This document describes various Australian landmarks, state capitals, and the natural processes that form landforms and landscapes. It explains the significance of features such as Uluru, the Sydney Opera House, and the MCG, as well as the geomorphic agents responsible for different landscape types. Additionally, it touches upon historical sites like Anzac Cove and Port Arthur, emphasizing their cultural importance.

2. Western Australia (State)
Capital City: Perth South Australia (State)
Capital City: Adelaide
Queensland (State)
Capital City: Brisbane
New South Wales (State)
Capital City: Sydney
Tasmania (State)
Capital City: Hobart
Victoria (State)
Capital City: Melbourne
Northern Territory
Capital City: Darwin

3. A LANDFORM is a natural geographical feature or shape (morphology: the shape of) that
appears on the Earth’s surface.
A LANDFORM’s shape and ‘the character of the land’s surface’ is the result from the
interaction of physical processes.
• The action of water (fluvial action);
• The action of wind;
• The actions of glaciers and weathering;
• The movements within the earth’s crust.

4. Originally a LANDMARK was ‘an object set up to mark the
boundaries of a kingdom, estate, property.
From the Old English: LANDMEARC meaning ‘boundary’.
Today LANDMARK can refer to:
• A recognizable feature
e.g. Uluru (Ayers Rock) central Australia.
• A notable location e.g. Sydney Opera House
• A major event e.g. The right to vote for Aboriginal
people legislated by the Commonwealth of Australia in
1962 and by all states by 1965.

5. A LANDSCAPE is part of the Earth’s surface.
A LANDSCAPE is the visible features (landforms) of an area including:
• Natural elements of landforms such as mountains, valleys, coastlines and water
bodies such as rivers, lakes, seas and oceans.
• Living elements of land cover including vegetation and wildlife.
• Human imprint: including different forms of land use, buildings and structures.
• Changeable elements such as weather conditions.
Landscapes develop because of the GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES that have taken place over
time. Two of the most important agents of these processes are:
• EROSION e.g. the power of glaciers in alpine areas, running water in rivers and
waves on the coastline.
• DEPOSITION e.g. on coastlines caused via longshore drift.
LANDSCAPE TYPES:
• Arid Landscapes: Geomorphic agents: WIND and WATER.
• Coastal Landscapes: Geomorphic agent: WATER.
• Glacial Landscapes: Geomorphic agent: WATER in its solid state of ICE.
• Humid Landscapes: Geomorphic agent: WATER.
• Volcanic Landscapes: Geomorphic agent: MOLTEN ROCK.
*A LANDSCAPE contains LANDFORMS; famous LANDFORMS can be considered: LANDMARKS.*
(Geomorphology: the study of the physical features of the surface of the earth and their relation to its geological structures)

6. Probably most famous for being the Pearling Capital of Australia, with some of the world's
largest cultured pearls, Broome (Western Australia) offers a host of amazing experiences
for visitors and tourists. Start with the stunning 'Stairway to the Moon' or amazing 130
million year old dinosaur footprints.

7. At ANZAC Cove (Turkey), site of Australia and New Zealand’s first major combat in WWI, a
memorial commemorates the fallen service men and women of all our conflicts. Although
it's not on Australian soil this landmark lies deep in the hearts of many Australians. "Lest
We Forget" motto of ANZAC Day, 25th of April.

8. Ballarat (Victoria) was transformed from a small sheep station into a bustling mining town
with the discovery of gold in 1851. Discoveries of gold are still being made today, but this
LANDMARK of Australia is most known to Australians for being the site of the rebellion at
the Eureka Stockade, the only civil rebellion that ever took place in the country.

9. One of the strongest lights in Australia, Cape Byron Lighthouse (New South Wales) stands
on a rocky headland that juts into the Pacific Ocean. Cape Byron and the lighthouse are
part of the 22,000 hectare Cape Byron Marine Park which combined with the town of
Byron Bay, make for one of Australia's favourite touring destinations.

10. On the 9th of May, 1988 Queen Elizabeth II opened this marvellous centrepiece of
Australian architecture and culture, including both the House of Representatives and the
Senate and offices for our Federal Ministers. The Australian Federal Parliament has been
given a world class forum for running our democracy; Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
(ACT).

11. The Barossa Valley is regarded as Australia's wine capital and features over eighty cellar
doors all within two hours drive from Adelaide. Luxury resorts and cellars offer award-
winning wine and gourmet food amongst an inspiring landscape. The rolling hills and
valleys of the Barossa are a perfect place to indulge yourself.

12. Recognised as one of Queensland’s iconic landmarks, Q1 Towers (Q1 = Queensland No. 1)
over Surfers Paradise and The Gold Coast, briefly holding the record for the world's tallest
residential tower. The 332.5 metre skyscraper, measured to the top of its spire, is still the
tallest building in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere (2015).

13. The MCG (Melbourne Cricket Ground) is host to the AFL from April to September and after
the AFL Grand Final the MCG prepares for Cricket Season which usually starts at the end of
September/early October and runs till the end of March. The MCG hosts both international
and national Cricket Matches and is also home to Australia's National Sports Museum.

14. The Port Arthur Historic Site houses Australia's most intact convict settlement, including
restored buildings and homes, ruins, a harbour, a coalmine, a factory and even an Isle of
the Dead. With a museum, interactive experiences and a bistro serving fresh Tasmanian
produce, a trip to the Port Arthur Historic site is one trip you will remember.

15. Sydney Opera House is not only Australia's most famous landmark, this unique structure is
one of the world's most instantly recognisable and iconic buildings. In 1956 an
international competition to design an opera house for Sydney was held. Jørn Utzon had
his extraordinary design declared the winner on January 29, 1957.

16. • Australian Landmarks
• GEOGSPACE: Landscapes and Landforms