pharmacognosy sy B pharm

1. D R .MAHAJAN
SECOND B PHARM

2. FENNEL FRUIT

3. SYNONYMS- FENNEL FRUIT, FRUCTUS FOENICULUM.
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
it consist dried ripe fruits of plant foeniculum
vulgare miller,
FAMILY -umbellifeare

4. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE
it is indigenous to Mediterranean countries.
in INDIA it is cultivated in
GUJARAT
, PUNJAB,
MAHARASHTRA,
RAJASTHAN,
UP,
WEST BENGAL

5. CULTIVATION AND CULLECTION
it is cultivated by dibbling method.(making small holes in the
ground for seeds or plants)
good quality germination seeds sown just before spring.
4 to 5 seed put in hole at a time at distance of 25 cm in between
them.
well drain calcareous soil ( alkaline)in sunny condition is best for
cultivation.
90% fennel production in Gujarat
crop kept free from weeds( undesirable plants) and suitable
fertilizers provided.
when fruit are ripe crop is harvested, sun dried.
Fruits are separated from plant by thrashing

6. Macroscopiccharecterstics-
1-colour- green to yellowish brown
.
2-Odour- sweet aromatic.
3-Taste- strongly aromatic.
4-Size- 5to10*2to4mm
5-Shape- straight or slightly curved

7. Cremocarp fruit (Umbelliferae that consists of two indehiscent
oneseeded mericarps which split apart at maturity ).
-fruit have straight prominent,yellowcolour 5 primary ridges,
(continuous elevated crest for some distance)
Stylopod at top (An expansion at the base of the style)
Orthospermous fruit (Having the seeds straight)
T S shows 2 commissural vittae,4 dorsal vittae

8. MICROSCOPIC CHARECTERS

9. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS;-
3TO7% VOLATILE OIL-
FENCHON 20 % (KETONE)COLOURLESS PUNGENT LIQUID, AROMATIC ODOUR.
ANETHOLE 50% ( PHENOLIC ETHER)-SWEET ODOUR AND TASTE
20%PROTIEN
20%FIXED OIL

10. USES
-CARMINATIVE (agent that prevents or relieves flatulence
(gas in the gastrointestinal tract)
-STIMULANT
-EXPECTORENT (help loosen the mucus)
-FLAVOURING AGENT

11. ADULTERANTS
EXHAUSTED FENNEL FRUITS
-CONTAIN LESS VOLATILE OIL
SUCH FRUITS DO NOT CONTAIN FENCHONE

13. SYNONYM-CORIANDER FRUIT
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
fully dried ripe fruits of plant
coriandrum sativum linn
family- umbelliferae
should contain not less than 0.3 volatile
oil

14. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURSE
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND INDIA.
IN INDIA IT IS CULTIVATED IN
ANDHRA PRADESH,
MAHARASHTRA,
WEST BENGAL,
UP,
JAMMU AND KASHMIR

15. CULTIVATION AND CULLECTION
KHARIF ( mansoon), AND RABI (winter)CROP,
LIGHT TO BLACK SOIL,
SOWN BY DRILLING METHOD,
HARVESTED AFTER 100 DAYS OF GROWTH
RAJASTHAN 70 % PRODUCTION

16. Macroscopiccharecterstics-

17. 10 primary ridges
and 8 secondary ridges are straight
endospermic (tissue which surrounds the developing embryo of
a seed and provides food for its growth Origin of endosperm )
Wight of 100 fruit appx 1 gm

18. MICROSCOPIC CHARECTERS

19. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS;-
0.3 TO 1 % VOLATILE OIL
90% D-LINALOOL( CORIANROL)
CORIANDRYL ACETATEL- BORNIOL
PINENE
13% FIXED OIL
20% PROTIEN

21. SUBSTITUTES
BOMBAY CORIANDER FRUITS-
CONTAIN LESS VOLATILE OIL AND ELLIPSOIDEL
SHAPE

23. SYNONYM- CASSIA BARK, CHINESE CINNAMON
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
fully dried stem bark of plant
cinnamomum cassia blume
family- LAURACEAE
should contain not less than 1% volatile
oil

24. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE
NATIVE OF CHINA
also found in myanmar and shri
lanka

25. Macroscopiccharecterstics-

26. MICROSCOPIC CHARECTERS

28. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
1 TO 2% VOLATILE OIL( CASSIA OIL)- BROWN COLUR
85% CINNAMIC ALDEHYDE,
EUGENOL
, CINNAMIL ACETATE
MUCILAGE,
STARCH,
CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS,
TANNINS

31. SYNONYM- CLOVE BUD, CARYOPHYLLIUM
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
dried flower buds of Eugenia Caryophyllus
family- MYRTACEAE
should contain not less than 15%
(V/W)volatile oil

32. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE
INDIGENOUS TO AMBOYNA AND MOLUCCA ISLANDS( PACIFIC OCEN)
CULTIVATED IN INDIA-
NILGIRIHILLS
TENKASHI HILLS
KANYAKUMARI DISTRIC TAMILNADU
KERALA

33. Cultivationand collection
-propagated by seed germination,
Seed sown from august to October in nursery bed at distance of 10 cm
-After 4 to 5 weeks of germination they transplanted to pot an grow for 1 year
-then transfer to field and shade provided in initial growth period
-fertilizers given in two dose ,first in may/june, second in october
-Product start from 7,8 years of growth, best yield obtained after 15 to 20 years
of growth.
-Cloves are handpicked or collected by beating with bamboos
-- collection starts when clove starts changing color from green to slightly pink
-- cloves dried in sun until crimson or brownish black in color

34. Macroscopiccharecterstics-
1-colour- crimson red TO dark BROWN
.
2-Odour- slightly aromatic.
3-Taste- pungent and aromatic then numbness
4-Size- 10 to 17.5 mm in lenghth, 4 mm width, 2 mm
thick
5-Shape- hypanthium surrounded by 4 thick sepals, and
dome shaped corolla, corolla consist unexpanded petals,
stamens, style

36. Chemical constituents
15 to 20% volatile oil-
90% eugenol, eugenol acetate ,caryophyllenes
-10 to 13% tannin (gallotannic acid),
-resin

37. Chemical test
T S of clove + strong
potassium hydroxide solution=
needel shaped crystals of
potassium eugenate

38. USES-
-dental analgesic,
carminative,
stimulant,
flavouring agent,
aromatic,
antiseptic

39. ADULTERANTS
MOTHER CLOVES- ripe fruits of clove with seed ,contains
more starch
BLOWN CLOVES- expanded flowers from which
both corollae and stamens have been detached
CLOVE STALK- slender stems of the inflorescence
EXHAUSTED CLOVES- cloves which have been deprived of
their volatile oil by distillation, are darker, yield no oil when
indented with the nail and float in water.

41. CINNAMON

42. cinnamon
SYNONYM- kalmi-Dalchini,ceylon cinnamon
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
dried inner bark of shoots of coppiced tree
of Cinnamomum zeylanicum nees
family- LAURACEAE
should contain not less than 1% volatile oil

43. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE
it is native of sri Lanka and malabar coast of india
.also found in jamaica and brazil.
Maximum production in world is from sri lanka

44. Cultivation ,collection , preparation
Propogated by seed
Needs sandy or siliconous soil with humus (dark organic material in
soils, produced by the decomposition of vegetable or animal matter and
essential to the fertility of the earth.)
Annual rainfall of 200-250cm is ideal with sheltered area.
Seed sown in nursery bed in june /july, takes 20 days for germination of
seeds
.
seedling allowed to grow for 10-12 months in shade.
seedlings transplanted in rainy season at about distance of 2 meters in
beetween plants .
Adequate fertilizers are provided and plant kept free from weed.

45. Trees are coppiced ( young tree stems are repeatedly cut down to near ground
level. In subsequent growth years, many new shoots will emerge to induce
formation of shoots.)
Bark is peel off in rainy season from shoot by giving longitudinal incisions.
Bark strips are bundle,wrapped in coir matting and allowed to ferment for 24
Hours.
Fermentation looses outer cork and cortex so it can be removed by scrapping.
during drying bark contract and converted to quill
Smallers quills inserted in to larger quills to form compound quill.
fresh quills are rolled and slightly pressed to avoid swelling and splitting in to
pieces
Finally drug is dried in shade over mats.

46. Macroscopic characteristics
1-colour- outer surface dull yellowish-brown, inner surface dark
yellowish brown
2-Odour- fragrant
3-Taste- aromatic and sweet followed by worm sensation
4-Size- length 1 meter,diameter 1 cm,thickness 0.5 mm
5-Shape- compound quill
6- fracture splintery(a small, thin, sharp piece of wood,,
split or broken off from the main body.
wavy longitudinal striation on both surfaces , bark is free from cork

48. Microscopic characters
It is inner bark hence cork and primary cortex are
absent.
Contains sclerenchymatous pericycle
Stelar
(central core of tissue in the stem or root of a vascular plant
, consisting of the xylem and phloem togetherwith supporti
ng tissues.) part contains phloem, phloem fibers,
biseriate medullary rays and secretory cavities
containing volatile oil.mucilage
starch grains is in cortical parenchyma

49. Chemical constituents
0.5 to 1% volatile oil-
60-70% cinnamaldehyde-
it gives flavour and
odour to cinnamon
,5-10% eugenol, benzaldehyde , cuminaldehyde , other terpenes
1.2% tannins( phlobatannins)
Mucilage
Calcium oxalate
Starch,

50. Chemical test
drop of Cinnamon oil + drop of
ferric chloride= pale green color
cinnamic aldehyde gives
brown color, eugenol gives blue
color so resulting formation of
pale green color

