The document provides an overview of nursing theories, including:
1. Definitions of theory and nursing theory. Nursing theory aims to describe, explain, predict, or prescribe nursing care.
2. Characteristics of theories, such as being logical, generalizable, and able to be tested with hypotheses.
3. Descriptions of several influential nursing theories, their key concepts and founders, such as Nightingale's environment-focused theory, Henderson's focus on basic human needs, and Watson's caring theory.
The document discusses the code of ethics for nursing. It begins by defining what a code of ethics is and how it provides standards of behavior for a profession. It then discusses the specific nursing code of ethics, its purposes, and the evolution of the International Council of Nurses' code of ethics. The code has four main elements: nurses and people, nurses and practice, nurses and the profession, and nurses and co-workers. It outlines nurses' responsibilities and basic ethical principles like respect for persons, accountability, and confidentiality that nurses should uphold.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on legal and ethical issues in nursing. The objectives of the seminar are for students to learn about ethical and social issues, the legal system in nursing, patient and employment rights, medico-legal cases, and infection control standards. The document discusses definitions of ethics, ethical principles like respect for autonomy and beneficence, the International Code of Nursing Ethics, the Indian Nursing Council Code of Ethics, ethical theories, ethical dilemmas, the administrator's role in ethical issues, and decision making processes. It also provides an introduction to legal aspects in nursing.
1. Nursing theories provide a framework for nursing practice by defining concepts related to nursing, nursing goals and functions, and the principles that form the basis of nursing practice.
2. Nursing theories can influence nursing education by providing a theoretical perspective that shapes curriculum content and guides teaching methods and student learning evaluations.
3. Nursing theories are applied in education by using theoretical concepts and models to determine curriculum content and structure, as well as instructional processes and teaching strategies. This provides students with a philosophical basis that helps define their professional roles.
This document outlines key topics related to nursing theory including definitions, historical perspectives, terminology used in theory development, types of nursing theories, a framework for analyzing theories, and the significance of nursing theories. It discusses nursing as both a discipline and a profession. Nursing theories are important as they provide frameworks to structure curriculum and guide nursing practice. Theories also contribute to the development of nursing science and help establish nursing as a true profession. Major nursing theorists like Nightingale, Henderson, Abdellah, and Orem are also briefly discussed.
Trends and scope in advanced nursing practice Tajinder Saini
Nursing practice is defined as an advanced level of clinical nursing that maximizes graduate education and expertise to meet patient needs. Characteristics include autonomous care, leadership, decision-making skills, and influencing health policy. The scope of nursing practice is regulated by each state and varies, but generally involves effective care delivery, research, and standards of practice. Nursing occurs in various settings like hospitals, schools, occupational health, telehealth, space, and more specialized areas like robotics and mobile services. Trends in nursing include total patient care models, evidence-based practice, electronic health records, hospice care, nursing informatics, and standardized terminologies.
The document discusses ethics in nursing. It defines ethics as the study of good conduct and character and how it differs from legal issues. It outlines key ethical principles like autonomy, justice, and beneficence. The International Council of Nursing Code of Ethics is also summarized, which establishes the nurse's responsibilities to people in need of care, nursing practices, society, coworkers, and the profession. The code aims to guide ethical nursing behavior and uphold standards of care, confidentiality, and professionalism.
Nursing has evolved from an occupation to a profession through developing specialized knowledge and skills. It involves both the science of caring for individuals and an art of applying knowledge compassionately. As a profession, nursing meets criteria such as requiring advanced education and training, demonstrating high-level responsibilities, and being guided by a code of ethics. Nurses work in a broad scope of settings and play an important role in promoting health, preventing illness, and caring for those who are sick, disabled, or dying.
The document provides an overview of nursing theories, including:
1. Definitions of theory and nursing theory. Nursing theory aims to describe, explain, predict, or prescribe nursing care.
2. Characteristics of theories, such as being logical, generalizable, and able to be tested with hypotheses.
3. Descriptions of several influential nursing theories, their key concepts and founders, such as Nightingale's environment-focused theory, Henderson's focus on basic human needs, and Watson's caring theory.
The document discusses the code of ethics for nursing. It begins by defining what a code of ethics is and how it provides standards of behavior for a profession. It then discusses the specific nursing code of ethics, its purposes, and the evolution of the International Council of Nurses' code of ethics. The code has four main elements: nurses and people, nurses and practice, nurses and the profession, and nurses and co-workers. It outlines nurses' responsibilities and basic ethical principles like respect for persons, accountability, and confidentiality that nurses should uphold.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on legal and ethical issues in nursing. The objectives of the seminar are for students to learn about ethical and social issues, the legal system in nursing, patient and employment rights, medico-legal cases, and infection control standards. The document discusses definitions of ethics, ethical principles like respect for autonomy and beneficence, the International Code of Nursing Ethics, the Indian Nursing Council Code of Ethics, ethical theories, ethical dilemmas, the administrator's role in ethical issues, and decision making processes. It also provides an introduction to legal aspects in nursing.
1. Nursing theories provide a framework for nursing practice by defining concepts related to nursing, nursing goals and functions, and the principles that form the basis of nursing practice.
2. Nursing theories can influence nursing education by providing a theoretical perspective that shapes curriculum content and guides teaching methods and student learning evaluations.
3. Nursing theories are applied in education by using theoretical concepts and models to determine curriculum content and structure, as well as instructional processes and teaching strategies. This provides students with a philosophical basis that helps define their professional roles.
This document outlines key topics related to nursing theory including definitions, historical perspectives, terminology used in theory development, types of nursing theories, a framework for analyzing theories, and the significance of nursing theories. It discusses nursing as both a discipline and a profession. Nursing theories are important as they provide frameworks to structure curriculum and guide nursing practice. Theories also contribute to the development of nursing science and help establish nursing as a true profession. Major nursing theorists like Nightingale, Henderson, Abdellah, and Orem are also briefly discussed.
Trends and scope in advanced nursing practice Tajinder Saini
Nursing practice is defined as an advanced level of clinical nursing that maximizes graduate education and expertise to meet patient needs. Characteristics include autonomous care, leadership, decision-making skills, and influencing health policy. The scope of nursing practice is regulated by each state and varies, but generally involves effective care delivery, research, and standards of practice. Nursing occurs in various settings like hospitals, schools, occupational health, telehealth, space, and more specialized areas like robotics and mobile services. Trends in nursing include total patient care models, evidence-based practice, electronic health records, hospice care, nursing informatics, and standardized terminologies.
