1. Il trapianto di cuore:
problematiche cardiologiche.
Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiotoraciche
Seconda Università di Napoli
Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare e Trapianti
Azienda Ospedaliera Monaldi
Napoli
2. Definition of heart failure
Clinical syndrome that can result from
any
structural or functional cardiac disorder
that
AHA / ACC HFthe ability of the ventricle to fill
impairs guidelines 2001
with or eject blood
Clinical symptoms / signs secondary to
abnormal ventricular function
ESC HF guidelines 2001
3.
4. The Problem (USA)
• 5,000,000 patients
• 6,500,000 hospital days / year
• 300,000 deaths / year
• 6% - 10% of people > 65 years
• 5.4% of health care budget (38
billion)
• Incidence x 2 in last ten years
Gottdiener J et al. JACC 2000;35:1628
Haldeman GA et al. Am Heart J 1999;137:352
Kannel WB et al. Am Heart J 1991;121:951
O’Connell JB et al. J Heart Lung Transplant
5. HF Risk Factors
No Heart disease A
No symptoms
Stages in the evolution
of Heart Failure
Heart disease
No symptoms B
Asymptomatic
LV dysfunction
C
Prior or current
HF Symptoms
D
Refractory
HF symptoms
AHA / ACC HF guidelines 2001
6. Hypertension
Diabetes, Hyperchol.
Family Hx A
Cardiotoxins
Stages in the Evolution
of Heart Failure
Heart disease Clinical Characteristics
(any) B
Asymptomatic
LV dysfunction
Systolic / Diastolic
C
Dyspnea, Fatigue
Reduced exercise
tolerance
D
Marked symptoms
at rest despite
max. therapy
AHA / ACC HF guidelines 2001
14. New Therapies
Mechanical Remodeling
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Biventricular pacing-LV pacing via the coronary
sinus
Surgical remodeling
Passive Cardiac Surgical Devices
Dor Procedure
MV repair
CABG in severe LV dysfunction
Ventricular Assist Devices
15. CARE – HF trial
Kaplan-Meier Estimates of the Time to the Primary End Point (Panel A)
and the Principal Secondary Outcome (Panel B)
Cleland, J. et al. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1539-1549
20. Candidati
Massimo beneficio in termini di
sopravvivenza e qualità di vita
Ogni condizione non cardiaca
Grave cardiomiopatia non che può ridurre la aspettativa
responsiva a terapie di vita o aumentare il rischio
convenzionali a rischio di di rigetto o infezione o di
morte a 1 anno altre complicanze
Presenza di Assenza di
indicazioni controindicazioni
Graft survival Recipient survival
21. Treatment Objectives
Survival
Morbidity
Exercise capacity
Quality of life
Neurohormonal changes
Progression of CHF
Symptoms
(Cost)
22. Approccio al potenziale candidato a trapianto
cardiaco
Verificare la potenziale reversibilità dell’insufficienza
cardiaca.
Valutare la gravità dell’insufficienza cardiaca e la
capacità funzionale.
Adeguare la terapia medica per migliorare la
sintomatologia e ridurre la mortalità.
Determinare il rischio di peggioramento o morte
improvvisa.
Identificare le indicazioni a trapianto.
Escludere le controindicazioni.
Determinare la candidatura a trapianto.
Continuare la terapia medica con periodiche
rivalutazioni.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27. Wide QRS –
Proportional Mortality Increase
QRS
Vesnarinone Study1 100% Duration
(VEST study analysis) (msec)
NYHA Class II-IV patients
Cumulative Survival
90% <90
3,654 ECGs digitally scanned
90-120
Age, creatinine, LVEF, heart
rate, and QRS duration found to 80%
120-170
be independent predictors
of mortality 170-220
70%
Relative risk of widest
QRS group 5x greater >220
than narrowest 60%
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Days in Trial
Adapted from Gottipaty et al.
1
Gottipaty V, Krelis S, et al. ACC 1999 [Abstr];847-4.
40. Positive Inotropic Therapy
• May increase mortality
Exception: Digoxin, Levosimendan
• Use only in refractory CHF
• NOT for use as chronic therapy
41.
42.
43. Valutazione iniziale
Buon
Compenso Non Idonei
Valutazione completa
Modifica
Idonei
terapia
Status II
Status I
44. Criteri di rivalutazione dei pazienti in lista
Criteri clinici
Assenza di ortopnea, turgore giugulare o segni di
congestione e stabilità del bilancio idrico
PAS ≥ 80 mmHg
Sodiemia > 133 mEq/L
Stabilità della funzione renale (BUN<50 mg/dL, Crea<2
mg/dL)
Miglioramento tolleranza allo sforzo
Aumento LVEF
Peak VO2
Miglioramento > 2 ml/kg/min
Peak VO2 ≥ 14 ml/kg/min
45. Criteri di ospedalizzazione dei pazienti in lista
Considerazioni generali
Prevenire la morte domiciliare
Prevenire condizioni che possano modificare l’outcome
postoperatorio
Considerazioni specifiche
Angina instabile
Sincope
Frequenti scariche dell’AICD
Sospetti eventi embolici
NYHA IV
PAS < 80 mmHg
PA differenziale < 12 mmHg
Creatinina > 2.0 mg / dl
Evidenza clinica di bassa gittata
Incremento ipertensione polmonare al cateterismo
46. Il Trapianto Cardiaco
Criteri per l’assegnazione d’organo secondo la
“United Network for Organ Sharing” (UNOS)*
STATUS I
Pazienti in attesa che richiedano un’assistenza meccanica
cardiaca e/o polmonare
• Cuore artificiale totale
• Assistenza ventricolare meccanica destra e/o sinistra
• Contropulsatore aortico
• Ventilazione meccanica
Pazienti che si trovino ricoverati in unità di TI e pazienti che
richiedano l’infusione continua di agenti inotropi per
mantenere un’adeguata gittata cardiaca
STATUS II
Tutti gli altri pazienti in lista che non sono in STATUS I
*UNOS Executive Order, June 24,1992
51. UK Cardiothoracic Transplant Audit (1995-1999)
Causes of death for patients who died in the first 30 post-transplant days
Cause of Failure Heart
Procedure related 7/129(5%)
Early graft dysfunction 64/129(50%)
Infection 10/129(8%)
Acute rejection 11/129(9%)
Cardiac failure including pulmonary hypertension 14/129(11%)
Neurological 3/129(2%)
Gastrointestinal 5/129(4%)
Other 15/129(12%)
AC Anyanwu, Heart 2002;87:449-454
52. Trend caratteristiche cliniche del ricevente
40
29,9
30
22,8
22 22
17,4 21,3
20
14,8
11,4 10,5 10,5 12,8
9,5 9,8
10 6,7
0 0
1988-1995 1996-2000 2001-2007
Mism atch di peso>20% Status I Diabete Pregressa CCH PVR>5 UW
53. Kaplan-Meier survival by PVR (Transplants: 1/2002-6/2004)
100
1-<3 Wood units (N= 2,421) 3-<5 Wood units (N= 719)
5+ Wood units (N= 266)
90
Survival (%)
80
70
1-<3 vs. 3-<5: p = 0.0002
60
50
0 1 2 3
Years
ISHLT J Heart Lung Transplant 2006;25:869-79
56. Case Report
Paziente n.5, A.S.