51. uses
Carminative,
stomachic,
mild astringent,
flavoring agent,
stimulant,
antiseptic,
spice and condiment

52. Adulterant and substitute
Jungle cinnamon-wild growing trees, dark color, less aromatic and slightly
bitter than cultivated trees.
Cinnamon chips-pieces of untrimmed bark, abundant cork cells.
Cultivated saigon cinnamon-bark of tree of cinnamomum loureirii(
lauraceae)exported from port of saigon.
Java cinnamon-cinnamomum burmanii( lauraceae),less aromatic,double quill

53. Dill

54. Dill
SYNONYM- Dill fruits, anethum, european Dill
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
dried ripe fruits of Anethum
Graveolens linn
family- umbelliferae
should contain not less than 2.5% volatile oil

55. COLLECTION
fruits are collected after full
maturity, and dried.
fruits are sieved to remove
excess of foreign organic matter

56. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
2.4 TO 4 % VOLATILE OIL,( COLORLESS LIQUID)-
carvone(43to 63%),
dihydrocarvone, d-limonene, phellandrene, other terpens
20% FIXED OIL,
20 % PROTIENS

57. USES
Aromatic,
stimulant,
carminative,
flavoring agent
For Gastric disturbances of infants,
for preparation of dill water, gripe water, (liquid given to
infants with colic, gastrointestinal discomfort, teething
pain, reflux and other stomach ailments)

58. Substitution
it is substituted by indian Dill ( anethum sowa)
shepu - marathi
volatile oil of indian dill contains dill-apiole( poisonous),
used for veternary practices,

59. caraway

60. caraway
SYNONYM- carum,caraway seed
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
dried ripe fruits of Carm Carvi Linn
family- umbelliferae
should contain not less than 3.5% (V/W)volatile oiL

61. COLLECTION
entire plants are
dried and fruits are
thrashed out.

62. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
2.5 TO 8 % VOLATILE OIL-45 TO 65% CARVONE,
LIMONENE, DIHYDRO-CARVONE, CARVACROL
,10% FIXED OIL
,15% PROTEIN,
RESIN
CARVACROL
CARVONE

63. USES
Aromatic,
stimulant,
Carminative
spice,
flavouring agent

64. Substitute
Caraway is costly so substituted by indian dill
jeera ( cuminum cyminum) is substitute for caraway,
jeera contains cuminic aldehyde and not carvone

65. Ajowan

66. AJOWAN
SYNONYM- BISHOP,S WEED
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
dried ripe fruits of Trychyspermum Ammi
,sprague
family- umbelliferae
should contain not less than 1% (W/W)volatile oiL

67. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
2 TO 4 5 VOLATILE OIL,-
35 to 60% thymol,( flavour and taste)
50to55% p-cymene,
30 to 35% terpinene
21% FAT,
17% PROTIENS,
25% CARBOHYDRATES,
TANNINS

68. USES
Antispasmodic, (relax the smooth muscles of the gut, helping to
prevent or relieve painful cramping spasms in the intestines)
stimulant,
carminative,
for sore throat and bronchitis
oil used as antiseptic,antifungal, insecticide, anthelmintic

69. CARDAMOM

70. SYNONYM- cardamon, cardamom fruits
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
dried ripe fruits of Elettaria Cardamomum
,maton,var minuscula
family- zingiberaceae
SEED should contain not less than 4% volatile oiL
cardamom

71. COLLECTION
plant starts bearing from third year of planting
fruits are picked up just before ripening to prevent capsules from splitting on
floor.
collected capsules are dried after harvesting.
during drying fruits shrink and shrink appearance seen in final product
. in sun drying color bleaches while in artificial drying green color is maintained.
fruit looses 70-80 weight during drying.
fruits are sieved to remove foreign matter. life of plant is 20 to 25 years

72. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
SEED CONTAINS 2 TO 8 % VOLATILE oil-
cineole,
terpinyl acetate,
terpineol,
borneol,
terpinene,
1to 10 % FIXED OIL
,50% STARCH ,
PROTEINS

73. uses
Aromatic,
carminative,
stimulant,
flavoring agent

74. Long wild native cardamom-big cardamom ,is widely grown in
shri lanka its oil have different composition.( Elettaria Cardamom , var-
major)
Korarima cardamom- red brown in colour.seed do not show
presence of rouge, which is charecterstic of genine drug,
Orange seeds are mixed with fruit
Bengal cardamom-amomum aromaticum, found in bengal and
assam. Odoue is camphore like

75. Nutmeg

76. SYNONYM- Myristica, Nux moschata
जैफल/जायफल, जायफळ
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
dried ripe kernels of fruit of Myristica
Fragrans , houtt
Family- zingiberaceae
SEED should contain not less than 5%
(V/W)volatile oiL
NUTMEG

77. COLLECTION
fruits are produced thought year but maximum produce in December
to may.
fruits are suitable to pick when husk or hull (outer shell or coating of
a seed) of fully ripe nut splits.
red feathery arilus (mace) covering seed is detached from seed shell or
hull by hands
and flattened out in sun.
it takes 4 to 8 weeks to dry drug ,
it can also dried artificially.
shells are broken up and nutmegs are removed.

78. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
SEED CONTAINS 5 TO 16 % VOLATILE oil-
4 TO 8 % MYRISTICIN( METHOXY SAFFROLE),-poisonous and narcotic
ELIMICIN,
SAFFROLE,
GERANIOL,
D- CAMPHENE
,
30% FAT- it also called nutmeg butter( banda soap)
, STARCH ,
PROTEINS

79. mace-arillus of seeds of myristica called mace , it arises in region of hilum,
(is a small scar marking its former place of attachment). mace is orange color
modification of nutmeg seed.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENS OF MACE
MACE CONTAINS 20 % FIXED OIL
,
25 % VOLATILE OIL.
it contain amylodextrin which gives red color with iodine
Mace
जावित्री, जायपत्री

80. USES-
AROMATIC,
STIMULANT,
CARMINATIVE,
FLAVOURING AGENT,
fat (nutmeg butter) is called banda soap used in soap industries,
nutmeg causes hallucinations (are sensations that appear real but are created
by your mind. ). in large dose of 15 gram due to myristicin and elemicin

81. myristica malabarica -found in evergreen forest
of konkan, it have no odour
papua nutmeg( myristica argentea)- grow in new
guinea, it have disagreeable taste ( acride)
myristica beddomei -from kerala, karnataka
tamilnadu is substitute.
myristica attenuata -from gujrat and karnataka is
substitute

82. Eucalyptus oil

83. SYNONYM- dinkum oil, lemon gum tree
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
It is volatile oil obtained by steam distillation of
fresh leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus and
other species of eucalyptus
Family- myrtaceae
Oil should contain not less than 65% of cineole

84. COLLECTION AND PREPARATION
trees of 16 years old are selected for collection of leaves .
leaves are collected by felling the trees and gathering leaves and also
from live trees.
leaves are dried in shade for 3 days and then distillated by steam
distillation.
distillation unit have perforated bottom and made from copper.
sufficient water is charged and steam under pressure is passed through
it.
it takes 6 hours for complete distillation.
eucalyptus oil produced is collected in receiver.
crude oil is rectified (The re-distillation of essential oils to remove
impurities and to increase the quality is called rectification. ) with
sodium hydroxide. oil filtered and packed in containers.

85. Steam distillation

86. DESCRIPTION
color- colorless or pale yellow liquid
odour- aromatic and camphoraceous
taste- pungent and camphorous followed by
sensation of cold

87. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
OIL CONTAINS- leaves contains 0.8% volatile oil
80 %CINEOL E OR EUCALYPTOL,
PINENE,
CAMPHENE,
and trace amount of -phellandrene, citronellal, geranyl acetateL
cineol

88. uses
counter-irritant,(An agent that induces
local inflammation to relieve inflammation in
underlying or adjacent tissues).
antiseptic,
expectorant,
by inhalation it relieve cough
and chronic bronchitis

89. LEMON GRASS OIL

90. SYNONYM- indian melissa oil, east indian lemon-grass oil
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
It is volatile oil obtained by distillation of leaves
and aerial parts of plant of Cymbopogon
Flexuous or Cymbopogon Citrate
Family- GRAMINAE
oil should contain not less than 75% of aldehyde as
citral.

91. COLLECTION
harvesting time depends on planting time and growth.
in first year two cutting can performed.
plant should not be allowed to flower as it reduces yeild by
30%.
dry leaves can also be harvested for steam distillation.
steam distillation for fresh herb for 2.5 to 3 hours yeild
lemongrass oil.
average yield is 0.2%

92. DESCRIPTION
colour- yellowish brown liquid
odour- lemon like
taste-similar to lemon
solubility- soluble in 3 parts of 70%
alcohol, chloroform, fixed oil, insoluble
in water.

93. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS-
citral (lemonal) is chief constituent,
others are citronelal,
geraniol,
nerol,
methylheptenol

94. USES-
flavouring agent,
in perfumery,
cosmetics,
citral is starting material for synthesisi of vit-A

95. CITRONELLA OIL

96. SYNONYM- citronella grass, java citronella, ceylon
citronella
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
it is volatile oil obtained by distillation of
fresh leaves Cymbopogon Nardus, ceylon
citronella and Cymbopogon Winterianus, java
citronella
Family- GRAMINAE

97. COLLECTION
plant is ready for harvesting
after about 4 to 8 months of
planting and 4 cuttings are
made in year. leaves are
steam distillated to obtain
volatile oil

98. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS-
leaves contains 1 % volatile
oil
citronellal,
geraniol

