"Food Security in Complex Emergencies"
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"Food Security in Complex Emergencies"
- 1. Food Security in Complex Emergencies A Challenge for FAO Prabhu Pingali, Director, ESA INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP 23 – 25 SEPTEMBER 2003, TIVOLI, ITALY
- 2. Our Concerns with Food Security in Complex Emergencies • Major ESA research themes • The incidence in low-income countries • From emergency relief to rebuilding food systems resilience • Policy and planning framework for longer-term food security responses • Critical component of the FAO/EC Food Security Programme
- 3. Trends in Causes of Food Emergencies Source: FAO Numbers of countries affected
- 4. Countries Facing Food Emergencies in 2003 Total 38 Africa 25 Asia 6 Latin America 5 Europe 2 Source: GIEWS
- 5. Main Cause of Emergencies in the African Countries in 2003 Total 25 Human Induced 9 Weather Induced 9 Combined: Human and Weather 7
- 6. ODA and Emergency Assistance in Developing Countries 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ODA excl. emerg. Assistance emergency assistance ODA excl. emergency assistance billion US$ emergency assistance billion US$Developing countries End of Cold War Source FAO: OECD datasets
- 7. Food Aid for Natural and Human Induced Emergencies 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Human induced emergencies Natural emergencies million US$
- 8. 13 Countries Facing Complex Emergencies: People Affected,Food Aid and ODA 0 5 10 15 20 25 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 Sudan Somalia Sierra Leone Rwanda Palestine Liberia Congo, Dem Rep Burundi Angola Afghanistan emergency food aid (100 millionUS$) ODA excl. FA (billion US$) millions of people affected US$
- 9. Conflicts: People Affected, ODA, Emergency Assistance Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 million people affected 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 million US$ million people affected emergency assistance (million US$) ODA excl. EA (million US$) Sudan 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 million people affected 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 million US$ million people affected emergency assistance (million US$) ODA excl. EA (million US$) Somalia 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 million people affected 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 million US$ million people affected emergency assistance (million US$) ODA excl. EA (million US$) May 1997 Mobutu Departure Source FAO: OECD and CRED datasets
- 10. Per Capita Emergency Assistance and ODA Sudan 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001 USD 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 Affected Somalia 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001 USD 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001 USD 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Affected Emergency assistance USD per head ODA USD per capita Million people affected
- 11. Dimensions of Food Security Availability Access Stability Domestic production Import capacity Food aid Income distribution / Poverty Access to assets (e. g. land) Markets and infrastructure capacity Weather variability Price variability Security and political stability
- 12. Impact of Conflict on Food Availability
- 13. Impact of Conflict on Access to Food – People directly affected by conflict; – Displaced persons loosing access to their food entitlements; – Persons trapped in conflict zones cut-off from market links and relief food; – Those loosing employment and income as a result of fighting, economic decline and informal taxation (war tax).
- 14. Impact of Conflict on Stability of Food Supply and Access • impacts on prices and markets; • exacerbates the effects of natural disasters; • weakens institutions – safety nets – insurances
- 15. Complex Emergencies Beyond Conflict • Large Scale Epidemics (e. g. HIV/AIDS); • Macro-economic policy failures …may create crisis with similar food security implications as those involving violent conflict, particularly when combined with institutional breakdown and collapse.
- 16. HIV/AIDS and Food Security Viability of institutions and markets Stability Decline in household disposable income, breakdown of traditional safety nets Access labour, productive capital, agricultural knowledge Availability Effects of the Pandemic onDeterminant
- 17. Food Security and Economic Collapse Market price variation, market disruption, economic collapse Stability Loss of employment sources and safety nets “Agriculture as a buffer” Access Food import capacity decline Access to technology Availability Determinant
- 18. Conclusions We need to: • better understand the factors that contribute to the resilience of agricultural and food systems in protracted complex emergencies; • develop new approaches to designing flexible, principled support to that resilience in situations subject to political manipulation and rapid change; • establish responsive policy and planning frameworks capable of putting these approaches into effect; • make sure that these frameworks use field research and information systems that can adequately capture the complexity of complex emergencies.