5. T-Cut in Black mustard
Radicle
2 cot.
Orthoplocus:
Two cotyledons are
folded along their
midrib and radicle is
bent, facing one
cotyledon.
Q : Embryo ???
MidribTesta
6. Q ? Hilum is adjacent to Micropyle and No raphe,
Ovule ????
Campylotropous: ovule bent upon itself, funicle,
chalaza & micropyle close to one another, no raphe
& nucellus curved.
Mustard seed
Hilum
Micropyle
Chalaza
Funicle
7. Sclerieds (palisade layer)
Hypodermis (Giant cells)
T. S. in Black
Mustard seed
Epidermis (mucilage)
Pigment layer (reddish brown
pigment)
Hyaline layer (collapsed cells)
Aleurone layer (I2)
8. Powder of Black mustard
Color: Pale brown.
Odor: slight odor when dry and become pungent
when crushed with H2O
Taste: bitter , rapidly becomes pungent
11. Chemical constituents
1. Fixed oil (30% – 50%).
2. Proteins (20%).
3. Crystalline sulphur containing glycoside
(Thioglycosides) (isothiocyanate group): Sinigrin
(0.7%- 1.3%).
4. Enzyme Myrosin .
Sinigrin myrosin +H2O allylisothiocyanate + glucose
+KHSO4
- Allylisothiocyanate (v.o of mustard): a volatile liquid with an
extremely pungent odour and taste.
12. Uses
1. Rubifacient and counterirritant for rheumatic
pains (plaster).
2. Emetic in large doses (10g).
3. Condiment and food additive.
4. Antioxidant (due to the presence of the
thioglycoside : Sinigrin)
13. Special chemical test:
• Macerate 2 gm powder + 20 ml water
• The filterate + drops of Millon’s reagent
• No red colour is produced
warm
Filter after 15 mins.
14. White mustard seed االبيض الخردل بذر
• Origin:
• The dried ripe seeds of
Brassica alba or Sinapis
alba, Family: Brassicaceae
(Crucifereae).
15. T. S. in White Mustard
seed
Sclerieds (even)
Hypodermis (collenchyma)
Epidermis (mucilage)
Thin walled parenchyma cells
Hyaline layer
Embryo cells
16. Active constituents:
• 1- Crystalline sulphur containing glycoside
(Thioglycosides) (isothiocyanate group): Sinalbin .
2- Enzyme Myrosin .
Sinialbin myrosin +H2O acrinylisothiocyanate + glucose
+ KHSO4
• Acrinylisothiocyanate: yellow oily liquid with
pungent taste and powerful rubifacient action but it
is not volatile and has no pungent odour.
17. Uses
1. Rubifacient and counter-irritant for rheumatic
pains (plaster).
2. Emetic in large doses (10g).
3. Condiment and food additive.
4. Antioxidant (due to the presence of the
thioglycoside : Sinalbin)
18. Special chemical test:
• Macerate 2 gm powder + 20 ml water
• The filterate + drops of Millon’s reagent
• red colour is produced
warm
Filter after 15 mins.
19. Mustard seeds
Black mustard
• االسود الخردل
• Origin: dried ripe seeds of
Brassica nigra
Family: Cruciferae
(Brassicaceae)
White mustard
• االبيض الخردل
• Origin: dried ripe seeds of
Brassica alba
Family : Cruciferae
(Brassicaceae)
20. Mustard seeds
Black mustard White mustard
Spherical or nearly sphericalShape
largerSmallerSize
yellowReddish brownColor
No pungent odor even
when crushed
- Dry : odorless
- Crushed with H2O : Pungent
Odor
Pungentbitter , rapidly becomes pungentTaste
Minutely pitted- Minutely pitted
- Network reticulation
Surface
22. Histochemical tests of Black Mustard
• Sudan III red (due to fixed oil in embryo)
• Picric acid Yellow (due to protein in
embryo)
• Ruthenium red rose red (due to mucilage
in epidermis)
23. Fenugreek الحـلبة بذر
• Origin:
• The dried ripe seeds of
Trigonella foenum-graecum,
Family: Leguminoseae.
26. Fragments of the testa
showing the palisade-like
cells and basket-like cells of
the hypodermal layer. (S.V)
epidermis
hypodermis
Epidermis of the testa (S.V) from
above
Hypodermis of the testa from
below (basal view)
Epidermis of the testa (S.V) from
below
27. Active constituents:
• 1- Mucilage (28%) found as stratified layers in
the endosperm.
• 2- Protein and fixed oil.
• 3- Alkaloids as Choline and Trigonelline.
• 4- Steroidal sapogenin (Diosgenin) which
occurs mainly in the embryo.
