This document discusses hyponatremia, including definitions, causes, symptoms, evaluation and treatment. It defines hyponatremia as a serum sodium concentration <135 mmol/L. Evaluation involves assessing volume status, serum and urine osmolality and sodium levels. Causes include SIADH, hypothyroidism and medications. Treatment depends on severity and chronicity of hyponatremia and involves fluid restriction, oral salts or vaptans. Acute severe hyponatremia is treated with intravenous 3% saline while chronic asymptomatic hyponatremia can be managed with fluid restriction and oral salts.

1. HYPONATREMIA
DRVANDANAG HARI MBBS DNB
RESIDENT
DEPT OF HEMATOLOGY
MADRAS MEDICAL COLLEGE

2. HYPONATREMIA
•Hyponatraemia, defined as a serum sodium
concentration <135 mmol/L.
•The most common disorder of body fluid and
electrolyte balance encountered in clinical practice.
•15–20 % of emergency admissions to hospital and
occurs in up to 20 % of critically ill patients.

3. DEFINITIONS
•Mild hyponatraemia 130-135 mmol/L as measured by
ion specific electrode.
•Moderate’ hyponatraemia 125-129 mmol/L as
measured by ion specific electrode.
•Profound’ hyponatraemia <125 mmol/L as measured by
ion specific electrode.

4. •Acute – Less than 48 hours
•Chronic – More than 48 hours
•Unknown consider as chronic

5. Moderately severe
• Nausea without vomiting
• Confusion
• Headache

6. Severe
• Vomiting
• Cardio-respiratory distress
• Abnormal and deep somnolence
• Seizures
• Coma (Glasgow Coma Scale less than 8)

7. Case History -1
• A 64 year-old man with a past medical history of hypertension,
depression, and IgG lambda multiple myeloma presents to the hospital
to initiate chemotherapy.
• C/o tiredness

8. • Physical examination
• Pallor +
• No edema
• PR-90/min
• BP 140/70mmhg
• Systems – NAD

9. Labs
• Hb 9.5g/dl
• TC 5600
• Platelets – 200000/cumm
• Biochemistry
• Creatinine – 0.9
• Urea 24
• LFT Bil 1 , AST – 24 ALT 26 ALP 100Total Protein – 10 .6 Albumin 3.2

10. • Sodium 128 Chloride 106
• Potassium 4.2
• Glucose 108 mg / dl
• pT 10/0.8 aptt- 28

11. ?????
• Moderate hyponatremia- Asymptomatic

12. Step 1 of evaluation
• Calculate serum osmolality
• Formula – 2XSodium mEq/L+ Glucose in mg/dl/ 18+BUN mg/dl /2.8
• Normal 275- 295 mOsm/kg

13. Further evaluation
• Serum osmolality :This test can help us get a better sense of our patient’s
tonicity in the setting of hyponatremia.
• The serum osmolality is 285 mOsm/kg. (normal range: 275 – 295 mOsm/kg)

14. So diagnosis………
•Pseudohyponatremia---- Low
Sodium with increased or
normal Serum osmolality

15. • Blood Urea Nitrogen – Urea / 2 ( nitrogen contributes approx 46 % of
molecular weight of Urea CO (NH2)2

16. Pseudohyponatremia

17. 1.Translocational Pseudohyponatremia
Solutes like
Glucose
Mannitol
In blood
Do not cross cell
membrane
Water moves
from cell to blood
Apparent water
excess

18. • Blood with glucose / mannitol
• High osmolality
cell
w w
w

19. 2. Hyponatremia with normal osmolality
• Estimation with Flame spectrometry in serum with high lipids and proteins
• Present day – Ion sensitive electrode method- Accurate

20. Case 2
• A 38-year-old male in excellent health suffered a fall from a tree causing a
right leg fracture and blunt trauma to the head with concussion but no other
signs of head injury.The patient was discharged several days after surgery
for repair of his leg fracture. On 6 th day after his discharge he presented to
ER severely ill with nausea, vomiting, headache, and seizures.