The document discusses ethics in nursing. It defines ethics as the study of good conduct and character and how it differs from legal issues. It outlines key ethical principles like autonomy, justice, and beneficence. The International Council of Nursing Code of Ethics is also summarized, which establishes the nurse's responsibilities to people in need of care, nursing practices, society, coworkers, and the profession. The code aims to guide ethical nursing behavior and uphold standards of care, confidentiality, and professionalism.
Nursing has evolved from an occupation to a profession through developing specialized knowledge and skills. It involves both the science of caring for individuals and an art of applying knowledge compassionately. As a profession, nursing meets criteria such as requiring advanced education and training, demonstrating high-level responsibilities, and being guided by a code of ethics. Nurses work in a broad scope of settings and play an important role in promoting health, preventing illness, and caring for those who are sick, disabled, or dying.
CODE OF ETHICS: The guiding principle in nursing
code are the direction of conduct , understanding of what is right and wrong while providing care in the hospital and community settings.The ICN code of ethics are the milestone to establish nursing as a profession.
gud evening guys
this is descrive you that this ppt is making very simple way and i hope this will help you to understand lightky about nursing theories
This document provides an overview of Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing. It introduces Orem as the theorist and discusses the main concepts of her theory, including self-care, self-care agency, self-care requisites, and nursing systems. The theory posits that nursing is needed when there is a deficit between what an individual can do for self-care and what needs to be done. The document then provides an example application of Orem's theory to a case study of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, identifying her self-care deficits, nursing diagnosis, goals, and care plan.
The document outlines the code of ethics in nursing according to a professor in Ethiopia. It discusses the introduction to ethics and defines key terms. It then explains the purposes of having a nursing code of ethics, which include providing guidelines for nurses in ethical dilemmas and enabling correct and uniform decisions. The document also discusses the ethical principles of respecting autonomy, beneficence, justice, veracity, and fidelity. It defines ethical dilemmas and the process of ethical reasoning. Finally, it provides the specific code of ethics for nurses in India, which establishes standards for maintaining competence, respecting patients, and ensuring quality care.
Introduction, Definition of Nursing and Role and Functions of Nurse Prof Vijayraddi
This document provides an introduction to the field of nursing. It begins with a brief history, noting that nursing has existed since ancient Roman times but became more prominent in Europe during the Middle Ages due to the Catholic church. It then discusses Florence Nightingale's pioneering role in establishing nursing as a respected profession in the 19th century. The rest of the document defines key nursing concepts according to various authorities and outlines the roles, responsibilities, and educational requirements of nurses today on a global scale. It concludes by designating 2020 as the International Year of the Nurse and Midwife in recognition of their vital contributions to healthcare worldwide.
Code of ethics and Code of Professional ConductKenneth Kekal
The document provides an overview of the code of ethics and code of professional conduct for nurses in India as established by the Indian Nursing Council (INC). It defines key terms like ethics, nursing, and provides the specific ethical principles and 5 elements that make up the INC code of ethics for nurses. These principles guide nurses relationships with people, their practice, society, coworkers and profession. The document also outlines the INC code of professional conduct which establishes standards for nurses' professional responsibilities, nursing practice, communication and valuing human beings.
History of development of Nursing ProfessionsAnamika Ramawat
History of development of Nursing Professions, Characteristics, Criteria of the Nursing Profession, Perspective of Nursing Profession- National and Global Level
Transcultural Nursing is a nursing specialty focused on understanding and providing culturally congruent care to diverse populations. It involves comparing cultures to understand universal similarities as well as culture-specific differences in areas like health beliefs, caring practices, and responses to illness. A key founder, Madeleine Leininger, developed theories recognizing how culture influences health and developed models for providing culturally appropriate care. This includes assessing six cultural dimensions - communication, space, social organization, time, environmental control, and biological variations - that affect healthcare interactions across groups.
This document provides a history of nursing in India from prehistoric times to the 20th century. It describes how in ancient India women gathered herbs and plants to heal the sick, and how Sushruta was known as the father of surgery. During the Middle Ages, charitable institutions provided care for the sick and poor. Florence Nightingale is credited with establishing the first nursing philosophy based on health and restoration. Nursing expanded and became more organized throughout the 19th and 20th centuries in India.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to nursing theory, including definitions of theory, paradigm, domain, and the components and purposes of nursing theory. It discusses the link between nursing theory and practice/research and how students can begin incorporating theory into their practice. Grand, middle range, and descriptive nursing theories are introduced. The importance of studying both nursing and non-nursing theories is highlighted.
The document discusses various methods of nursing documentation and recording. It describes the purposes of accurate nursing documentation as communication, legal documentation, nursing audits, education, financial billing, nursing research, and improving the quality of care. The principles of quality documentation include being factual, accurate, complete, current, organized and timely. Common documentation methods discussed are narrative notes, problem-oriented medical records (POMR), source records, charting by exception, and case management plans.
Quality assurance in nursing originated with Florence Nightingale and involves establishing standards of care and measuring patient care against those standards to evaluate and promote excellence. A quality assurance program is a systematic, ongoing process that sets standards, measures patient care, gathers data, and makes recommendations for improvement. The goal is to ensure efficient, effective, and economical care. Approaches include credentialing like licensure and certification, peer review, auditing care standards and documentation, and identifying areas for improvement. Quality assurance helps improve patient care standards and professional development.
Florence Nightingale is considered the founder of modern nursing. She developed an environmental theory of nursing in the 1850s based on her experiences as a nurse in the Crimean War. Her theory emphasized that the environment, including factors like cleanliness, ventilation, warmth, noise levels, and odor control, greatly impacts a patient's health and recovery. Nurses should aim to control and manipulate the environment to help patients regain their health and vitality. Nightingale identified several key aspects of the physical, psychological, and social environment that nurses should consider to optimize patient outcomes. Her theory shaped the development of nursing as a professional practice.
This summary outlines Betty Neuman's Systems Model, a nursing theory developed in 1972. The model views the client as an open system that reacts to environmental stressors. There are five categories of stressors that can affect an individual: physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, developmental, and spiritual. The clinical application of the theory involves assessing the stressor and patient's response, identifying nursing diagnoses, planning patient-centered care with interventions, and evaluating the outcome.