28. • 5- Flavonoid glycosides as Vitexin.
• 6- Volatile constituents i.e. furanone (stolone)
revealed to be important volatile constituent
responsible for the characteristic odour of
Fenugreek.
• 7- Free amino acids (4-hydroxyisoleucine,
Arginine and Lysine).
29. Actions and uses:
• 1- used as a laxative (mucilage).
• 2- reduce cholesterol level (saponins increase biliary
cholesterol excretion).
• 3- The fixed oil is lactogaogue, skin softener and emollient.
• 4- The seeds are used as nutritive, spice and preservative.
• 5- Hypoglaecemic effect by stimulating glucose dependant
insulin secretion from pancreatic cells (4-
hydroxyisoleucine).
• 6- Diosgenin is suitable precursor for the manufacture of
steroid drugs such as cortisone and sex hormones.
30. • Side effects:
- Undesirable skin reactions.
- Minor gastro-intestinal symptoms.
• Contraindications:
-1- Hypoglaecemic therapy.
-2- showed oxytoxic and uterine stimulant activity
thus should be used with caution in pregnancy.
31. Special chemical tests:
• 1- Test for Saponins (Froth test).
• 2- Test for fixed oil (Sudan III).
• 3- Test for mucilage (with ruthenium red or
methylene blue).
32.
33. Plantago seed قاطـونة بذر
Psyllium seed
• Origin:
• The dried ripe seeds of
Plantago albicans and
Plantago psyllium, Family:
Plantaginaceae.
34.
35. Active constituents:
• 1- Acidic mucilage (10 - 30 %), present in the
epidermal cells of the testa.
• 2- Monoterpene alkaloids, i.e plantaginine.
• 3- A glycoside (aucubin).
• 4- Sterols and triterpenes.
• 5- Fixed oil and protein.
36. • Psyllium husk:
- When the seeds are placed in water, the radial and
outer walls of the epidermal cells swell to form
layers of mucilage about the seeds, separated out
and left to dry.
- This is Psyllium husk which constitutes the most
important Plantago products, which is then purified
and processed by mixing with certain chemicals and
used in laxative preparations.
37. Actions and uses:
• 1- Treatment of habitual constipation.
- used both alone and associated with Cascara,
Senna or other purgatives.
• 2- lowers blood pressure in hypertension.
• 3- Dietary supplement to increase dietary fibres.
• 4- kidney and bladder problems and as diuretic.
38. • Psyllium, one type of bulk-forming laxative.
• This medication is used to treat constipation. It
increases the bulk in your stool, an effect that helps
to cause movement of the intestines. It also works
by increasing the amount of water in the stool,
making the stool softer and easier to pass.
• This product may decrease the absorption of other
medications you may be taking.
39. • Side effects:
• 1- Psyllium is an excellent remedy for colon cleanse
and is also quite effective. However, an excess of
psyllium in the colon cleansing can result in severe
diarrhea since some individuals may react in an
adverse way to this supplement.
2- The patient may also experience obstruction in
the intestine and also severe constipation in case of
an overdose. This occurs due to the fact that
psyllium hardens in the absence of sufficient water
and forms a bulk in the intestine, obstructing it.
40. • 3- The levels of blood glucose can also dip,
leading to hypoglycemia, which is a life-
threatening condition which requires prompt
medical attention. This happens because this
husk binds with the sugar molecules in the
intestines, thus preventing their absorption in
the body.
41. Colchicum seeds اللحالح بذر
• Origin:
• The dried ripe seeds of
Colchicum autamnale,
Family: Liliaceae.
42. Chemical constituents
• 1- Alkaloid (proto-alkaloid or
alkaloidal amine group )
COLCHICINE O.8%
• 2- Resin named colchicoresin.
• 3- Fixed oil and reducing sugars.
43. The medical uses
1. Relief the pains and inflammations
caused by acute gout .
2. Treatment of Mediterranean Fever
3. Relief of rheumatism pains.
4. Anti cancer (antimitotic effect).
44. • In large doses very toxic which cause
death from failure of the respiration .
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting &
diarrhea.
• Gout : hyperuricemia leads to deposits
of sodium urate crystals in joints &
kidney these crystals causes pain and
inflammations .
51. Nigella seeds الـبركـة حـبـة
• Origin:
• The dried ripe seeds of
Nigella sativa, Family:
Ranunculaceae
52. • Active constituents:
1- Volatile oil contains mainly: thymol,
thymoquinone and dihydro-thymoquinone.
• 2- Fixed oil.
• 3- Saponins.
• Uses:
• 1- Bronchodilator in asthma and cough (dihydro-
thymoquinone).