• M 24 anni, CMD primitiva in paziente con familiarità di distrofia, 50 Kg
• Instabile emodinamicamente n attesa di IACD resincronizzatore.
• III-IV Classe NYHA in terapia infusionale
• Discreta funzione renale (GFR… ml/min)
• PVRI 20UW→ 13,6 UW in corso di Epoprosterenolo endovenoso da 15 giorni
(stabile a ripetuti cateterismi delle sezioni destre)→13UW dopo progressivo
switch a Sildenafil 3mg/kg/die.
• Richiesta cuore con carattere di anticipo (attesa 3 mesi)
– Grecia, Maschio 23 anni deceduto per Emorragia Cerebrale, 60 kg, inotropi ad alte dosi.
– T.I.: 260 minuti
• Svezzamento programmato dall’epoprosterenolo endovenoso in corso di
monitoraggio con catetere di SWAN-GANZ → SILDENAFIL 1mg/Kg e
successivamente 4 mg/Kg/die→ si assiste a progressiva normalizzazione dei
valori pressori in arteria polmonare.
• Il paziente dopo 10 giorni di ricovero viene dimesso guarito con prescrizione
domiciliare di sildenafil 4mg/Kg/die per 2 mesi poi svezzato alla
normalizzazione della PVC in corso di Biopsia Endomiocardica.
• Attualmente I classe NYHA
57. Patologie polmonari intrinseche
Diversi meccanismi fisiopatologici sono coinvolti nella genesi di una
tipica disfunzione polmonare nei pazienti affetti da insufficienza
cardiaca grave:
ipertensione venosa polmonare
ipertensione arteriosa polmonare
bassa gittata
compressione polmonare
Tali meccanismi determinano evidenti alterazioni dei test funzionali:
deficit ostruttivo
deficit restrittivo
↓ DL
CO
bronchial hyperresponsiveness
respiratory muscle fatigue
Tutte queste alterazioni determinano alterazioni del controllo
respiratorio del CNS:
periodic breathing patterns
58. Insufficienza renale
Diversi studi hanno dimostrato che l’insufficienza
renale pre-trapianto è uno dei maggiori fattori di
rischio per mortalità dopo la procedura.
Se Crea ≥ 1.8 mg/dl e/o clearance della creatinina <
50 ml/min vi sarebbe controindicazione al trapianto
cardiaco isolato
59. Arteriopatia periferica e patologie cerebrovascolari
La severa vasculopatia periferica è uno dei maggiori fattori
di rischio per mortalità a distanza.
65. Selezione del donatore
Rilevanza dell’età
Integrità della funzione contrattile
Passenger atherosclerosis
Rischio di trasmissione di infezioni
66. Donatore marginale
Età
Precedenti arresti cardiaci
Alto dosaggio di farmaci inotropi
Anormalità regionali della contrattilità
Disparità dimensionale (>20%)
donatore/ricevente
Presenza di coronaropatia
Tempo di ischemia
68. Dimensioni del donatore
Nonostante vi sia evidenza di un incremento del rischio
associato all’uso di donatori di dimensioni minori alle
dimensioni del ricevente, un donatore di dimensioni
“normali” (>70 kg) e di sesso maschile è generalmente
proponibile per la maggior parte dei riceventi.
In caso di donatori di basso peso, l’uso dell’ indice di
massa corporea risulta più accurato per il size-matching
69. ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (1/1995-6/2001)
Risk Factors for 1 Year Mortality
1995-1998 1999-6/2001
(N=12,353) (N=5,923)
Odds Odds
Factor p-value p-value
Ratio Ratio
History of malignancy 1.27 0.1 0.61 0.04
Dialysis 1.90 0.0008 2.58 <.0001
Sternotomy 0.86 0.02 0.91 0.3
0-4 HLA Mismatches 0.93 0.2 0.98 0.8
Male recipient/female donor 1.13 0.04 1.11 0.3
Donor COD: Stroke 1.07 0.2 1.21 0.04
70. Età del donatore
Donatori di età > 55 anni possono essere usati
selettivamente in riceventi selezionati ad alto rischio,
tenendo conto che altri fattori legati al donatore possono
agire sinergicamente nell’incrementare il rischio di
mortalità del ricevente (Ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra ed
aterosclerosi)
71. HEART TRANSPLANTS:
Donor Age by Year of Transplant
100% 35
90%
30
80%
Mean donor age (years)
25
% of Transplants
70%
60%
20
50%
Mean Age 15
40%
30% 10
20%
5
10%
0% 0
0-10 11-17 18-34 35-49 50-59 60+
ISHLT 2006
J Heart Lung Transplant 2006;25:869-79
72.
73. ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS
Risk Factors for 1 Year Mortality
Donor Age
2
Relative Risk of 1 Year Mortality
4/1994-1998
1,5 2001-6/2004
1
0,5
p < 0.0001
p = 0.0011
0
15 25 35 45 55
Donor Age
ISHLT 2006
J Heart Lung Transplant 2006;25:869-79
74. ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS
Risk Factors for 5 Year Mortality
Donor Age
2
Relative Risk of 5 Year Mortality
4/1994-1996
1,5 1997-6/2000
1
0,5
p < 0.0001
p < 0.0001
0
15 25 35 45 55
Donor Age
ISHLT 2006
J Heart Lung Transplant 2006;25:869-79
75. ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS
Risk Factors for 10 Year Mortality
Donor Age
1,5
Relative Risk of 10 Year Mortality
1
0,5
p < 0.0001
0
15 25 35 45 55
Donor Age
ISHLT 2006
J Heart Lung Transplant 2006;25:869-79
76. ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (1997-6/2002)
Risk Factors for Developing Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy
within 3 Years
Donor Age and Donor Gender
3
.
Male Donor
2,5
Risk of CAV within 3 Years
Female Donor
2
1,5
1
0,5
p < 0.0001
0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Donor Age
ISHLT 2006
J Heart Lung Transplant 2006;25:869-79
77. Prevalenza della cardiopatia ischemica
75+
65-74
Donne
55-64
45-54
Uomini
25-44
Heart and Stroke Statistical Update, Dallas, Tex. American Heart Association, 2002
0,0
5,0
0,0
5,0
0,0
80. UK transplant Auditi
Reason for Non-Recovery of Consented Organs
1995 2001
Total 1,459 2,009
Total (%) 100% 100%
Cardiac Arrest 3.4% 1.8%
Organ Unsatisfactory 1.0% 3.0%
Poor Organ Function/Infection 59.2% 61%
Donor Medical/Social History 10.6% 9.7%
Positive Hepatitis/HIV/HTLV-1 4.4% 6.0%
No Recipient Found 6.9% 8.3%
Other 13.6% 10.2%
Unknown 0.7% 0.0%
81. Determinants of early graft failure following heart transplantation, a
10-year, multi-institutional, multivariable analysis.
Young JB, Hauptman PJ, Naftel DC, Ewald G, Aaronson K, Dec GW, Taylor DO,
Higgins R, Platt L, and CTRD
J Heart and Lung Transplant 2001; 20:185.
Despite modifications in techniques of donor heart
preservation, the risk of EGF has not declined over the past
decade.
Recipient as well as donor risk factors continue to contribute
to the likelihood of EGF.
Older donor hearts have less tolerance for prolonged ischemic
time, particularly in the presence of wall motion
abnormalities.
The use of higher risk donors in high risk recipients generates
important risk of EGF.
82. Reviewing myocardial silent ischemia:
Specific patient subgroups
A review of the literature shows prevalence rates of
SMI ranging from 9 to 57%. Differences in the
population studied, the great variety of the screening
techniques used, as well as the number of positive
screening tests required to access SMI, are equally
responsible for the wide range of prevalence rates of
SMI.
Int J Cardiol. 2007 Jun 11
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93. “It makes little sense to replace one diseased
heart with another”
De Pasquale and Burch, Am Heart J 1969;77:719
94. Anormalità anatomiche congenite o acquisite
Ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra
Anormalità anatomiche valvolari o congenite
95. Ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra
Un moderato grado di ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra (wall thickness ≤
13 mm) non preclude al trapianto, particolarmente quando si
prevedono tempi di ischemia brevi.
Un elevato grado di ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra (>13 mm)
controindica all’uso di tali donatori.
Quadri ecocardiografici di pseudoipertrofia possono essere osservati
in condizioni di ipovolemia e ridotte pressioni di riempimento
ventricolare sinistro.
96. Anormalità anatomiche valvolari o congenite
La presenza della maggior parte delle anormalità anatomiche
valvolari o congenite è una controindicazione all’uso dell’organo.
In casi selezionati si può eseguire una chirurgia riparativa al banco sul
cuore del donatore con insufficienza lieve o moderata della mitrale o
della tricuspide.
La riparazione di un difetto interatriale tipo ostium secundum non
pregiudica l’uso dell’organo.
97. Enzimi Cardiaci
Nonostante i valori enzimatici della frazione MB e delle troponine
siano routinariamente ottenibili in caso di donazione di cuore, il loro
ruolo nella valutazione della qualità dell’organo resta incerto.
Vi sono diverse evidenze che elevati livelli enzimatici siano associati ad
una maggiore impiego di farmaci inotropi nel ricevente dopo il
trapianto ed ad una più alta incidenza di episodi di rigetto acuto.
Evidenze limitate hanno messo in relazione elevati livelli di troponine
con la disfunzione precoce del graft.
Normali livelli di enzimi cardiaci sono rassicuranti in caso disfunzione
ventricolare sinistra del donatore poichè forniscono l’evidenza di
assente danno miocardico recente.
Molti donatori presentano elevati livelli di enzimi cardiaci senza
alcuna evidenza di disfunzione ventricolare sinistra. Per tale ragione
la presenza di questo fattore, non associata ad altri fattori di rischio
del donatore, non giustifica il non uso di tali organi.
98. Ruolo dell’ecocardiografia
L’ecocardiografia è solitamente efficace nello screening
per anormalità anatomiche del cuore ma il ruolo del
singolo esame per determinare la qualità dell’organo non è
supportata dall’evidenza.
In aggiunta, l’accuratezza della interpretazione
ecocardiografica in ospedali periferici potrebbe essere
subottimale.