This document provides an introduction and overview of nursing theory. It defines key concepts such as theory, paradigm, domain, and components of a theory. It describes the purposes of nursing theory as guiding practice and generating knowledge. Different types of nursing theories are outlined such as grand, middle-range, descriptive, and prescriptive theories. The link between nursing theory and research is described. Current trends that influence nursing theory are also discussed. The importance of nursing theory in practice is emphasized.
This document provides an overview of the nursing profession. It defines nursing as caring for individuals' health needs through a caring relationship. Nursing requires a bachelor's degree and license. It is considered both an art and a science focused on health promotion. As a profession, nursing is based on scientific knowledge, has educational standards, and follows a code of ethics. Nurses work in various medical settings and have an expanding scope of practice focused on patient care.
Holistic nursing focuses on treating the whole person by considering their physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being. The goal of holistic nursing is to promote health and wellness while also preventing or alleviating suffering. A holistic nurse considers all aspects of a person's life to develop a comprehensive care plan that enhances healing. Key aspects of holistic nursing include viewing each individual as a unique being, respecting their beliefs and preferences, and empowering patients to make their own health decisions.
nursing process:Implementation and evaluationArifa T N
The document outlines the steps of implementing the nursing process. It discusses that implementing is the action phase where the nurse performs nursing interventions using cognitive, interpersonal, and technical skills like problem solving, communication, and procedures. The process of implementing involves reassessing the client, determining if assistance is needed, performing interventions while ensuring privacy and client participation, supervising delegated care, and documenting activities. Guidelines for implementing include using evidence-based practice, clearly understanding and adapting interventions, providing safe care, teaching, support, and respecting client dignity.
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery by circulating and oxygenating the blood. It allows correction of cardiac defects that were previously not surgically treatable. The basic CPB circuit involves draining blood from the veins into an oxygenator and reservoir before pumping it back into the arteries. Key components include cannulas, a pump, oxygenator, heat exchanger, and cardioplegia delivery system. CPB requires anticoagulation and precise monitoring to safely divert blood flow around the heart while surgical repairs are made before returning the patient to full cardiac function. Complications can include bleeding, infection, organ dysfunction, and neurological issues. Advances like centrifugal pumps
Infection control,BMW management,standard precautionSreevidya V S
Standard precautions are a set of practices used to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings. They include proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps, and appropriate waste disposal. Healthcare facilities must properly segregate, disinfect or sterilize, and dispose of biomedical waste to prevent the spread of infections. Waste is categorized and disposed of according to color-coded bags through methods like incineration, autoclaving, or deep burial. Proper waste management and staff training are essential to reduce the risks posed by biomedical waste.
CODE OF ETHICS: The guiding principle in nursing
code are the direction of conduct , understanding of what is right and wrong while providing care in the hospital and community settings.The ICN code of ethics are the milestone to establish nursing as a profession.
gud evening guys
this is descrive you that this ppt is making very simple way and i hope this will help you to understand lightky about nursing theories
This document provides an overview of Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing. It introduces Orem as the theorist and discusses the main concepts of her theory, including self-care, self-care agency, self-care requisites, and nursing systems. The theory posits that nursing is needed when there is a deficit between what an individual can do for self-care and what needs to be done. The document then provides an example application of Orem's theory to a case study of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, identifying her self-care deficits, nursing diagnosis, goals, and care plan.
The document outlines the code of ethics in nursing according to a professor in Ethiopia. It discusses the introduction to ethics and defines key terms. It then explains the purposes of having a nursing code of ethics, which include providing guidelines for nurses in ethical dilemmas and enabling correct and uniform decisions. The document also discusses the ethical principles of respecting autonomy, beneficence, justice, veracity, and fidelity. It defines ethical dilemmas and the process of ethical reasoning. Finally, it provides the specific code of ethics for nurses in India, which establishes standards for maintaining competence, respecting patients, and ensuring quality care.
Introduction, Definition of Nursing and Role and Functions of Nurse Prof Vijayraddi
This document provides an introduction to the field of nursing. It begins with a brief history, noting that nursing has existed since ancient Roman times but became more prominent in Europe during the Middle Ages due to the Catholic church. It then discusses Florence Nightingale's pioneering role in establishing nursing as a respected profession in the 19th century. The rest of the document defines key nursing concepts according to various authorities and outlines the roles, responsibilities, and educational requirements of nurses today on a global scale. It concludes by designating 2020 as the International Year of the Nurse and Midwife in recognition of their vital contributions to healthcare worldwide.
Code of ethics and Code of Professional ConductKenneth Kekal
The document provides an overview of the code of ethics and code of professional conduct for nurses in India as established by the Indian Nursing Council (INC). It defines key terms like ethics, nursing, and provides the specific ethical principles and 5 elements that make up the INC code of ethics for nurses. These principles guide nurses relationships with people, their practice, society, coworkers and profession. The document also outlines the INC code of professional conduct which establishes standards for nurses' professional responsibilities, nursing practice, communication and valuing human beings.
History of development of Nursing ProfessionsAnamika Ramawat
History of development of Nursing Professions, Characteristics, Criteria of the Nursing Profession, Perspective of Nursing Profession- National and Global Level
Transcultural Nursing is a nursing specialty focused on understanding and providing culturally congruent care to diverse populations. It involves comparing cultures to understand universal similarities as well as culture-specific differences in areas like health beliefs, caring practices, and responses to illness. A key founder, Madeleine Leininger, developed theories recognizing how culture influences health and developed models for providing culturally appropriate care. This includes assessing six cultural dimensions - communication, space, social organization, time, environmental control, and biological variations - that affect healthcare interactions across groups.
This document provides a history of nursing in India from prehistoric times to the 20th century. It describes how in ancient India women gathered herbs and plants to heal the sick, and how Sushruta was known as the father of surgery. During the Middle Ages, charitable institutions provided care for the sick and poor. Florence Nightingale is credited with establishing the first nursing philosophy based on health and restoration. Nursing expanded and became more organized throughout the 19th and 20th centuries in India.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to nursing theory, including definitions of theory, paradigm, domain, and the components and purposes of nursing theory. It discusses the link between nursing theory and practice/research and how students can begin incorporating theory into their practice. Grand, middle range, and descriptive nursing theories are introduced. The importance of studying both nursing and non-nursing theories is highlighted.
