Sustainable Food Production: Improving Food Security and Human Nutrition in Southern Ethiopia through Plant Breeding, Agronomy and Soil Nutrient Management of Pulse Crops
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Sustainable Food Production: Improving Food Security and Human Nutrition in Southern Ethiopia through Plant Breeding, Agronomy and Soil Nutrient Management of Pulse Crops
1. Presented at the International Food Security Dialogue
2014
“Enhancing Food Production, Gender Equity and Nutritional
Security in a Changing World.”
Sponsored By:
Hosted By:
2. Survival of the fittest or survival of the most creative & hard working?!
Near Lake Langano, Ethiopia (2011); Courtesy of Dr. Tesfaye Abebe
3. Molla Assefa Mengistu (PhD student, U
ofS)
Wondwosen Tena (PhD student, HU)
Walelign Worku (Plant Science)
Sheleme Beyene (Soil Science)
Endalkachew Wolde-Meskel (Soil
Science)
Legesse Hidoto (PhD student, HU)
Zenebe Worku (Extension, HU)
Tewodros Tefera (Agricultural
Economic)
Bunyamin Tar’an (Plant
Sciences)
Fran Walley (Soil Science)
Carol Henry (Nutrition)
Susan Whiting (Nutrition)
Bob Tyler (Food Science)
Gord Zello (Nutrition)
4. The total area of the country is about
111.5 million ha, out of which 74.3
million ha is suitable for annual and
perennial crop production and only 15
million is under utilization
45 % (50.2 million hectares) is mid-
highland and highland; the remaining is
lowland.
The average annual rainfall ranges
from 200 to 2500 mm.
The agroecology is highly diversified
(18 major and 49 sub-agro ecological
zones).
Agriculture sector in Ethiopia:
Accounts for 47% of the GDP,
Provides 85% of employment, and
Provides 90% of foreign exchange.
5. Food supply systems in Ethiopia
Three
major
systems
Crop
production
Livestock
Market
dependent
system
75% of the population
Mostly in highland
10% of the population
Mostly in arid and
semiarid zones
15% of the population
Dependent on the
preceding food
supply
Diverse range of
production
Failure of rain during
cropping season
Shortage of
food supply
9. Research components:
Pulse agronomy &
Breeding
Soil management & N fixation
Food processing and
nutrition
Nutrition education
Social Economy &
Gender
Chickpea, lentil,
snap bean, faba bean
Capacity building
Food and nutrition security
21 MSc students
8 PhD students
7 Faculties – research sabbatical to U of S
Nutrition Education
Farmers training as seed growers
Analytical lab. (AAS)
Soil Microbiology lab.
Field equipment
10. IMPACT PATHWAY
Identify Target Populations
Setting Targets
Screening for micronutrient rich genotypes
Discovery
Crop Improvement/Varietal testing/Agronomy
Genotype x Environment, Variety release
Nutrient Retention Processing Studies
Bioavailability and Efficacy Studies
Development
Seed Production and Distribution System
Education, Promotion and Consumer Acceptance
Improved diet for target population
Dissemination
11. Key factors for expanding area of pulses
and enhancing productivity of pulses
Availability and adoption of suitable varieties
(short-duration, high yielding, disease resistant,
drought tolerant);
Availability and adoption of low cost agronomic
package including the use of inoculant;
Promotion of pulses in cereal based cropping
system;
Transportation and linking farmers to markets.
12. Case of chickpea
Low productivity in the region (0.6 -0.8 tons/ha)
Due to predominant cereal-cereal rotation, soils are generally
deficient in nitrogen fixing bacteria, which contributes to poor yield
of chickpea especially under no N application;
Other problems: drought, disease, human theft
Participatory variety selection :
Both extension and research approach
Simultaneous efforts of promotion and dissemination
The objectives were to:
Identify adapted and high yielding varieties of chickpea
Familiarize farmers with improved varieties and production
technology
Majority of farmers are willing to grow chickpea if they could
access to improved varieties.