99. USES-
flavouring agent,
perfuming agent for soap,
in mosquito repellant cream

100. ORANGE PEEL OIL

101. SYNONYM- orange oil
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
It is volatile oil obtained from fresh
peels of sweet orange Citrus
Aurantium var sinensis
Family- RUTACEAE

102. COLLECTION-
orange peel is collected from ripe fruits by
handcutting in the from of spiral band or
four quarters.
peels can also be sliced by machine to obtain
fine slices
.fresh peels are subjected to machine
process for isolation of orange oil

103. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
-orange peels consist of about 2.5% essential oil.
90% alpha limonene,
decyl aldehyde,
linalool,
alpha -1- terpineol,
nonyl alcohol,
mithyl anthranilate

104. USES-
FLAVOURING AGENT,
PERFUMING AGENT,
official preparation is
compound orange spirit.
Uses — A flavoring agent in elixirs and
other preparations

105. Mentha oil

106. SYNONYM- peppermint oil, colpermin
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
It is volatile oil obtained by steam
distillation of fresh flowering tops
of plant Mentha Piperita Linn
Family- labiatae

107. Collection and preparation
Plant produces abundant runners.
Harvesting is done when crop reaches flowering stage.
plant continues to yield product for three successive years
.it is quickly dried in shade or by artificial heat at
temperature not exceeding 40c,
Drying reduces time required for distillation.
drug is steam distillated in 3 to 4 hours.

108. description
colour- colourless to yellow
odour- charecterstic and pleasant
taste- pungent followed by cooling sensation
solubility- soluble in 3 parts of 70% alcohol,
chloroform, fixed oil, insoluble in water.
.

109. Chemical constituents
Hearb contens 0.5 to 1%( v/w)of oil
Peppermint oil contains
70% of l- menthol , boath free and ester form,
other are menthone,
menthofuran
,jasmon – responsible for pleasant flavor
,menthyl isovalerate, menthyl acetate, other terpene,

110. Uses-
Carminative,
stimulant,
flavoring agent for pharmaceuticals and food products,
chewing gum, candies,
spasmolytic and smooth muscle relaxant,
nasal decongestant(relieve blocked nose)
, inhalation and topical use,
lozenges for antitussive effect

111. Allied drug
Japanese peppermint from
Mentha Arvensis DC var
piperascens,
it contains 85 % menthol.
it is cultivated in india , brazil.

112. Lavender oil

113. SYNONYM- common lavender
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
It is volatile oil obtained by steam
distillation of fresh flowering tops of
plant Lavandula Officinalis chaix
Family- Labiatae

114. description
colour- colourless or yellow liquid
odour- charecterstic pleasant
taste- pungent followed by cooling
sensation
solubility- soluble in 4 parts of 70% alcoholic
carbon disulphide, slightly soluble in water.

115. Chemical constituents
Oil contains
30 to 40 % esters as linalyl acetate
, linalool,
pinene,
geraniol,
cineol

116. Uses-
Aromatic
,carminative,
flavoring agent in cosmetic and
perfumery.

117. musk

118. Musk is an thickened in
consistency and dried
testicular secretion from
the preputial
follicles (exocrine glands that
are located in the folds of
skin in front of the genitals
)of the male musk deer

119. SYNONYM- kasturi, moschus
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
It is dried secretion obtained from
preputial follicels of musk-deer
Moschus Moschiferus
Family- Carvidae

120. Collection and preparation
This animal found in mountains of himalaya and china.
musk deer don’t have antlers.(extensions of the skull grown by members of the
deer family.)
male deer have musk gland under tail between organs and umbelicus.
Musk sac is called pod is 3to 7 cm long and 3 to 5 cm broad, weighing 30 gm
and contain about half its weight of musk.
Secretion of musk increases with age.
Animals are trapped or shot ,then musk sac cut out, trimmed and dried
antlers.

121. description
colour- dark brown or brownish red
odour- very strong and characteristic
taste- slightly bitter
Musk occurs in viscid mass( sticky) or
coarse granular powder.

122. Chemical constituents
Musk on steam distillation yeild 1.4% of dark brown
volatile oil.
chief constituent of oil is
muskone- cyclic ketone,
other are steroidal hormones,
mucopyridine, peptides fat, wax ,
cholesterin, resin, albuminoids.

123. Uses
It retains odour for very long time and even if
diluted to 3000 times ,hence it is used in
perfumery.
powerful stimulant in treatment of hysteria (
Hysteris-unmanageable emotional excesses.
The fear can be centered on a body part, or
most commonly, on an imagined problem
with that body part.

124. Adulterants
pods are skillfully opened, musk is removed
and replaced by some worthless substitute.

125. palmrosa

126. SYNONYM- rosha oil, geranium oil, motia-
variety
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
It is volatile oil obtained from leaves
and tops of Cymbopogon Martini
stapf
Family- Graminae

127. Collection
It is perennial (living for several
years) and sweet sented
grass,first crop is harvested
when grass flowers and
distilated

128. description
colour- colourless to light brown
odour- aromatic resembling to rose
taste- slight
Soluble in 90 alcohol, insoluble in
water.