The document discusses various methods of nursing documentation and recording. It describes the purposes of accurate nursing documentation as communication, legal documentation, nursing audits, education, financial billing, nursing research, and improving the quality of care. The principles of quality documentation include being factual, accurate, complete, current, organized and timely. Common documentation methods discussed are narrative notes, problem-oriented medical records (POMR), source records, charting by exception, and case management plans.
Quality assurance in nursing originated with Florence Nightingale and involves establishing standards of care and measuring patient care against those standards to evaluate and promote excellence. A quality assurance program is a systematic, ongoing process that sets standards, measures patient care, gathers data, and makes recommendations for improvement. The goal is to ensure efficient, effective, and economical care. Approaches include credentialing like licensure and certification, peer review, auditing care standards and documentation, and identifying areas for improvement. Quality assurance helps improve patient care standards and professional development.
Florence Nightingale is considered the founder of modern nursing. She developed an environmental theory of nursing in the 1850s based on her experiences as a nurse in the Crimean War. Her theory emphasized that the environment, including factors like cleanliness, ventilation, warmth, noise levels, and odor control, greatly impacts a patient's health and recovery. Nurses should aim to control and manipulate the environment to help patients regain their health and vitality. Nightingale identified several key aspects of the physical, psychological, and social environment that nurses should consider to optimize patient outcomes. Her theory shaped the development of nursing as a professional practice.
This summary outlines Betty Neuman's Systems Model, a nursing theory developed in 1972. The model views the client as an open system that reacts to environmental stressors. There are five categories of stressors that can affect an individual: physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, developmental, and spiritual. The clinical application of the theory involves assessing the stressor and patient's response, identifying nursing diagnoses, planning patient-centered care with interventions, and evaluating the outcome.
This document provides an introduction and overview of nursing theory. It defines key concepts such as theory, paradigm, domain, and components of a theory. It describes the purposes of nursing theory as guiding practice and generating knowledge. Different types of nursing theories are outlined such as grand, middle-range, descriptive, and prescriptive theories. The link between nursing theory and research is described. Current trends that influence nursing theory are also discussed. The importance of nursing theory in practice is emphasized.
This document provides an overview of the nursing profession. It defines nursing as caring for individuals' health needs through a caring relationship. Nursing requires a bachelor's degree and license. It is considered both an art and a science focused on health promotion. As a profession, nursing is based on scientific knowledge, has educational standards, and follows a code of ethics. Nurses work in various medical settings and have an expanding scope of practice focused on patient care.
Holistic nursing focuses on treating the whole person by considering their physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being. The goal of holistic nursing is to promote health and wellness while also preventing or alleviating suffering. A holistic nurse considers all aspects of a person's life to develop a comprehensive care plan that enhances healing. Key aspects of holistic nursing include viewing each individual as a unique being, respecting their beliefs and preferences, and empowering patients to make their own health decisions.
nursing process:Implementation and evaluationArifa T N
The document outlines the steps of implementing the nursing process. It discusses that implementing is the action phase where the nurse performs nursing interventions using cognitive, interpersonal, and technical skills like problem solving, communication, and procedures. The process of implementing involves reassessing the client, determining if assistance is needed, performing interventions while ensuring privacy and client participation, supervising delegated care, and documenting activities. Guidelines for implementing include using evidence-based practice, clearly understanding and adapting interventions, providing safe care, teaching, support, and respecting client dignity.
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery by circulating and oxygenating the blood. It allows correction of cardiac defects that were previously not surgically treatable. The basic CPB circuit involves draining blood from the veins into an oxygenator and reservoir before pumping it back into the arteries. Key components include cannulas, a pump, oxygenator, heat exchanger, and cardioplegia delivery system. CPB requires anticoagulation and precise monitoring to safely divert blood flow around the heart while surgical repairs are made before returning the patient to full cardiac function. Complications can include bleeding, infection, organ dysfunction, and neurological issues. Advances like centrifugal pumps
Infection control,BMW management,standard precautionSreevidya V S
Standard precautions are a set of practices used to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings. They include proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps, and appropriate waste disposal. Healthcare facilities must properly segregate, disinfect or sterilize, and dispose of biomedical waste to prevent the spread of infections. Waste is categorized and disposed of according to color-coded bags through methods like incineration, autoclaving, or deep burial. Proper waste management and staff training are essential to reduce the risks posed by biomedical waste.
Nursing theory provides a framework to organize nursing knowledge and explain phenomena in nursing practice. Theories are composed of concepts and propositions, and can be classified based on their scope, purpose, and philosophical underpinnings. Historically, nursing relied on theories from other disciplines but has increasingly developed its own theories over the past century. Key developments include Nightingale's Environmental Theory in 1860, Henderson's Definition of Nursing in 1955, and theories by Rogers, Orem, Roy, and Watson from the 1970s onward. Nursing theory continues to evolve as the profession seeks consensus on its conceptual foundations.
Module 01 (Student) Introduction To The Scientific Study Of Lifehughbcole
The document provides an overview of the key concepts in biology. It discusses that biology is the study of life, including the genetic information in DNA, order and regulation in organisms, growth and development, use of energy, response to stimuli, and evolutionary change. It also describes the hierarchical levels of life from molecules to ecosystems, and explains how taxonomy classifies organisms. Additionally, it covers the theories of cell, evolution, and natural selection.
This document discusses routine weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). It emphasizes the importance of clear communication among the perfusionist, surgeon, and anesthesiologist during weaning. The process begins by partially occluding venous return to allow the heart to fill and pump on its own. Key parameters like pump flow rate, reservoir volume, and oxygen saturation are monitored. As flow rate decreases, preload is adjusted through small volume boluses to achieve optimal hemodynamics before fully discontinuing CPB support. Challenges like hypovolemia or pump failure are addressed through interventions like volume infusion or reinstituting bypass. Careful monitoring and prompt response are essential during this critical transition off bypass.
The document contains notes from multiple dates discussing various topics. Key points include: events from 1853; notes on a three-part system with steps; mention of issues in 1835 and solutions implemented; and brief notes on various other topics with dates ranging from 12/05/16 to 12/26/16. The document appears to be a collection of brief notes and reminders covering historical events and various other subject matters across multiple dates.
Conflict theory sees education as perpetuating social inequality by providing greater resources to schools in affluent districts, giving those students advantages. It argues that standardized tests exhibit cultural bias and are used to track students into different levels of education and careers. Critics say conflict theory takes too negative a view and does not acknowledge positive aspects of society. Functionalism sees education as socializing students and imparting skills and knowledge to benefit society. It argues education preserves culture but also changes it. Interactional theory focuses on day-to-day interactions in schools and how teacher expectations influence students, rather than larger social forces.