• 2- Oil has immunostimulant and antitumor
effects.
• 3- Flavoring agent to bread.
53. Cocoa seeds الكاكاو بذور
• Origin:
• The dried ripe seeds of
Theobroma cacao, Family:
Sterculiaceae.
54. • Active constituents:
• 1- Alkaloids: Theobromine and traces of Caffeine.
• 2- Solid fat: Theobroma oil or Cacao butter.
• Uses:
• 1- stimulant beverage.
• 2- a suppository base.
• 3- production of cacao butter.
• 4- Theobromine, as caffeine in its action but its
effect on CNS is less.
• 5- Diuretic.
• 6- excellent emollient effect and softens chapped
hands and lips.
55. Castor seeds الخـروع بذور
• Origin:
• The dried ripe seeds of
Ricinus communis,
Family: Euphorbiaceae.
56. • Active constituents:
1- Alkaloids: Ricinine,
• 2- Ricin (a lectin that inhibits protein synthesis in
animal cells and leads to cell death).
• 3- Fixed oil and protein.
• Uses:
• 1- The oil is a powerful purgative (the seeds are
toxic).
• 2- Externally, the oil has been recommended for
tinea, forms a light coloured odourless soap or in the
form of pastes.
57. • Side effects and toxicity:
- The plant including the seeds contains an irritant
substance named Ricin that poisons the blood.
• N.B: One of the most potent natural toxins known
• One seed can kill a child
- The oil is safe because the poison remains in the
seed where seeds themselves and the cake left
after the expression of the oil are violently
purgative.
63. • Active constituents:
- unsaturated fatty acids and phytosterols.
• Uses:
• 1- Atherosclerosis and for reducing blood
triglycerides and cholesterol.
• 2- Oil is recommended for treatment of
prostatic hypertrophy and male infertiliy.
65. • Active constituents:
1- Alkaloid Physostigmine (eserine).
2- Starch and proteins.
• Uses:
- Source of Physostigmine, as a myotic agent and
an antidote for atropine.
66. Nux vomica seeds المقىء الجوز بذر
• Origin:
• The dried ripe seeds of
Strychnos nux-vomica,
Family: Loganiaceae.
67. Description:
• Shape: disc shaped (button
shaped)
• Color: ash grey or greenish
grey or brown .
• Surface: hairy.
• Odour: Odorless
• Taste: very bitter.
68. T.S in Nux-vomica seed
showing lignified trichomes which are thick walled,
bent and twisted lignified trichomes immerged from
epidermis parallel in one direction.
70. Chemical constituents
• 1- Alkaloid – Indole group
a. Strychnine (1.25%).
b. Brucine.
• 2- Minor alkaloids as Novacine and
Pseudostrychnine.
71. Uses
1. Stomachic (in small doses).
2. Emetic (according to the dosage ).
3. CNS stimulant .
N.B!
Strychnine is very toxic in large doses causes
violent convulsion which act on respiratory
system muscles and severe muscle spasms.
Death by Asphyxiation
72. Strychnine is a deadly poison
(the major ingredient in rat poison)
73. Side effects:
Taking nux vomica for more
than a week, or in high
amounts of 30 mg or more,
can cause severe side effects.
Some of these side effects
include restlessness, anxiety,
dizziness, neck and back
stiffness, spasms of jaw and
neck muscles, convulsions,
seizures, breathing problems,
liver failure, and death.
74. • Chemical test:
• - Test for strychnine: Powder + solution of
ammonium vanadate in sulphuric
acid coloured violet.
• - Test for brucine: Powder + concentric nitric
acid (H NO3) coloured crimson (orange red
colour)with endosperm cells.
75. • Allied drugs:
• Igantius beans are the seeds of Strychnos
igantii, found in Philippines and Vietnam. The
fruit are larger than those of nux vomica and
may contain as many as 30 seeds which
contain 2.5-3.00 % of total alkaloids (of which
about 46-62% is strychnine).
76.
77. Plantago seed قاطـونة بذر
Psyllium seed
• Origin:
• The dried ripe seeds of
Plantago albicans and
Plantago psyllium, Family:
Plantaginaceae.
78.
79. Active constituents:
• 1- Acidic mucilage (10 - 30 %), present in the
epidermal cells of the testa.
• 2- Monoterpene alkaloids, i.e plantaginine.
• 3- A glycoside (aucubin).
• 4- Sterols and triterpenes.
• 5- Fixed oil and protein.
80. • Psyllium husk:
- When the seeds are placed in water, the radial and
outer walls of the epidermal cells swell to form
layers of mucilage about the seeds, separated out
and left to dry.
