it contains Geographical distribution, Transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnose, treatment and prevention

1. H1N1 virus

2. Introduction
What is H1N1 influenza(swine flu ) ?
H1N1 influenza (or swine flu) is a highly contagious acute respiratory
disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus that regularly causes
outbreaks of influenza in pigs.
 In virology, influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) is a subtype of
Influenza A virus

4. Geographical distribution

5. Transmission
 How does H1N1 flu spread?
Influenza viruses can be directly transmitted from pigs to people and
from people to pigs. Human infection with flu viruses from pigs are
most likely to occur when people are in close proximity to infected
pigs, such as in pig barns and livestock exhibits housing pigs at fairs.
Human-to-human transmission of H1N1 flu can also occur. This is
occur in the same way as seasonal flu occurs in people, which is
mainly through person to-person transmission through coughing or
sneezing of people infected with the influenza virus. People can
become infected when they touch surfaces and then touch their
mouth or nose.

6.  How long is someone with H1N1 flu infectious to others?
People with H1N1 flu virus infection should be considered potentially
contagious one day before the onset of symptoms and as long as they
are symptomatic, and possibly up to 7 days following the onset of
illness. Children, especially younger children, might be contagious for
longer periods.
 The incubation period from exposure to first symptoms is about one to
four days, with an average of two days. The symptoms last about one to
two weeks and can last longer if the person has a severe infection.

7. What are H1N1 signs and symptoms?
 Fever
 Cough (usually dry)
 Nasal secretions
 Fatigue
 Headache
Some patients may also get:
 Sore throat
 Rash
 Body pains
 Chills
 Nausea
 Vomiting and diarrhea.

8. Some patients develop severe respiratory symptoms, such as shortness of
breath, and need respiratory support (such as a ventilator to breathe for
the patient).
Patients can get pneumonia (bacterial secondary infection) if the viral
infection persists, and some can develop seizures.

9. Death often occurs from secondary bacterial infection of the lungs;
appropriate antibiotics need to be used in these patients.
Fortunately, although H1N1 developed into a pandemic (worldwide) flu
strain, the mortality rate in the U.S. and many other countries only
approximated the usual numbers of flu deaths worldwide.

10. What tests do health care professionals
use to diagnose swine flu?
 Usually, a quick test (for example, nasopharyngeal swab sample) is done to see if the
patient is infected with influenza A or B virus.
However, the accuracy of these tests has been challenged, and the U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has not completed their comparative studies of
these tests.
 In 2010, the FDA approved a commercially available test that could detect H1N1 within
four hours. Most of these rapid tests are based on PCR technology.
 H1N1 is definitively diagnosed by identifying the particular antigens (surface proteins)
associated with the virus type. In general, this test is done in a specialized laboratory
and is not done by many doctors' offices or hospital laboratories.

11. What is the treatment for swine flu?
 The best treatment for influenza infections in humans is prevention by
vaccination.
 The first H1N1 vaccine released in early October 2009 was a nasal spray vaccine
that was approved for use in healthy individuals ages 2-49. However, the use of
nasal spray has not been recommended since 2016
 The injectable vaccine, made from killed H1N1, became available in the second
week of October 2009. This vaccine was approved for use in ages 6 months to
the elderly, including pregnant females. The CDC approved both of these
vaccines only after they had conducted clinical trials to prove that the vaccines
were safe and effective

12.  Several antiviral agents have been reported to help prevent or reduce the
effects of swine flu. The most used are zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir
(Tamiflu), both of which are also used to prevent or reduce influenza A and
B symptoms.
 Two other new antiviral drugs (Rapivab and Xofluza) may also be used
under certain conditions.
 in 2014, the FDA approved the first new anti-influenza drug (for H1N1 and
other influenza virus types) in 15 years, peramivir injection (Rapivab).
 Another new drug, baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza), is an oral antiviral approved
in 2018 for use in children 12 years and older.

13. Prevention
 Vaccine
 Covering your nose and mouth with a
tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw
the tissue in the trash after you use it.
 Washing your hands often with soap
and water, especially after you cough or
sneeze. You can also use alcohol-based
hand cleaners.
 Avoiding touching your eyes, nose or
mouth. Germs spread this way.
 Trying to avoid close contact with sick
people.
 Staying home from work or school if
you are sick.

14. THANK YOU……