Nurses as the primary care providers would be the immediate health care professional to assess the patient's response and to determine whether he is improving or deteriorating. Signs of brain death can be identified and reported early by a nurse with adequate knowledge.
lecture 12 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes DSM-IV TR psychiatric disorders including Post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, anterior cingulate
The document provides an overview of nursing theories, terminology, and major nursing theorists including Florence Nightingale, Hildegard Peplau, Virginia Henderson, Dorothea Orem, Callista Roy, and Betty Neuman. It defines key concepts such as concepts, propositions, models, and the nursing metaparadigm. For each theorist, it summarizes their definition of nursing and highlights aspects of their theory such as Nightingale's environmental factors, Peplau's phases of the nurse-patient relationship, and Orem's self-care requisites. The document serves as an introduction to nursing theory for students.
Lesson One - Introduction into sociologyaqsa_naeem
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in sociology. It defines sociology as the study of social behaviors and explains that sociologists explore human social interactions through studying relationships between individuals, groups, and social institutions. Some key points:
- Sociology examines how social institutions like family, education, work, health care influence behaviors and how people are socialized from a young age.
- It explores different sociological perspectives like functionalism, Marxism, feminism to analyze topics like crime, family, media.
- Social diversity and social structure influence individuals, but sociologists take different theoretical approaches like structuralism which emphasize social control versus action theory focusing on individual agency.
Geriatric depression is a common and serious problem. It affects 17-37% of older adults in primary care settings and 11-30% of older adult inpatients and long-term care residents. Risk factors include advancing age, living in long-term care, female gender, physical illness or disability, lack of social support, and low socioeconomic status. Symptoms include apathy, loss of interest, withdrawal, appetite changes, sleep problems, feelings of worthlessness, and vague physical complaints. Treatment involves ensuring safety, meeting physical needs, supportive counseling, group therapies, education, and medication management. Suicide risk is elevated and prevention requires limiting access, family involvement, contracts, and treating underlying depression.
Social Determinants of Health InequitiesRenzo Guinto
Lecture given during the pre-APRM workshop on Social Determinants of Health and Global Health Equity, September 11, 2012, Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
The document provides an overview of functionalism and Marxism as sociological perspectives for understanding health and social care. It describes functionalism's view of society operating like a human body, with different institutions functioning together harmoniously. Marxism is presented as a conflict model, viewing society as characterized by inequality and exploitation of the working class by the capitalist ruling class due to private ownership of production. The document outlines key concepts for each perspective such as consensus and social control for functionalism, and ideology, class consciousness, and relations of production for Marxism.
Lesson 2 - feminism and interactionalismaqsa_naeem
Feminism and interactionism are two main sociological perspectives described in the document. Feminism views society as divided by gender, with women unfairly treated and seeking equality with men. There are three main types of feminism: Marxist feminism sees women as oppressed by capitalism and men; radical feminism believes patriarchy biases society toward men; and liberal feminism believes equality can be achieved through legal reforms. Interactionism focuses on small groups and how individuals interpret situations and roles, rather than viewing people as programmed by socialization. It examines dynamics within groups like families or workplaces.
Dorothea Orem fue una enfermera estadounidense que desarrolló la Teoría del Déficit de Autocuidado. Nació en 1914 en Baltimore y se graduó como enfermera en 1934. Obtuvo una maestría en 1946 y se dedicó a la enseñanza, investigación y administración de enfermería. Formuló la teoría del déficit de autocuidado para explicar cómo la enfermería puede ayudar a las personas cuando tienen limitaciones para cuidarse a sí mismas. La teoría incluye tres sistemas de en
Lesson 3 - collectivism and postmodernismaqsa_naeem
Collectivism views society as collectively responsible for meeting the needs of vulnerable groups through taxation and national insurance. It aims to eliminate poverty, idleness, disease, squalor, and ignorance. The New Right emerged in the 1980s advocating for smaller government and individual responsibility over welfare. Postmodernism sees society as uncertain and fragmented without stable institutions due to rapid change. It believes people construct their own identities and make independent choices from a range of options rather than conforming to social roles.
Prochaska and DiClemente's Trans-theoretical Model of Change. By Theresa Lowr...Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
The document summarizes the Trans-theoretical Model of Change proposed by psychologists James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente. The model outlines five stages of change that people progress through when trying to change an addictive behavior: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. It also includes the possibility of relapse. The model can be used by therapists and coaches to assess what stage a client is at and determine appropriate strategies to help them progress to the next stage of change.
20 Shortcuts On Organizational Change ManagementLuc Galoppin
If you would ask me to summarize our field of expertise in 20 points, this e-book would be my answer. It contains my personal view on the basics of Organizational Change Management.
I use it as a companion to my trainings on Change Management because I don’t do PowerPoint. I do People instead.
This document provides an overview of various nursing theories, including their components, applications, and criticisms. It discusses meta-theories, grand theories, middle-range theories, and practice theories. Examples of descriptive and prescriptive theories are given. Several influential nursing theories are described in depth, including Nightingale's Environmental Theory, Henderson's Nursing Need Theory, King's Goal Attainment Theory, Roy's Adaptation Model, Orlando's Nursing Process Theory, and Watson's Theory of Human Caring. The methods of theory development and potential barriers to applying theory in practice are also summarized.
Nursing theory provides a framework for nurses by defining concepts, describing relationships between variables, and guiding practice, research, education and communication. There are four levels of theory from metatheory to practice theory. Common nursing theories were developed to explain phenomena like human caring, adaptation to illness, and achieving self-care. Theories influence assessment, intervention, and evaluation in nursing and help define the profession.
ENC Msc 5 Unit Research Concept framework.pptxChinna Chadayan
Prof. Dr. Chinna Chadayan.N discusses various conceptual frameworks and theories in nursing. Some key points discussed include:
- The meaning and definitions of theories, concepts, models, and frameworks.
- The three levels of nursing theory: grand, middle-range, and practice-level theories.
- The nursing metaparadigm which includes person, environment, health, and nursing.
- Several influential nursing theorists are discussed such as Nightingale, Peplau, Henderson, Abdellah, Orlando, Watson, Rogers, Orem, King, and their respective theories.