- This is Psyllium husk which constitutes the most
important Plantago products, which is then purified
and processed by mixing with certain chemicals and
used in laxative preparations.
81. Actions and uses:
• 1- Treatment of habitual constipation.
- used both alone and associated with Cascara,
Senna or other purgatives.
• 2- lowers blood pressure in hypertension.
• 3- Dietary supplement to increase dietary fibres.
• 4- kidney and bladder problems and as diuretic.
82. • Psyllium, one type of bulk-forming laxative
• This medication is used to treat constipation.
It increases the bulk in your stool, an effect
that helps to cause movement of
the intestines. It also works by increasing the
amount of water in the stool, making the stool
softer and easier to pass.
• This product may decrease the absorption of
other medications you may be taking.
83. • Side effects:
• 1- Psyllium is an excellent remedy for colon cleanse
and is also quite effective. However, an excess of
psyllium in the colon cleansing can result in severe
diarrhea since some individuals may react in an
adverse way to this supplement.
2- The patient may also experience obstruction in
the intestine and also severe constipation in case of
an overdose. This occurs due to the fact that
psyllium hardens in the absence of sufficient water
and forms a bulk in the intestine, obstructing it.
84. • 3- The levels of blood glucose can also dip,
leading to hypoglycemia, which is a life-
threatening condition which requires prompt
medical attention. This happens because this
husk binds with the sugar molecules in the
intestines, thus preventing their absorption in
the body.
85. Colchicum seeds اللحالح بذر
• Origin:
• The dried ripe seeds of
Colchicum autamnale,
Family: Liliaceae.
86. Chemical constituents
• 1- Alkaloid (proto-alkaloid or
alkaloidal amine group )
COLCHICINE O.8%
• 2- Resin named colchicoresin.
• 3- Fixed oil and reducing sugars.
87. The medical uses
1. Relief the pains and inflammations
caused by acute gout .
2. Treatment of Mediterranean Fever
3. Relief of rheumatism pains.
4. Anti cancer (antimitotic effect).
88. • In large doses very toxic which cause
death from failure of the respiration .
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting &
diarrhea.
• Gout : hyperuricemia leads to deposits
of sodium urate crystals in joints &
kidney these crystals causes pain and
inflammations .
96. Nigella seeds الـبركـة حـبـة
• Origin:
• The dried ripe seeds of
Nigella sativa, Family:
Ranunculaceae
97. • Active constituents:
1- Volatile oil contains mainly: thymol,
thymoquinone and dihydro-thymoquinone.
• 2- Fixed oil.
• 3- Saponins.
• Uses:
• 1- Bronchodilator in asthma and cough (dihydro-
thymoquinone).
• 2- Oil has immunostimulant and antitumor
effects.
• 3- Flavoring agent to bread.
98. Cocoa seeds الكاكاو بذور
• Origin:
• The dried ripe seeds of
Theobroma cacao, Family:
Sterculiaceae.
99. • Active constituents:
• 1- Alkaloids: Theobromine and traces of Caffeine.
• 2- Solid fat: Theobroma oil or Cacao butter.
• Uses:
• 1- stimulant beverage.
• 2- a suppository base.
• 3- production of cacao butter.
• 4- Theobromine, as caffeine in its action but its
effect on CNS is less.
• 5- Diuretic.
• 6- excellent emollient effect and softens chapped
hands and lips.
100. Castor seeds الخـروع بذور
• Origin:
• The dried ripe seeds of
Ricinus communis,
Family: Euphorbiaceae.
101. • Active constituents:
1- Alkaloids: Ricinine,
• 2- Ricin (a lectin that inhibits protein synthesis in
animal cells and leads to cell death).
• 3- Fixed oil and protein.
• Uses:
• 1- The oil is a powerful purgative (the seeds are
toxic).
• 2- Externally, the oil has been recommended for
tinea, forms a light coloured odourless soap or in the
form of pastes.
102. • Side effects and toxicity:
- The plant including the seeds contains an irritant
substance named Ricin that poisons the blood.
• N.B: One of the most potent natural toxins known
• One seed can kill a child
- The oil is safe because the poison remains in the
seed where seeds themselves and the cake left
after the expression of the oil are violently
purgative.
108. • Active constituents:
- unsaturated fatty acids and phytosterols.
• Uses:
• 1- Atherosclerosis and for reducing blood
triglycerides and cholesterol.
• 2- Oil is recommended for treatment of
prostatic hypertrophy and male infertiliy.
110. • Active constituents:
1- Alkaloid Physostigmine (eserine).
2- Starch and proteins.
• Uses:
- Source of Physostigmine, as a myotic agent and
an antidote for atropine.