13. Map of Ethiopia showing sampling sites for Rhizobium collection
19. Only released varieties plus local checks
Kabuli
Arerti
Chefe
Ejeri
Habru
Shasho
Desi
Wolaita local
Butajira local
Mastewal
Natoli
Participating farmers were selected with the development agent (DA): consent and
ability to provide land
• Seedling vigor
• Earliness
• Plant height
• Plant vigor
• Disease resistance
• Insect resistance
• Biomass
• Grain yield
• Seed colour
• Seed size
• Taste
• Marketable
• Overall
Assessment:
21. Top three chickpea varieties based on farmers’
participatory evaluation:
Butajira (2011), Wolaita (2011), Hulbareg (2013)
(2011) (2011) (2013)
22. Grain yield of chickpea varieties at Wolaita and Butajira
(based on 2011 & 2012 trials)
All improved varieties performed better than the local
t/ha
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Arerti Chefe Ejeri Habru Shasho Local Mastewal Natoli
Wolaita
Butajira
NS at Wolaita
23. Variety
Grain yield
(t/ha)
100-seed
weight (g)
Shasho (#2) 3.0 a 27.7 b
Mastewal (#3) 2.8 a 22.6 d
Natoli (#1) 2.8 a 26.5 bc
Ejere 2.7 a 33.9 a
Arerti 2.6 ab 23.8 cd
Habru 2.1 b 29.1 b
Local 2.1 b 10.3 e
LSD (5%) 0.54 3.3
CV 11.78 7.47
Grain yield of chickpea varieties at Hulbareg (2013)
24. Wolaita Butajira
Average monthly rainfall (mm) 1996-2010
Location Seeding time (2011 and 2012)
Early Medium Late
Wolaita 7th September 16th September 27th September
Butajira 6th September 16th September 28th September
Effects of seeding dates Molla Mengistu, PhD student
25. Habru Local check
Early Seeding
Maturity (days) 101 99
Yield (% check) 118% 100
Medium
Seeding
Maturity 103 99
Yield (% check) 117% 100
Late Seeding
Maturity 100 98
Yield (% check) 127% 100
Performance of chickpea cultivar Habru across locations and
seeding dates (2011&2012)
No significant effects of seeding dates on yield;
All improved varieties performed better than the local.
Early maturing variety such as Habru is suitable for use for
double crop in cereal-based rotation
26. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Snap Bean (early) Chickpea(early) Cereals
(irrigation)
Cereal-based
rotation
Wolaita
Butajira
Rainfall (mm)
Rainfall (mm)
27. Evaluations of chickpea elite varieties and germplasm lines for
micronutrients and carotenoid complex across locations and years
28. Implementation:
Scaling up and out: Var. Habru and Mastewal
Seed production ~ all stake holders
Linking formal eg. Ethiopian Seed Enterprise (ESE)& non-formal seed
sectors
Establishment of village seed banks/farmer cooperatives
Possible involvement of agro-entrepreneurs in seed supply chain
Supply of macro and micronutrients
Link farmer groups with industry/suppliers – involvement of local gov.
Soil testing facilities and soil health cards?
Supply of inoculants ~ link with N2Africa Project
Grain handling, transportation and storage.
Value addition and linking farmers to market
29. Year No. of
districts
No.
kebeles
No. of
farmers*
Area
(ha)
Seed supply
(tonnes)
2012 3 4 45 3 0.4
2013 4 8 600
(794)
150
(200)
21
2014 6 12 3,000 750 105
2015 15 30 15,000 3,750 525
2016 30 60 30,000 7,500 1,050
Target districts, kebeles (villages), farmers and area
coverage of chickpea production in five year scaling up
* targeting 20-30% female farmers
30. Thank
You!
Canadian International Food Security Research Fund (CIFSRF):
Call 1 (2010-2013);
Call3 (2012-2014);
Pre Scaling Up (2013-2014)
Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre
Southern Agricultural Research Institute
Bureau of Agriculture
Southern Farmers Cooperatives Federation and member coops union
Zone and District agriculture offices, AgriService Ethiopia
Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute
Participating farmers