This document provides an introduction to nursing theory. It discusses that nursing theory is a framework that organizes nursing knowledge and explains phenomena in nursing practice. Nursing theory is comprised of concepts, propositions, assumptions and definitions. The key concepts in nursing theory are person, environment, health, and nursing. Nursing theory guides nursing practice and generates new knowledge to improve patient care and outcomes.
The document discusses several key concepts in nursing theory, including definitions of theory, concepts, models, and propositions. It also discusses the importance of nursing theory in describing, predicting, and explaining nursing phenomena. Several nursing theorists and their theories are summarized, including Nightingale's Environmental Theory, Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory, Abdellah's Concept of 21 Nursing Problems, and Johnson's Behavioral Systems Model. The document provides an overview of foundational concepts and elements of nursing theory.
This document outlines key topics related to nursing theory including definitions, historical perspectives, terminology, types of theories, and the significance of theory. It discusses nursing as both a discipline and profession. Nursing theory is significant as it provides frameworks for structuring curriculum and guiding nursing practice. Theory helps nursing develop as a science by providing bases for research. Theories are also important for nursing as a profession by presenting specialized nursing knowledge and improving practice through research.
This document outlines topics to be covered in a lecture on nursing theories. It will define key terms, describe the historical development of nursing theory, examine major nursing theorists like Nightingale, Henderson, Abdellah, and Orem, and explain the significance of nursing theories in guiding clinical practice. The learning objectives are to define terms, explain influential theories, and demonstrate how theories apply to different clinical settings.
This document provides an outline of topics to be covered in a lecture on nursing theories. The outline includes definitions of theory and nursing theory, a historical perspective on nursing theory development, terminology used in theory development, types of nursing theories, a framework for analyzing theories, and the significance of nursing theories for the nursing discipline and profession. Some key nursing theorists and their works are also listed, such as Nightingale, Henderson, Abdellah, and Orem. Learning objectives are provided which indicate nurses will understand terms used in theory development, explain the significance of seminal nursing theories, and examine how theories apply to clinical practice.
This document provides an introduction to nursing theories. It defines what a nursing theory is and discusses their importance. Nursing theories aim to describe, predict, and explain nursing phenomena. They provide foundations for nursing practice and guidance for research and education. The document also outlines some key objectives of nursing theories like assessing patients' conditions, identifying needs, and applying theories to solve identified health problems. It discusses characteristics of useful theories and the four major concepts addressed in most nursing theories - person, environment, health, and nursing.
This document discusses the application of nursing theory in clinical practice. It begins by defining key concepts in nursing theory like empirical, inferential, and abstract concepts. It then discusses paradigms like pre-paradigm, paradigm, and meta-paradigm. The meta-paradigm elements of nursing are identified as person, health, nursing, and environment. Common nursing theories are also outlined, including their key concepts. The document concludes that nursing theory provides a framework for practice, research, education, and understanding the goals of nursing. Applying theory helps nurses describe, explain, and predict patient experiences to improve care.
The document discusses several nursing theories including:
1. Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory which focuses on factors like ventilation, cleanliness, and nutrition that promote patient health.
2. Virginia Henderson's Basic Human Needs Theory which identifies 14 basic needs that nursing care seeks to meet like breathing, eating, and communicating.
3. Hildegard Peplau's Nurse-Patient Relationship Theory which outlines 4 phases of the relationship from orientation to resolution.
4. Theories provide frameworks to guide nursing practice and evaluate outcomes of care. Understanding theoretical concepts is important for effective clinical nursing.
Nursing is both an art and a science. The science of nursing examines the relationship among person, health and environment. The art of nursing is embedded in caring relationship between nurse and client.
As an increasingly emerging profession, nursing is now deeply involved in identifying its own unique body of knowledge that is essential to nursing practice. The development of a body of knowledge is basic to any professional discipline, which can be applied to its practice. Such knowledge often expressed in terms of concepts and theories in the area of the behavioral or social sciences.
Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory has three related theories: self-care, self-care deficit, and nursing systems. The self-care theory focuses on an individual's ability to care for themselves, while the self-care deficit theory examines when people require nursing assistance. The nursing systems theory describes the relationships needed to provide nursing care. Orem identified universal, developmental, and health deviation self-care requisites and defined a self-care deficit as the inability to meet one's therapeutic self-care demand.
Concept of nursing and theoretical framework.pptxssuser7bfabb
The document provides an overview of nursing concepts, theoretical frameworks, and major nursing theories. It defines nursing and discusses the importance of nursing theory. Several influential nursing theorists are described along with their key theories, such as Nightingale, Peplau, Orlando, Rogers, Orem, Newman, Roy, and Watson.
Nursing theories provide a framework for nursing practice, education, research, and management. They describe concepts like person, health, environment, and nursing that are important to the nursing profession. A theory consists of concepts, definitions, assumptions, and propositions that explain relationships between concepts. Developing nursing theories helps nursing establish a unique body of knowledge and distinguishes its practice from other professions. Theories guide the assessment, intervention, and evaluation of nursing care.
This document discusses challenges to the use of nursing theory and provides an overview of holistic nursing theory and practice. It outlines that nursing theory is a framework to think about nursing work and interpret observations. However, theories have declined in use in 21st century practice. The document also examines the need for theory to reflect on philosophy and practice. Finally, it summarizes several theories relevant to holistic nursing practice and their elements.
This document discusses key concepts in nursing models and theories. It begins by defining nursing models and theories, noting that models use symbolic representations to describe nursing phenomena, while theories provide structured views of nursing concepts. Several influential nursing theorists are then summarized, including Nightingale's environmental theory, Henderson's definition of nursing as assisting with 14 fundamental needs, Orem's self-care deficit theory, and Watson's theory of human caring. Common concepts in nursing like holism, the nurse's role, and recipients of care are also outlined. Finally, the four major concepts in nursing models are identified as person, environment, health, and nursing.
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2. • A system of idea intended to explain something,
especially one based on general principle.
- Oxford dictionary
• Principle : Fundamental truth or proposition
serving as the foundation for belief or action.
3. • It may consist of one or more relatively
specific and concrete concepts and
propositions that purport to account for, or
organize some phenomenon (Barnum, 1988)
• A set of concepts, definitions, models,
propositions, and assumptions that project a
systematic view of a phenomena.
4. • Concepts – Ideas and mental images that help to
describe phenomena (Alligood and Marriner-Tomey,
2002).