Discordance in interpretations of potential donor echos.
Lewandowski TJ, aaronson KD, Pietroski Re, et al
J Heart and Lung Transplant 1998; 17:100
100. Functional assessment and management of heart donors: a
rationale for catheterization and a guide to therapy.
Potter CDO, Wheeldon DR, Wallwork J
J Heart and Lung Transplant 1995; 14:59-65.
Swan-Ganz catheter assessment of donor hearts: outcome of
organs with borderline hemodynamics.
Stoica SC, Satchithananda DK, Charman S, Sharples L, King R, Rozario C,
Dunning J, Tsui SS, Wallwork J, Large SR
J Heart and Lung Transplant 2002;21:615-22.
101. ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (1/1995-6/2001)
Risk Factors for 1 Year Mortality
Ischemia time
3
Odds of 1 Year Mortality
2,5 1995-1998
2 1999-6/2001
1,5
1
p < 0.0001
0,5
p < 0.0001
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ischemia time (hours)
102. ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (1/1995-6/1997)
Risk Factors for 5 Year Mortality
Ischemia time
2,5
Odds of 5 Year Mortality
2
1,5
1
0,5
p < 0.0001
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ischemia time (hours)
103. Nonostante i continui miglioramenti nelle tecniche di
protezione d’organo, il rischio di una disfunzione precoce del
graft non è diminuito nel corso dell’ultima decade.
Ciò continua ad essere determinato da fattori relativi sia al
donatore sia al ricevente.
I cuori di donatori di età avanzata tollerano meno lunghi
tempi di ischemia sopratutto in presenza di anormalità nella
contrattilità di parete.
Il reclutamento di donatori ad alto rischio per riceventi ad alto
rischio genera un importante incremento della probabilità di
disfunzione precoce del graft.
104. Analisi dei fattori di rischio per mortalità a 30 gg
BackWard stepwise (conditional)
Variabili incluse nell’analisi: Periodo procedura, Sesso donatore, Età donatore, Inotropi nel
donatore, Causa di morte del donatore, Tipo di cardioplegia, Sesso ricevente, Età ricevente,
Pregressa CCH, Etiologia, Status UNOS, Diabete, Re-TX, Assistenza meccanica di circolo,
Tempo di ischemia.
Variabili β OR IC 95% OR P
Età del donatore 0.037 1.04 1.01 – 1.07 0.007
Periodo 1988 – 1995 0.9 2.45 1.03 – 5.85 0.043
Pregressa CCH 0.9 2.45 1.06 – 5.70 0.037
Status UNOS I 1.5 4.5 2.02 – 9.70 <0.001
Tempo di ischemia 0.008 1.08 1.00 – 1.02 0.064
105. Analisi dei fattori di rischio per mortalità a 30 gg
Cluster Gerarchica ad Albero (crescita QUEST)
111. ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (1/1995-6/2003)
1-Year Predicted Survival – Hypothetical Patient 1
100%
Cohort average
90%
.
Predicted Survival
80%
70%
Recipient: 30 year old female, PRA = 50%, creatinine=1.4,
hospitalized on inotropes, weight=80 kg, height=65 in., center
60% volume=22/year, multiple pregnancies, year of transplant=2000
Donor: female, 30 years old
50%
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Time (years)
ISHLT 2005
J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24: 945-982
112. ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (1/1995-6/2003)
1-Year Predicted Survival – Hypothetical Patient 2
100%
Cohort average
90%
.
Predicted Survival
80%
70%
Recipient: 63 year old male with coronary artery disease, PRA <
60%
10%, creatinine=1.8, pulsatile long-term VAD, weight=95 kg,
height=70 in., 3 hours ischemia time
50%
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Time (years)
ISHLT 2005
J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24: 945-982
113. ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (1/1995-6/2003)
1-Year Predicted Survival – Hypothetical Patient 3
100%
90%
.
Predicted Survival
80%
30 year old donor 55 year old donor
70%
60% Recipient: 71 year old male with idiopathic DCM, hospitalized on
inotropes, creatinine=1.0, PRA < 10%, weight=70 kg, height=70 in.,
3 hours ischemia time
50%
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Time (years)
ISHLT 2005
J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24: 945-982
114. ADULT HEART TRANSPLANTS (1/1995-6/2003)
1-Year Predicted Survival – Hypothetical Patient 4
100%
Cohort average
90%
.
Predicted Survival
80%
70%
Recipient: 24 year old male retransplant recipient, PRA < 10%,
creatinine=1.2, weight=85 kg, height=72 in., 2.5 hours ischemia time
60%
Donor: male, 32 years old
50%
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Time (years)
ISHLT 2005
J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24: 945-982
115. Signal 1 Signal 2 Signal 3 Signal 4
Class II + peptide Costimulation Cytokine Apoptosis
OKT3 or Polyclonal
Antibodies R-ATG
OKT3 Anti-IL-2Rα
CD95 TNF-R
IL-2 R
e.g., CD28, CD40L αβγ Death
Machinery
TCR Complex P13-K Bax
CD3 +CD4 bcl-2
TAC SI FLIP-L
TOR Evl, Srl
R
CsA
calcineurin
MMF
G
NFATp S
IL-2 mRNA Cyclin/CD 1
IL-2R mRNA K AZA
STER
G
Calcineurin promoter M
2
(IL-2)
116.
117. Balance of Immunosuppression
over under
Infections (viral) Acute Rejection
Lymphomas (PTLD) chronic rejection (CAD, BOS)
118.
