
the clinical criteria only
• Confirmed (definitive) case: a patient meeting
both the clinical and laboratory criteria
10. Continued….
• Clinical criteria:Acute onset of fever and severe arthralgia / arthritis with or
without skin rash and residing or having left an epidemic area 15 days prior to
onset of symptoms
• Laboratory criteria: At least one of the following tests done in the acute phase of
illness 1.Direct evidence Virus isolation / Presence of viral RNA by RT-PCR
2.Indirect evidence
• Presence of virus specific IgM antibodies in single serum sample collected in
acute or convalescent stage.
• Four-fold increase in IgG values in samples collected at least three weeks apart.
13. Laboratory diagnosis
• MAC-ELISA –IgM for CHIKV (AFTER 7 DAYS)
• Paired sera IgG(4 FOLD RISE)
• RT-PCR(POSITIVE ≤ 8DAYS): E1 and C genome
from serum,CSF
• VIRAL ISOLATION( TAKE LONG TIME)
14. Outbreak criteria:
• One or more cases in an area where no case was
reported before.
• For the Public Health action, it is not necessary to
confirm the diagnosis of each and everysuspected
Chikungunya case.
• Remedial measures for containment of the diseases,
• symptomatic treatment of the suspected Chikungunya
fever cases should be started immediately on the basis
of Epidemiological diagnosis of the disease
15. Treatment
• SUPPORTIVE
• Rest in Acute phase
• Paracetamol and NSAIDS
• Avoid Aspirin
• Plenty of water and adequate hydration
• Protection against mosquito bites
• Timely referral if indicated
• Cold compress to inflamed joint and physiotherapy
16. Indications for Referral to PHC
• Fever more than 5 days
• Hemorrhagic manifestation
• Reduced urine output
• Severe vomiting
• Altered sensorium
• Jaundice
• Postural dizziness ,cold extremities
18. Management of chronic arthritis
• NSAIDS
• Short course of steroid ( In case of refractory
to NSAID after 2-3 weeks)
• HCQS ( During sub-acute stage)
• Physiotherapy
• Surgery
19. Prevention
• Personal protection(ITN,DEET,Full sleeve clothing)
• Integrated Vector Management
• Source Reduction
• Larvicidal agents (Temephos)
• Adult mosquito control(Pyrethrum extract)
• Biological Control
• Legislative measures
• Operational research
• Capacity building