• Definitions – Convey the general meaning of the
concepts.
• Models – These are representations of the
interaction among and between the concepts
showing patterns.
5. • Prepositions -are statements that explain the
relationship between the concepts.
• Assumptions – Statements that describe
concepts.
• Phenomenon – Aspect of reality that can be
consciously sensed or experienced (Meleis,
1997).
6. • A theory is a set of statements that is developed
through a process of continued abstractions. It
is a generalized statement aimed at explaining a
phenomenon.
• A model, on the other hand, is a purposeful
representation of reality.
7. • A nursing paradigm is a concept that has
developed over time from the beliefs and
practices of professionals in the healthcare sector.
• According to Nursing Theories, a nursing
paradigm is a pattern that shows the relationship
between a person, the environment in which she
lives and her health.
9. • Nursing has its domain in a paradigm that includes
four linkages:
• Person/client
• Health
• Environment
• Nursing (goals, roles, functions)
Each of these concepts is usually defined and described
by a nursing theorist. Of the four concepts, the most
important is that of the person. The focus of nursing
is the person.
10. • Nursing theory aims to describe, predict and
explain the phenomenon of nursing (Chinn and
Jacobs 1978).
• It provides the foundations of nursing practice,
help to generate further knowledge and
indicate in which direction nursing should
develop in the future (Brown 1964).
11. • Theory is important because it helps us to decide
what we know and what we need to know
(Parsons1949).
• It helps to distinguish what should form the basis
of practice by explicitly describing nursing.
• This can be seen as an attempt by the nursing
profession to maintain its professional
boundaries.
12. • It guides nursing practice and generates
knowledge.
• It helps to describe or explain nursing.
• Enables nurses to know WHY they are doing
WHAT they are doing.
13. 1. Systematic, logical and coherent
(orderly reasoning, no contradictions)
2. Creative structuring of ideas
mental images of one’s experiences and create
different ways of looking at a particular event or
object.
3. Tentative in nature ( change over time or evolving
but some remain valid despite passage of time)
14. 4. Interrelate concepts in such a way as to create
a different way of looking at a particular
phenomenon.
5. Are logical in nature.
6. Are generalizable.
7. Are the bases for hypotheses that can be
tested.
15. 8. Increase the general body of knowledge within
the discipline through the research implemented
to validate them.
9. Are used by the practitioners to guide and
improve their practice.
10.Are consistent with other validated theories,
laws, and Principles but will leave open
unanswered questions that need to be
investigated.
16. • Theory guides and improve nursing practice.
• Theory provides goal for nursing care and with
goals, nursing practice is rendered more
effective and efficient.
• Theories help to focus the goals, making nurses
more confident about the practice.
17. • Theory guides research
• It validates and modifies the theory.
• Theory contributes to the development of the
disciplines body of knowledge.
• Theory enhances communication.
18. • Meta-theory - the theory of theory. Identifies specific
phenomena through abstract concepts.
• Grand theories – broad and complex
• Middle-range theories- address specific phenomena
and reflect practice
• Practice theory - explores one particular situation
found in nursing. It identifies explicit goals and details
how these goals will be achieved.
19. • Descriptive theories – first level of theory
development
• Prescriptive theories – address nursing
interventions and predict their consequences
20. • These theories have the broadest scope and
present general concepts and propositions.
• Theories at this level may both reflect and provide
insights useful for practice but are not designed
for empirical testing.
• Grand theories consist of conceptual frameworks
defining broad perspectives for practice and ways
of looking at nursing phenomena based on the
perspectives.
21. • These theories are narrower in scope than
grand nursing theories and offer an effective
bridge between grand nursing theories and
nursing practice.
• They present concepts and propositions at a
lower level of abstraction and hold great
promise for increasing theory-based research
and nursing practice strategies.
22. • Nursing practice theories have the most
limited scope and level of abstraction and
are developed for use within a specific
range of nursing situations.
• Nursing practice theories provide
frameworks for nursing interventions, and
predict outcomes and the impact of nursing
practice.
23. • In the early part of nursing’s history, knowledge
was extremely limited and almost entirely task
oriented.
• Role of nurses where questioned; what they do, for
whom where and when were determined.
• The professionalization of nursing has been and is
being brought about through the development and
use of nursing theory.
24. Brought leading scholars and theorists to discuss and
debate on issues regarding nursing science and
theory development.
25. Environmental theory
• Pure fresh air
• Pure water
• Effective drainage
• Cleanliness
• Light(especially direct sunlight)
Any deficiency in one or more of these factors could lead to
impaired functioning of life processes or diminished health
status.
26. • "Patients are to be put in the best condition for nature
to act on them, it is the responsibility of nurses to
reduce noise, to relieve patients’ anxieties, and to help
them to sleep."
• As per most of the nursing theories, environmental
adaptation remains the basis of holistic nursing care.
27. Nursing need theory
Modern Nursing Nightingale /The 20th century Nightingale
“ The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick
or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to
health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or
knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain
independence as rapidly as possible" (Henderson, 1966)”
28. The 14 components
1. Breath normally.
2. Eat and drink adequately.
3. Eliminate body wastes.
4. Move and maintain desirable postures.
5. Sleep and rest.
6. Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.
7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting
clothing and modifying environment
8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the
integument
9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others.
10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs,
fears, or opinions.
11. Worship according to one’s faith.
12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment.
13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation.
14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal
development and health and use the available health facilities.
29. Interpersonal theory
• Focuses on the interpersonal processes and therapeutic
relationship that develops between the nurse and client.
4 phases of Nurse- patient relationship
• Orientation
• Identification
• Exploitation
• Resolution
30. 21 Nursing Problems Theory
1. To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort
2. To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest, sleep
3. To promote safety through prevention of accident, injury, or
other trauma and through prevention of the spread of infection
4. To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct
deformity
5. To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body
cells
6. To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition for all body cells
7. To facilitate the maintenance of elimination
8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
9. To recognize the physiologic responses of the body to disease
conditions—pathologic, physiologic, and compensatory
31. 10. To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions
11. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function
12. To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings, and
reactions
13. To identify and accept interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness
14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and nonverbal
communication
15. To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships
16. To facilitate progress toward achievement and personal spiritual goals
17. To create or maintain a therapeutic environment
18. To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical,
emotional, and developmental needs
19. To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of limitations, physical
and emotional
20. To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems that arise
from illness
21. To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors in the
cause of illness
32. Theory of Goal Attainment
King has interrelated the concepts of interaction,
perception, communication, transaction, self, role, stress,
growth and development, time, and space into a theory of
goal attainment.