119. Late Acute Rejection
Late Acute Rejection
Le fasi dell’Immunosoppressione
Chronic Allograft
Dysfunction
Graft Failure
Immunosuppression
Maintenance
Early Acute Rejection
Early Acute Rejection
Acute Post-Transplant
Immunosuppression
Immune
Immune
Accommodation
Accommodation
Pre-Transplant
Pre-Transplant
Therapy
Therapy
Antibody Suppression
Antibody Suppression
Induction
Induction
Therapy
Therapy
Acute Immune
Acute Immune
120. Protocollo di immunosoppressione 1
Gennaio 1988 - Dicembre2000
• Induzione: Thymoglobuline 2.5mg/Kg/24h per 5 giorni
ATG 2.5mg/Kg/24h per 7 giorni
- sospensione in caso di : anafilassi/ leucopenia
(<2000/µl)/ trombocitopenia (<50000/µl)
• Metilprednisolone 500 mg e.v. in S.O. → 125 mg/12h per 2 gg
• Prednisone: 1 mg/kg os → décalage → 0.1 mg/kg/24h (12°mese)
• Azatioprina: 2 mg/kg/24h → WBC 4000–6000/µl
• Ciclosporina:
- 3 mg/kg/24h (dopo stabilizzazione emodinamica e
con funzione renale soddisfacente)
- ciclosporinemia 300 ng/dl 1° anno
- ciclosporinemia 150-200 ng/dl dopo 1° anno
De Santo LS et al. Transpl Proc 2005, in press
121. Protocollo di immunosoppressione 2
da Gennaio 2001
• Induzione Thymoglobuline 1.5mg/Kg/24h per 5 giorni
- sospensione in caso di : anafilassi/ leucopenia
(<2000/µl)/ trombocitopenia (<50000/µl)
• Metilprednisolone 500 mg e.v. in S.O. → 125 mg/12h per 2 gg
• Prednisone: 1 mg/kg os → décalage → 0.1 mg/kg/24h (12°mese)
• Mycophenolate mofetil: 1500mg x 2/24h
• Ciclosporina:
- 3 mg/kg/24h (dopo stabilizzazione emodinamica e
con funzione renale soddisfacente)
- ciclosporinemia 300 ng/dl 1° anno
- ciclosporinemia 150-200 ng/dl dopo 1° anno
De Santo LS et al. Transpl Proc 2005, in press
122. Protocollo di immunosoppressione 3
dal Maggio 2005
• Induzione ATG 1.5mg/Kg/24h per 5 giorni
- sospensione in caso di : anafilassi/ leucopenia
(<2000/µl)/ trombocitopenia (<50000/µl)
• Metilprednisolone 500 mg e.v. in S.O. → 125 mg/12h per 2 gg
• Prednisone: 1 mg/kg os → décalage → 0.1 mg/kg/24h (6°mese)
• Everolimus: 1,5 mg/die
• Ciclosporina:
- 3 mg/kg/24h (dopo stabilizzazione emodinamica e
con funzione renale soddisfacente)
- ciclosporinemia 300 ng/dl 1° anno
- ciclosporinemia 150-200 ng/dl dopo 1° anno
123. 100%
Libertà attuariale da rigetto acuto (>1B)
100,0% 98,0%
91,5% 90,7% 89,7% 89,7%
90%
83,5%
80% 79,7%
71,4% 77,4% 73,7% 73,7%
70% 64,7% 60%
70,1% 68,5%
60%
50%
40%
30%
p = 0.001 C vs A & B
20%
10%
0%
0 1 mese 6 mesi 1a 3a 5a
1988-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005
124. Il Trapianto Cardiaco
Sorveglianza del rigetto acuto
♦ Biopsia endomiocardica settimanale nei primi
due mesi post-trapianto, bisettimanale nel
terzo mese
♦ Ecocardiogramma in occasione della BEM
♦ Esami ematochimici con dosaggi dei farmaci
immunosoppressori
♦ ECG e visita con aggiornamento terapia
125. New Era in Immunsuppression
IS scheme for all patients
Individualised Immunsuppression
high low
preTX rejection markers high (PRA‘s, posXM)
Early rejection
recurrent rejection
Early development of graft vasculopathy or BOS
Late Retransplantation
old Patients
Diabetics
Skin-tumors
Infections
cancer
Combination of drugs depending on risk factors Side effects
126. Protocollo Profilassi Infezioni
Monitoraggio infettivologico:
• Screening pre-inserimento in lista con tampone faringeo, TINE test, urinocoltura;
• Screening pre-intervento con colturale espettorato, emocoltura, urinocoltura;
• Emocolture sul donatore all’atto dell’espianto
• Registrazione di esami colturali precedentemente eseguiti sul donatore (es. broncoaspirato)
Profilassi antibiotica standard con Amoxicillina + Ac. Clavulanico ev 6.6 gr/die per 2 gg ed
Amikacina 500 mg ev in monosomministrazione
Monitoraggio Virologico CMV sul ricevente:
determinazione in immunofluorescenza indiretta dell’Ag pp65 ogni settimana per i primi due
mesi, ogni 15 giorni il terzo mese ed ogni mese fino al sesto mese dal trapianto.
<10 cellule/2 x 105 PMN ⇒ Sorveglianza
≥10 cellule/2 x 105 PMN ⇒ PRE-EMPTIVE
• Ganciclovir ev (10 mg/kg/die) per 15 gg +
• Ganciclovir os (3g/die) per 30 gg
De Santo LS, Della Corte A, Romano G, Amarelli C, Onorati F, Torella M, De Feo M, Marra C, Maiello C, Giannolo B, Casillo R,
Ragone E, Grimaldi M, Utili R, Cotrufo M. Midterm results of a prospective randomized comparison of two different rabbit-
antithymocyte globulin induction therapies after heart transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2004 Apr;36(3):631-7
Casillo R, Grimaldi M, Ragone E, Maiello C, Marra C, De Santo L, Amarelli C, Romano G, Della Corte A, Portella G, Tripodi MF,
Fortunato R, Cotrufo M, Utili R. Efficacy and limitations of preemptive therapy against cytomegalovirus infections in heart transplant
patients. Transplant Proc. 2004Apr; 36(3):651-3.