129. Chemical constituents
Grass contains 1.25 to 1.5 % oil.
oil contains 85 to 95 % geraniol
, citronellal dipentene,
linalool,

130. Uses
Perfumery,
cosmetic,
soaps,
rheumatism,(
skin diseases,
insect repellents
affecting the joints and connective
tissue)

131. vaj

132. vaj
SYNONYM- acorus,bach,calamus,sweet flag, ghoda
vaj
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
These are dried rhizomes of the plant
Acorus Calamus Linn
Family- Araceae
It should contain not less than 1.5% volatile
oil

133. Chemical constituents
It contain 1.5 to 3.5% volatile oil,
Asaraldehyde
,asarone,
eugenol
Starch,
resin,
tannin
Bitter principle acorine

134. Uses-
Calamus used as- Carminative, bitter stimulant,
vermifuge( expel worms or other animal parasites
from the intestines,)
Volatile oil used in- perfumery
,
insect repellant,
flavouring agent,
asarone is sedative and tranquilliser

135. jatmansi

136. jatmansi
SYNONYM- nard, indian spik nard
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
dried rhizomes of the plant
Nardostacys Jatmansi
Family- Valerianaceae

137. Collection
Rhizomes are
collected from wild
grown plants only

138. Chemical constituents
1 to 2 % volatile oil,
resin,
starch,
jatmansic acid,
jatmansone,
nardostachone

139. Chemical test
80% alcoholic extract
shows bluish-white
fluorescence under
ultraviolet

140. Uses-
Sedative,
Antispasmotic
,diuretic
,emmenagouge,(which stimulate blood flow in the pelvic
area and uterus; some stimulate menstruation)
stomachic.(one that serves to tone the stomach, improving
its function and increasing appetite.)
oil have- antiarrhythmic activity, flavouring agent, hair
tonic as it promot hair growth and imparts blackness to
hairs

141. FIBERS
These are elongated thick walled cells with pointed ends.
cell wall of fibers contains cellulose and may or may not contain lignin.
fibers are obtained from natural source- like plants, ( polysaccharides)
Animals( proteinous), minerals.
Synthetic fibers are made by using chemicals
fibers are used for making surgical dressing

142. cotton

143. cotton
SYNONYM- cotton wool, raw cotton, purified cotton,
absorbent cotton, surgical cotton
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
Epidermal trichomes or hairs of seeds of cultivated
species of Gossypium
Family- malvaceae
purified or absorbent cotton is free from fatty
matter and adhering impurities. it is bleached and
sterilised

144. Geographical source-
Commercially produced in USA,Egypt, india.
CULTIVATED IN AFRICA AND INDIA

145. Preparation of absorbent cotton-
Each capsule of cotton contains seeds.
Seeds covered with hairs called bolls.
bolls are collected, dried, sended to ginning press where
trichomes are separated from seeds.
long and short hairs are separated from each other.
Short hairs are called linters and used for manufacturing of
absorbent cotton.
long hairs used for manufacturing cloths.

146. raw cotton contains impurities like wax, fat, coloring matter, vegetable
debris.
For removing wax, fatty matter and coloring matter cotton is treated
with soda ash ( sodium carbonate)solution under pressure for 10 to 15
hours.
then it is washed with bleaching agent, then washed with water ,
dried and store as flat sheets'
Finally packed in wrappers and sterilized by gamma radiation.

147. discription
Colour- white ( due to bleaching)
odour- odourless
Taste- tastless
Size-2.5 to 4.5 cm in length and 25
to 35 microne diameter

148. Histological charecters-
trichomes are unicellular, flattened and
ribbonlike with slightly thickened and
rounded apex.
They are tubuler and hollow.

149. Chemical constituents
Raw cotton contains -
90% celluse.
7 to 8 % moisture, wax, fat.
purified cotton contains -entirely cellulose , 6 to 7
% moisture.

150. Chemical tests-
1] soak cotton fibers in iodine water and dry. add few ml
80% sulphuric acid. trichomes becomes purplish blue or
bluish green.
2] ammonical copper oxide [ cuoxam reagent] dissoloves
raw cotton with formation of baloons, while absorbent
cotton dissolves completely with uniform swelling.
3]cotton is insoluble in dil. Sodium hydroxide and dil
hydrochloric acid. It is soluble in 66% sulphuric acid.

151. Uses-
Filtering medium,
surgical dressing,
insulating material.
Absorbent cotton absorbs blood, mucus , pus and
prevents wound from infection.