Nursing is a process of action, reaction, and interaction
whereby nurse and client share information about their
perceptions in the nursing situation. The nurse and client
share specific goals, problems, and concerns and explore
means to achieve a goal.
33. Concepts for Personal
System
• Perception
• Self
• Growth & development
• Body image
• Space
• Time
Concepts for Interpersonal
System
• Interaction
• Communication
• Transaction
• Role
• Stress
Concepts for Social System
• Organization
• Authority
• Power
• Status
• Decision making
34. Self care deficit theory
People should be self-reliant and responsible for their own
care and others in their family needing care.
Composed of three interrelated theories:
(1) The theory of self-care
(2) The self-care deficit theory, and
(3) The theory of nursing system
35. • Nursing is as art through which the practitioner of
nursing gives specialized assistance to persons
with disabilities which makes more than ordinary
assistance necessary to meet needs for self-care.
The nurse also intelligently participates in the
medical care the individual receives from the
physician.
36. System model
It provides a comprehensive flexible holistic and
system based perspective for nursing.
Human being is viewed as an open system that
interacts with both internal and external environment
forces or stressors. The human is in constant change,
moving toward a dynamic state of system stability or
toward illness of varying degrees.
37. The Conservation Model
Nursing’s role in conservation is to help the person with the
process of “keeping together” the total person through the least
expense of effort.
Levine proposed the following four principles of conservation:
• The conservation of energy of the individual
• The conservation of the structural integrity of the individual.
• The conservation of the personal integrity of the individual.
• The conservation of the social integrity of the individual.
38. Adaptation model (RAM)
RAM is one of the widely applied nursing models
in nursing practice, education and research.
Nursing goals are to promote adaptation for
individuals and groups in the four adaptive
modes, thus contributing to health, quality of life,
and dying with dignity.
40. Theory of human caring
• Caring can be effectively demonstrated and
practiced only interpersonally.
• Caring consists of carative factors that result in
the satisfaction of certain human needs.
• Effective caring promotes health and individual
or family growth.
41. 1. The formation of a humanistic- altruistic system of values.
2. The installation of faith-hope.
3. The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others.
4. The development of a helping-trust relationship
5. The promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive
and negative feelings.
6. The systematic use of the scientific problem-solving method
for decision making
7. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning.
8. The provision for a supportive, protective and /or corrective
mental, physical, socio-cultural and spiritual environment.
9. Assistance with the gratification of human needs.
10. The allowance for existential-phenomenological forces.
42. The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship
• The role of the nurse is to find out and meet the
patient's immediate need for help.
• The patient's presenting behavior may be a plea for
help, however, the help needed may not be what it
appears to be.
• Therefore, nurses need to use their perception,
thoughts about the perception, or the feeling
engendered from their thoughts to explore with
patients the meaning of their behaviour.
43. The Aspects of Care, Core, Cure
The theory contains of three independent but
interconnected circles:
• The core: The person or patient to whom nursing care
is directed and needed.
• The care : The attention given to patients by the
medical professionals
• The cure: The attention given to patients by the
medical professionals.
44. Theories can also be categorized as:
– "Needs "theories.
– "Interaction" theories.
– "Outcome "theories.
– "Humanistic theories"
45. • These theories are based around helping
individuals to fulfill their physical and mental
needs.
• Needs theories have been criticized for relying
too much on the medical model of health and
placing the patient in an overtly dependent
position.
46. • These theories revolve around the
relationships nurses form with patients.
• Such theories have been criticized for
largely ignoring the medical model of health
and not attending to basic physical needs.
47. • These portray the nurse as the changing force,
who enables individuals to adapt to or cope
with ill health (Roy 1980).
• Outcome theories have been criticized as too
abstract and difficult to implement in practice
(Aggleton and Chalmers 1988).
48. • Humanistic theories developed in response to the
psychoanalytic thought that a person’s destiny was
determined early in life.
• Humanistic theories emphasize a person’s capacity
for self actualization .
• Humanists believes that the person contains within
himself the potential for healthy and creative growth.
• The major contribution that Rogers added to nursing
practice is the understanding that each client is a
unique individual, so person-centered approach now
practice in Nursing.
50. • Systems model
• Basic Human Needs model
• Health and Wellness Models
• Stress and Adaptation
• Developmental Theories
• Psychosocial Theories
51. • Systems theory may be considered as a specialization of
systems thinking and a generalization of systems science.
• Many nursing theorists have drawn from systems theory.
– Neuman's Systems Theory
– Rogers 's Theory of Unitary Human Beings
– Roy's Adaptation Model
– Imogene King's Theory of Goal Attainment
– Orem Self-care Deficit Theory
– Johnson's Behavior Systems Model
52.
53.
54.
55. • Freud : Psychosexual theory
• Erikson : Psychosocial theory
• Piaget : Cognitive theory
• Kohlberg : Theory of moral development
56. • Everyday practice enriches theory
• Both practice and theory are guided by
values and beliefs
• Theory helps to reframe our thinking about
nursing
• Theory guides use of ideas and techniques
• Theory can close the gap between theory
and research
• To envision potentialities (Gordon, Parker, &
Jester, 2001)
57. • Organize patient data
• Understand patient data
• Analyze patient data
• Make decisions about nursing interventions
• Plan patient care
• Predict outcomes of care
• Evaluate patient outcomes (Alligood, 2001)
58. • Medical science
• Nursing education
• Professional nursing organizations
• Evolving research approaches
• Global concerns
• Consumer demands
• Technologies
59. They are derived through two principal methods:
1. Deductive reasoning
2. Inductive reasoning.
60. • Theory → practice → theory
Theory developed in other discipline and used in nursing
situations
• Practice → theory : theory evolved from clinical practice
• Research → theory or inductive method
Must evolve from research findings or empirical evidence.
• Theory → research → theory . Original theory examined
and given a new research findings.
61. • Nursing theory is generally neglected on the wards.
• A nursing theory should have the characteristics of
accessibility and clarity.
• It is important that the language used in the development
of nursing theory be used consistently.
• Many nurses have not had the training or experience to
deal with the abstract concepts presented by nursing
theory.
• Majority of nurses fail to understand and apply theory
to practice (Miller 1985).