2. Trouble Brewing
ď¨ Either with them or against them
ď¤ Heretics and the Inquisition
ď¨ Shifts in priorities
ď¤ Thearts
ď¤ Defending Papal States
ď¨ Celibacy?
ď¨ Corruption
ď¤ Especially in Germanic Areas
ď¨ John Wycliffe
ď¨ John Huss
3. When the timing is rightâŚ
ď¨ The Printing Press
ď¤ By 1500, 250 cities printing 9-10 million books
ď¤ Erasmus a harsh critic
ď¤ People begin reading the Bible on their own
4. Martin Luther
ď¨ Was a devout Catholic, served as a
monk, tried to continually bring
himself closer to God
ď¨ Struggled with his faith
ď¨ Puzzled and inspired by âThe just
shall live by faithâ
ď¨ Angered by Johann Tetzel
http://www.luthertour.com/
5. Johann Tetzel
ď¤ Sale of Indulgences
ď¤ âHeaven Insuranceâ for you
and your loved ones â
dead or alive!
ď¤ âNo sooner than the coffer
ring, than a soul from
purgatory doth springâ
http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2009/02/13/opinion/13indulgences.large.jpg
6. The 95 Theses
ď¨ Nails his Ninety-five Theses to http://media-
cdn.tripadvisor.c
the door of the Castle Church in om/media/photo-
s/01/63/41/87/95
Wittenberg, Germany on All -thesis-of-martin-
luther.jpg
Hallows Eve, 1517
ď¤ Salvation by faith alone; he
opposed the Catholic Churchâs
beliefs in penance and good
works
ď¤ Bible is the only authority for
Christian life; Pope is a false
authority
ď¤ Priesthood of all believers â
each person should have an
individual relationship with God
and should read/interpret the
Bible for him/herself
ď¤ All people are equal in the eyes
of God
http://www.the-highway.com/95Theses.gif
7. Lutherâs ideas diffuse quickly
ď¨ Wrote many books, essays, and letters â which
are quickly printed and spread throughout
ď¨ Luther was not easily silenced â he ideas shake
Europe
ď¨ He did not originally intend to start an entire
new branch of Christianity
8. Pope Leo X
ď¨ Giovanni de Medici, son of
Lorenzo the Magnificent
ď¨ Pope Leo X issues a Papal Bull
June 15,1520 and threatens to
excommunicate Luther unless he
recanted
ď¨ Luther and his students at the
University of Witten berg
burned the Papal Bull in a
bonfire
ď¨ Pope excommunicates Luther
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/
09/Cardinal_Giovanni_de%27_Medici.jpg
9. Who do you think said this?
ď¨ âA single friar who goes counter to
all Christianity for a thousand years
must be wrongâŚI will proceed
against him as a notorious hereticâ
10. ď¨ Charles V â HRE
ď¨ 1521 â summons Luther to the Imperial Diet at
Worms to stand trial
ď¨ Refuses to recant his ideas,
ď¤ âUnless I am convinced by Scripture and plain
reasonâŚmy conscience is captive to the Word
of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything,
for to go against conscience is neither right nor
safe. Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise.
Amen.â
ď¨ Charles V replies â
ď¤ âA single friar who goes counter to all
Christianity for a thousand years must be
wrongâŚI will proceed against him as a
notorious hereticâ
ď¨ Charles V issues Edict of Worms â declaring
Luther an outlaw and heretic
https://libwebspace.library.cmu.edu:4430/posner/sp09
/subcontents//images/charlesv%203_4.jpg
11. ď¨ Frederick the Wise â German prince of Saxony,
protects Luther in his castle for the first year after
the Diet of Worms
ď¤ Spendsthe year translating the New Testament into
German
ď¨ Lutherâs ideas were practiced â priests began
leading worship in German, calling themselves
âministersâ
ď¨ People give up on trying to reform the Catholic
Church and become a group known as Lutherans
12. ď¨ Group of princes loyal to the Pope join forces and
create an alliance against Lutherâs ideas
ď¨ The princes who support Luther sign a statement
protesting this alliance â become known as the
Protestants
13. Women and the Reformation
ď¨ Which idea do you think appealed to women the most?
ď¤ Concept of equality in Godâs eyes
ď¨ Protestant teachings emphasized more compassionate
marriages
ď¤ More compassionate
ď¤ Increased education for women
ď¤ More grounds for divorce if a husband violated his vows
ď¨ During the early years, women were major writers and
preachers
ď¤ As Protestant groups become more formal, womenâs
opportunities decrease