152. silk

153. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
Fibers obtained from cocoon of
Bombyx Mori and other species of
bombyx and antheraea species
family- Bombycidae

155. Preparation of silk-
Silk worm larvae produce silk fibroin fibers from
glands in their mouth.
fibroin [ insoluble protein created by larvae of
Bombyx mori] unite with gum like secretion
known as sericin {protien} and forms cocoon.
these cocoon not allowed to grow further in to
insect , but are heated to 60 to 80 % oc by steam
.exposed cocoons are put into hot water to
dissolve gum to separate fibers.

156. discription
Colour- yellow
odour- odourless
Taste- tastless
Size- 1200 meterin length and 5 to 25
microne diameter

157. Solubility-
Insoluble in water and
alcohol. Soluble in cuoxam
solution, sulphuric acid 66 %
, con hydrochloric acid

158. Chemical constituents-
Protien fibroin.
Fibroin on hydrolysis yields amino acides
glycine, alanine

159. Uses-
Sutures,
ligatures
[ any material, such as thread or wir
e, used for tying a vessel or to const
rict a part] and sieves are prepared
from silk.

160. wool

161. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-
Fibers obtained from fleece of
sheep Ovis Aries
family- Bovidae
fleece[The coat of wool of a sheep or similar animal]

162. Preparation-
Hairs forming flees of sheep are removed .
They are processed to remove wool fat and dirt.
Bleached and wash again then dried.

163. Description-
hairs are smooth elastic, lustrus, curly,hygroscopic
, slippery to touch.
hairs have tendancy to cling together.
Wool is insoluble in 66 % sulphuric acide, con
hydrochloric acide , cuoxam solution.

164. Chemical constituents-
Wool contains sulphur containing protien
known as keratin.
Keratin contains sulphure containing
amino acid cystine.

165. Chemical test-
In solution of caustic.
soda when lead acetate is added
black ppt obtained due to high
sulphure content.

166. Uses-
Filtering and straining medium.
Manufacturing of dressings like domette
and crepe bandages.
domette

167. Nylon [ polyamide]
It is polymer of adipic acide and hexamethylene diamine.
fibers are highly lustrous to dull, white colored
.fibers melt in flame with formation of bead
.it is soluble in 5 m HCL, 90% formic acide, 90% phenol
and insoluble in acetone

168. Uses-
For filter cloths, sieves
and non – absorbable
sutures.

169. Nylon Woven Screen Mesh

170. Glass wool-
these are mineral fibers consist of sand (silica), mixed with oxides of
aluminium, calcium, boron, and magnesium
.they are unaffected by all chemical reagents used for identification of
fibers
. They melt at high temperature and form transparent bead.
Used for filters fabric .

171. Asbestos-
it is hydrated aluminium silicate.
Highly refractive and do not fuse when heated.
Used for filtering medium and for bacterial filters

172. polyster
polymers which contain the ester functional group in their
main chain.
Polyethylene terephthalate (sometimes written
poly(ethylene terephthalate)), commonly
abbreviated PET, PETE,
thermoplastic polymer resin of
the polyester family and is used in synthetic
fibers

173. Polyester is also wrinkle
resistant and is used very often
in everyday clothing

174. Its hydrophobic property makes it ideal for
garments and jackets that are to be used in
wet or damp environments--coating the
fabric with a water-resistant finish
intensifies this effect.

175. Drugs of mineral origin
Inorganic substances found as
mineral deposits of different
types in various layers of soil.
they are further purified for
pharmaceutical use.

176. TALC

177. TALC
Synonym- french chalk
Source- it is obtained from
mineral known as steatite or
soapstone.[type of metamorphic
rock- formed by transformation
of existing rock.]
Geographical source- produced
in large quantity in Italy, France

178. Collection and preparation-
Soapstone or steatite is obtained in the form of
large lumps with foliate features[ planar
arrangement of structural or textural features in
any rock ]
.it is separated and finely powdered in machine and
shifted to get fine grade of talc
. Talc is purified by boiling with dilute HCL and
then washed with water until neutral and dried
at110;c

179. Charecterstics-
Colour- white
Odour-odourless
Taste- tastless.
It gives slip feeling when rubbed on
skin

180. It is insoluble in
water, acids,
alkalies. Neutral
to limus

181. Chemical constituents-
It mostly contains
Hydrated aluminium silicate.[H2Mg3(SiO3)4 or
Mg3Si4O10(OH)2] known as talcum powder
Unpurified mineral contains- mineral oxides and
trace of aluminium oxide

182. Uses-
Filtration and purification aid
.lubricant in tablet.
In preparation of dusting powder and for coating,
dusting pills

183. naturally occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary
rock that is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-
white powder.
DIATOMITE

184. naturally occurring, so is the skeletal remains of
single celled plants called diatoms, hence the name
diatomite.
These microscopic algae have the capability of
extracting silica from water to produce their
skeletal structure.
When diatoms die their skeletal remains sink to
the bottom of lakes and oceans and form a
diatomite deposit.