127. Il Trapianto Cardiaco
Tipo di Infezioni nel ricevente d’organo
100%
80%
Protozoi
60%
Fungine
40% Virali
Batteriche
20%
0%
1° mese 2-3° mese >3 mesi
128.
129. ADULT HEART RECIPIENTS
Functional Status of Surviving Recipients
(Follow-ups: April 1994 - June 2004)
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
No Activity Limitations Performs with Some Assistance Requires Total Assistance
0%
1 Year (N = 15,901) 3 Years (N = 13,954) 5 Years (N = 11,872) 7 Years (N = 9,144)
ISHLT 2005
J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24: 945-982
130. ADULT HEART RECIPIENTS
Employment Status of Surviving Recipients
(Follow-ups: April 1994 - June 2004)
100%
80% Retired
60% Not Working
Working Part Time
40%
Working Full Time
20%
0%
1 Year (N = 14,888) 3 Year (N = 12,842) 5 Year (N = 10,848) 7 Year (N = 8,371)
ISHLT 2005
J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24: 945-982
131. Exercise intolerance in heart
transplant
• I pazienti trapiantati che non effettuano un
ciclo di riabilitazione cardiorespiratoria
presentano una VO2 max ridotta rispetto ai
controlli di pari età.
132. Causes of Exercise Intolerance in Heart Transplant Patients
Altered Anatomy and Physiology
Functional denervation
Chronotropic incompetence
Decreased chronotropic reserve
Slower kinetics of the chronotropic response
Heart rate increased at rest
Heart rate decreased at peak exercise
Abnormal circulatory response to exercise
Lowered cardiac output
Diastolic dysfunction
144. Hyperlipidemia.
1. An elevation in blood lipids is documented in almost 50% of cardiac
recipients by 5 years posttransplantation.
2. Both steroids and CsA are thought to contribute to this problem.
3. Hyperlipidemia is also associated with posttransplant obesity.[38]
During the first months posttransplantation, patients gain weight
rapidly. Along with the gain in body weight, both serum cholesterol
and triglycerides rise.
4. Management of hyperlipidemia begins with attention to diet and
exercise. Lipid-lowering agents, especially the HMG-CoA inhibitors
or "statins," are used routinely. It is reported that recipients started
on these drugs within the first 6 weeks posttransplantation have a
lower incidence of CAD, fewer serious acute rejection episodes, and
improved survival.
145.
146. Mechanisms of CAV vs time
Recipient pre-existing risk factors for CAD
Donor-transmitted CAD:
- Age, male gender
Transplant - ischemia time
- diabetes
- COD: stroke
- BMI
Brain death
Acute rejections (cellular & humoral)
CMV infection
Post-transplant risk factors for CAD:
- Obesity
- Hyperlipidemia
- Hypertension
Time
147. Mechanisms of CAV vs. time
Recipient pre-existing risk factors for CAD
Donor-transmitted CAD:
- Age, male gender
Transplant - ischemia time
- diabetes Endothelial
- COD: stroke
- BMI damage
Brain death
Acute rejections (cellular & humoral)
CMV infection
Post-transplant risk factors for CAD:
- Obesity
- Hyperlipidemia
- Hypertension
time
148. Cellular consequences of vascular injury
INJURY neointimal hyperplasia
platelet adhesion
leukocyte infiltration VSMC autocrine activation:
activation
cytokines migration
growth factors proliferation
chemoattractants matrix deposition
E.C. injury
Internal elastic lamina breaks
lumen
media
hours days weeks
Courtesy of H. Eisen
151. IVUS is an important technique for the assessment of
the vessel wall morphology
152. PATIENT SURVIVAL AFTER REPORT OF CAV AND PATIENT
SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITHOUT CAV*
(Transplants: April 1994-June 2003)
100
CAV (N = 3,349)
90 No CAV (N = 9,946)
Survival (%)
80
70
60
p < 0.0001
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time after Report of CAV (Years)
ISHLT 2006 * Patients without CAV conditioned on survival to
median time of CAV development (562 days)
J Heart Lung Transplant 2006;25:869-79
153. CAV clinical case with everolimus.
Female 26 year old primitive cardiomyopathy (STATUS 1B)
Donor characteristics
Postoperative therapy
Male, 43 year old
Thymoglobuline 1,5 mg/kg/d
90 kilograms x 192 cm
CYA
BMI = 24
MMF 3 g/die
High inotropic support
Steroids until 1 year
Trauma
Hypertension
Smoker
CMV positive to positive
Postoperative risk factors
Ischemia/reperfusion Hypertensive status during 1 year
Ischemic time 255 min Hyper-lipidemia
Protection with Celsior No obesity (BMI =26 )
Max troponin peak= 3,45 No rejection
154. CAV clinical case with everolimus.
S. V.: Female 26 year old primitive cardiomyopathy
1st year IVUS: eccentric stenosis on Proximal DA and LMC 55%
After 6 months: eccentric stenosis on Proximal DA and LMC 55%
2nd year IVUS:
severe stenosis of LMC interessing also coronary ostia of IVA and Cx
PTCA with drug eluting stent Cypher 3,5mm x 13 mm
Patient begins Everolimus and Clopidogrel
After 6 months: normal stress echocardiography
3rd year IVUS:
absence of neointimal proliferation , optimal angiographic results
156. Conclusioni
La presenza di un gruppo cardiologico di supporto alla equipe chirurgica
permette una migliore stratificazione prognostica dei pazienti indirizzati al
centro per il trapianto.
La conoscenza da parte del cardiologo delle problematiche in ordine alle
donazioni d’organo ed alla ottimizzazione dell’outcome ospedaliero
permette di concordare il momento dell’inserimento in lista di pazienti
border-line.
La ottimizzazione della terapia medica e il follow-up dei pazienti in lista
d’attesa per trapianto di cuore permette di identificare i pazienti che si
giovano di terapie alternative (complementari) al trapianto di cuore
(assistenze ventricolari).