185. diatomite
Synonym-diatomaceous earth,
kieselguhr
Source-it consist of silica material with
organic matter of fossil diatoms of
family Bacillariaceae, it is subdivision
of algae

186. Geographical source-
Large amount in california,
virginia,
germany,
denmark,
algeria
, north america

187. Collection and preparation-
Diatomite deposite have developed over time due to faster
growth and later death of diatoms
.it accumulates as huge siliceous skeletons of fossile
diatoms at the bottom of sea or in fresh water lake
.it is present as large blocks.
These blocks are dried after collection.
These blocks then crushed in mills and shifted through
machines to obtain fine powder.
It purified by dil HCL , washed till neutral and dried

188. Charecterstics-
Colour-buff to grayish brown
Odour- odorless
Nontoxic
consistency of powdered chalk or flour
It becomes white after treatment with
acid.
Soluble in most of acids.
it is highly absorbent

189. Chemical constituents-
75 to 92% silica,
1 to 6 % aluminium oxide.
Purified kieselguhr contains- only
silicon oxide

190. Uses-
Filtration aid,
for clarification and decolourisation of syrups, oils,
fats.
.adsorbent in chromatography,
manufacture of tooth powder, talcum powder, nail
polish, pills, soaps.

191. BENTONITE

192. Montmorillonite is a very
soft phyllosilicate group of minerals
that typically form in
microscopic crystals, forming a clay
Bentonite is
an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate[
silicate minerals
]impure clay consisting mostly
of montmorillonite.

193. BENTONITE
Synonym-bentonitum,soap clay,
wilkinite
Source-it is deposit of mineral which
resembles clay.
Geographical source-italy, canada,
south africa. Best variety obtain in usa
near fort benton hence its name

194. Collection and preparation-
mineral collected from mines,
dried by steam and powdered by machine,
shifted to obtain fine powder bentonite.

195. Charecterstics-
colour- buff to greyish green
Insoluble in water but absorbs about six times its
weight of water,
swells to about 12 to 15 times its volume.
Its aqueous dispersion is alkaline to litmus.
It stains deep red with safranin

196. Chemical constituents-
It is mineral of aluminium and silicon oxide
montmorillonite

197. Uses-
Used for preparation of gel used for
preparation of emulsion, ointment,
creams.
Used in lipsticks

198. KAOLIN

199. kaolin
is a clay mineral, part of the group
of industrial minerals, with the chemical
composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4.
It is a layered silicate mineral,Rocks that are
rich in kaolinite are known
as kaolin or china clay.
Synonym- Heavy or light kaolin, China clay,
bolus alba, porcelain clay, white bole, argilla
(hydrated aluminum silicate)

200. The name is derived from Chinese Kao-Ling , a
village from which it was mined for centuries.
It is a soft, earthy, usually white mineral
(dioctahedral phyllosilicate clay), produced by the
chemical weathering of aluminium silicate minerals
like feldspar[ group of rock-
forming tectosilicate minerals]

201. is an essential ingredient in the
manufacture of china
and porcelain and is widely used in
the making of paper, rubber, paint,
and many other
uses
filtering agent to clarify liquids.
internally to control diarrhea. Kaolin has also been
used topically as an emollient and drying agent.

202. About 20 million tonnes of feldspar
were produced in 2010, mostly by
three countries: Italy (4.7 Mt), Turkey
(4.5 Mt), and China

203. gelatin

204. GELATIN
Gelatin is a mixture
of peptides and proteins produced by
partial hydrolysis of collagen extracte
d from the skin, bones, and
connective tissues of animals
pharmaceutical grades of gelatin are generally
sourced from beef bones.

205. Gelatin forms a viscous solution
when dissolved in hot water, which
sets to a gel on cooling. Gelatin
added directly to cold water does
not dissolve well. Gelatin is also
soluble in most polar solvents.

206. manufacturing processes
-Pretreatments to make the raw materials ready for the main
extraction step and to remove impurities which may have
negative effects on physio chemical properties of the final
gelatin product,
-The main extraction step, which is usually done with hot
water or dilute acid solutions as a multi-stage extraction to
hydrolyze collagen into gelatin, and finally,
-The refining and recovering treatments including filtration,
clarification, evaporation, sterilization, drying, rutting,
grinding, and sifting to remove the water from the gelatin
solution, to blend the gelatin extracted, and to obtain dried,
blended and ground final product.

207. If gelatin is derived from bones,
dilute acid solutions are used to
remove calcium and other salts.
Hot water or several solvents may be
used in order to reduce the fat content,
which should not exceed 1% before the
main extraction step.
Collagen hydrolysis is performed by one of three different
methods: acid-, alkali-, and enzymatic hydrolysis.

209. gelatin is used primarily to make
hard and soft gelatin capsules.
Other uses include manufacturing
tablets, emulsions, suppositories
and syrups
Uses-