Una collaborazione stretta è necessaria per il trattamento e il follow-up delle
morbidità di interesse cardiologico e per migliorare ulteriormente i risultati
a lungo termine dei trapianti di cuore.
Editor's Notes
Heart Failure results from heart disease treatment failure (there is no heart failure without heart disease). Nevertheless, the diagnosis is elusive, not only because of definition difficulties but because it is also a continuous process that starts with the presence of heart disease and heart failure risk factors.
4
4
Note: This slide was added to the original IMPACT-HF slide set. Teaching Text Beta-blocker therapy, like ACE inhibitors, acts by interfering with the endogenous neurohormonal system. Beta-blockers inhibit the toxic effects of norepinephrine.
Activation of the NPS is beneficial for patients with heart failure. ANP and BNP cause vasodilation and sodium excretion. In patients with decompensated heart failure, this system is overwhelmed. Interventions have been developed that act on the NPS to augment its actions using pharmacologic dosing of BNP. This therapy can restore the balance of these competing systems and reverse acutely decompensated heart failure. 1 Reference: Aghababian RV. Acutely decompensated heart failure: opportunities to improve care and outcomes in the emergency department. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2002;3(suppl 4):S3–S9.
Treatment of Heart Failure. Objectives The objectives of treatment of the patient with heart failure are many, but they may be summarized in two principles: decrease symptoms and prolong life. In daily practice, the first priority is symptom control and the best plan is to adjust to the individual patient’s particular circumstances over the course of therapy. Nevertheless, the rest of the listed objectives should not be forgotten, as medical therapy now has the potential for decreasing morbidity (hospital admissions, embolism, etc.), increasing exercise capacity (all of the usually prescribed drugs), improve the quality of life, control neurohormonal changes (ACE-I, beta blockers), retard progression (ACEI) and prolong life.
The VEST Study demonstrated QRS duration was found to be an independent predictor of mortality. Patients with wider QRS (> 200 ms) had five times greater mortality risk than those with the narrowest (< 90 ms). Resting ECG is a powerful yet accessible and inexpensive marker of prognosis in patients with DCM and CHF. - - - - ACC 1999; Abstract: 847-4 The Resting Electrocardiogram Provides a Sensitive and Inexpensive Marker of Prognosis in Patients with Chronic Congestive Heart Failure Venkateshwar K. Gottipaty , Steven P. Krelis, Fei Lu, Elizabeth P. Spencer, Vladimir Shusterman, Raul Weiss, Susan Brode, Amie White, Kelley P. Anderson, B.G. White, Arthur M. Feldman For the VEST investigators; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA Background: Patients with dilated cardiomyopathies (DCM) routinely undergo 12-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) evaluation. Although ECGs are inexpensive and readily available, their utility in the management of patients with DCM has not been defined. We hypothesized that QRS duration (QRSd), a measure of cardiac depolarization, might provide a marker of risk in patients with DCM and congestive heart failure (CHF). To test this hypothesis we evaluated the resting baseline ECG in patients enrolled in the VEST trial, which assessed the efficacy of vesnarinone in patients with Class II-IV CHF. Methods: 3654 ECGs were digitally scanned and QRSd in lead II was measured by blinded readers, using electronic calipers. Follow- up data were censured at 1 yr and analyzed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results: The following clinical variables were found to be independent predictors of mortality in an analysis (p < 0.0001): age, creatinine, LVEF, heart rate, and QRSd. Cumulative survival from all-cause mortality decreased proportionally with QRSd. The relative risk of the widest QRSd group was 5 times greater than the narrowest. Conclusion: We conclude that the resting ECG is a powerful yet accessible and inexpensive marker of prognosis in patients with DCM and CHF.
202 Prognosis. Hemodynamic factors The ejection fraction of the left ventricle (LVEF) is one of the few objective and easily reproducible parameters which are closely related to prognosis. Even in patients with subclinical ventricular dysfunction, the decrease in LVEF implies a poor prognosis. In this slide, the relationship between LVEF and cardiac mortality in a group of patients post-myocardial infarction is shown. Note the exponential increase in mortality when the LVEF is less than 40%. An interesting finding is that pharmacologic interventions which improve prognosis in the subgroup of patients with severe depression of ventricular function do not serve the patients with asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction as well. This points up the important clinical role of defining the LVEF. Brodie B et al. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1113
Advanced heart failure (HF) is characterized by hemodynamic abnormalities, which may contribute to fatal decompensation and sudden death. To assess the importance of LV filling pressures achieved early with ACE inhibitor therapy in predicting clinical outcome, total mortality as a function of PCWP was determined for 456 patients with advanced HF (ejection fraction, .20 ± .07). Oral ACE inhibitors were titrated to approach a PCWP of less than 15 mm Hg and an SVR of less than 1200 dynes - s - cm -5 . High PCWP on therapy predicted outcome by both life-table and Cox analyses. In patients with PCWPs higher than 18 mm Hg on therapy, 1-year mortality was 36% versus 18% in those with PCWPs lower than 16 mm Hg ( P < 0.001). High PCWP was an independent predictor of overall mortality for patients with HF. Both neurohumoral activation and high LV filling pressures contribute to mortality in patients with advanced HF. Persistently high PCWP identifies high-risk patients who should be considered for additional therapy or transplantation. 1 Reference: Fonarow GC, Stevenson LW, Steimle AE, et al. Persistently high left ventricular filling pressures predict mortality despite angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in advanced heart failure. Circulation. 1994;90(4 pt 2):I - 488.
Treatment of heart failure. Positive inotropic agents The use of inotropic agents in heart failure is intended to increase contractility and cardiac output to meet the metabolic needs of the body. Theoretically, their use should be greatest in heart failure associated with a decrease in systolic function and marked cardiomegaly, depression of ejection fraction and elevated left ventricular filling pressure. In addition to the cardiac glycosides, other positive inotropic agents include: a) the sympathomimetics, represented by the ß1 agonists (which stimulate cardiac contractility) and ß2-adrenergics (vasodilators). Both groups increase the intracellular concentration of cAMP by stimulating the activity of adenylate cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP; b) Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which inhibit the enzyme that breaks down cAMP, increase cardiac contractility and have arteriovenous vasodilatory effect; c) other ionotropic drugs including glucagon and Na + channels agonists.
Treatment of heart failure. Inotropes: General problems Positive inotropic drugs which increase cellular levels of cAMP have important proarrhythmic effects and seem to accelerate the progression of heart failure. Their hemodynamic effects decreased with prolonged treatment which suggests that they should not be used for chronic treatment. Safety and efficacy increases when they are used in low doses, with which the increase in contractility is slight. This points out that their beneficial effects probably do not depend on their positive inotropic action. The reduction in neurohumoral activation produced by digoxin and ibopamine, the antiarrhythmic action of Vesnarinone or the vasodilatory effects of dopamine, dobutamine or PDE III inhibitors may be more important than the increase in contractility that until recently was though to be their utility in the treatment of heart failure. With the exception of digoxin, chronic administration of these drugs increases mortality, so their use, in low doses, should be restricted to patients with refractory heart failure, with persistent symptoms despite treatment with combinations of other drugs. As it is precisely the sickest patients who manifest the increase in mortality, treatment with inotropic drugs is not likely to prolong the survival of these patients.
Multivariable analysis was performed using a proportional hazards model censoring all patients at 1 year. Separate models were fit for the two eras. Any factor with a p-value < 0.05 in either model was included in the final model for both eras. Continuous factors were fit using a restricted cubic spline.
Multivariable analysis was performed using a proportional hazards model censoring all patients at 5 years. Separate models were fit for the two eras. Any factor with a p-value < 0.05 in either model was included in the final model for both eras. Continuous factors were fit using a restricted cubic spline.
Multivariable analysis was performed using a proportional hazards model censoring all patients at 10 years. Continuous factors were fit using a restricted cubic spline.
Multivariable analysis was performed using a proportional hazards model censoring all patients at 3 years. Continuous factors were fit using a restricted cubic spline.
Multivariable analysis was performed using a proportional hazards model censoring all patients at 1 year. Continuous factors were fit using a restricted cubic spline. Analyses were limited to transplants having essentially complete information regarding risk factors.
Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, which incorporates information from all transplants for whom any follow-up has been provided. Since many patients are still alive and some patients have been lost to follow-up, the survival rates are estimates rather than exact rates because the time of death is not known for all patients. Therefore, 95% confidence limits are provided about the survival rate estimate; the survival rate shown is the best estimate but the true rate will most likely fall within these limits. The half-life is the estimated time point at which 50% of all of the recipients have died. The conditional half-life is the estimated time point at which 50% of the recipients who survive to at least 1 year have died. Because the decline in survival is greatest during the first year following transplantation, the conditional survival provides a more realistic expectation of survival time for recipients who survive the early post-transplant period.
Predicted survival was computed from the proportional hazards model based on the patient profiles shown.
Predicted survival was computed from the proportional hazards model based on the patient profiles shown.
Predicted survival was computed from the proportional hazards model based on the patient profiles shown.
Predicted survival was computed from the proportional hazards model based on the patient profiles shown.
T-cell activation and proliferation require at least three signals mediated by the interaction with alloantigens. This schematic diagram indicates the role of major immunosuppressive drug classes on the events leading to activation and proliferation of the CD4+ T-cell within the context of the required signals. Costimulation (signal 2) is mediated by a number of ligands and is required for full T-cell activation. Signal 3 is induced by IL-2 and other growth factors and leads to cell cycle progression. The fourth “signal” is programmed cell death – a natural consequence of T-cell activation that is affected variably by each class of drugs. Tac=tacrolimus; CsA=cyclosporine; Ster=corticosteroids; Sir=sirolimus; MMF=mycophenolate mofetil; AZA=azathioprine
Immunosuppression is delivered to organ transplant recipients in serial phases. For highly sensitized patients, this may begin prior to transplantation with treatments designed to reduce anti-HLA antibody titers (e.g., plasmapheresis, IVIg, anti-CD20 antibodies). Induction therapy, consisting of treatment with anti-lymphocyte antibodies, is administered immediately after transplantation in selected patients. Maintenance immunosuppression is generally required for the life of the allograft, including phases characterized by early acute rejection, immune accommodation, and, in some cases, late graft failure.
This figure shows the functional status reported on the 1-year, 3-year, 5-year and 7-year annual follow-ups. Because all follow-ups between April 1994 and June 2004 were included, the bars do not include the same patients.
This figure shows the employment status reported on annual follow-ups. Because all follow-ups between April 1994 and June 2004 were included, the bars do not include the same patients.
This table shows the percentage of patients experiencing various morbidities as reported on the 1-year annual follow-up form. The percentages are based on patients with known responses. Because the outcomes are reported to be unknown at different rates the number with known responses for each outcome are also provided.
This table shows the percentage of patients experiencing various morbidities as reported within 5 years following transplantation. The percentages are based on patients with known responses. To reduce bias, only patients with responses reported on every follow-up through the 5-year annual follow-up were included. Because the outcomes are reported to be unknown at different rates the number with known responses for each outcome are also provided.
This table shows the percentage of patients experiencing various morbidities as reported within 5 years following transplantation. The percentages are based on patients with known responses. To reduce bias, only patients with responses reported on every follow-up through the 5-year annual follow-up were included. Because the outcomes are reported to be unknown at different rates the number with known responses for each outcome are also provided.
So you can see that not only a problem of medical significance but scientific importance as well. if you are a basic scientist interested in cytokine signaling, signal transduction, proliferation, migration, vascular biology, or immunology, restenosis research is a great model to study