21. • O/E patient drowsy GCS 10 / 15
• No edema
• Bp 120/70 PR 98 /min
• Afebrile
• Systems- CNS drowsy moves all 4 limbs
• Rest Normal

22. • Seizures ? Cause…. in post ictal confusion

23. A repeat CT brain- Normal
CBC/RFT – normal
Serum Sodium – 100meq/ L
Glucose 100
BUN- 24mg/dl

24. • Diagnosis – Hyponatremia induced seizure

25. What next ???
• Calculate serum osmolality
• 2X 100 + 100/18+ 24/ 2.8= 214 mosm / kg
• Low serum osmolality ----True hyponatremia
Formula – 2XSodium mEq/L+ Glucose in mg/dl/ 18+BUN mg/dl /2.8 (275-295)

26. Step 2 –Volume status of the patient
• Euvolemic – may be in hypovolemia post correction
• Hypovolemic
• Hypervolemic- In case of edema
• CCF/CKD/CLD/Nephrotic syndrome

27. Mechanism of hypervolemic hyponatremia
Edema Depleted
intravascular
volume
Renin
Angiotensin
Aldosterone
activation
Sodium water
reabsorption
Water more than
sodium
Dilutional
Hyponatremia

28. How to treat hypervolemic hyponatremia??
Treatment – Loop diuretics – Furosemide .

29. What if the patient is hypovolemic ???

30. Hypovolemic hyponatremia
Renal- 1.Diuretic use
2. ATN 3. RTA
Non renal – GI loss –Vomiting ,
loose stools
LOSS OFWATER

31. Euvolemic hyponatremia
• Hypocortisolism
• Hypothroidism
• SIADH

32. Evaluation of euvolemic hyponatremia
• 1. Serum Osmolality –To assess the tonicity
• 2. Urine Osmolality-To assess activity of ADH .
High ADH activity – more water reabsorbed –Concentrated urine – Increased
urine osmolality (>100)

33. • 3.Urine Sodium– A measure of effective circulating volume
• Low effective circulating volume – Renin angiotensin aldosterone activation
---More sodium reabsorbed – Less Urine sodium (<30 mmol/L)
• 4.TSH
• 5. SerumCortisol levels

34. SIADH
• Effective serum osmolality <275 mOsm/kg
• Urine osmolality>100 mOsm/kg
• Clinical euvolemia
• Urine sodium concentration>30 mmol/L
• Absence of adrenal, thyroid, pituitary or renal insufficiency
• No recent use of diuretic agents

35. 22 year old with gastroenteritis
Dehydrated with sodium 118
Body weight 60 kg
Asymptomatic
• 1 L NS – 154 meq/L
• 1L 3%saline 513

36. How much ??

37. • Change in sodium =154- 118/TBW+ 1
• TBW =60% of weight =60%x 60kg = 36 kg
• There fore
• 154-118
36+ 1
= 36/37= 1meq/L
22 year old with gastroenteritis
Dehydrated with sodium 118
Body weight 60 kg
Total BW 60% of 60 kg= 36 kg

38. • 1L of normal saline will produce 1 meq rise in sodium
• Daily sodium correction – maximum 8mEq/L
• Recommended 5mEq/day – 5 l of NS

40. How to treat ???
Treatment of hyponatremia with severe symptoms

41. Management of acute symptomatic
hyponatremia
• Fluid of choice – 3% Saline
• 1L of 3% saline – 513 meq/L
• Recommendation
• 100ml 3%HTS x 3times each infusion over 10 – 15 minutes

42. • 38 year old 60 kg with sodium 100Meq/L
• 1L 3% saline = 513 mEqTBW 60% of weight =36 kg
• Ie
• 513-100/ 37=413/37=11.16
• 1L 3%saline will increase his sodium by 11.16
• 300ml will increase by 3.7 mEq/L

43. Patient improves
• Continue normal saline infusion at very low volume
• Evaluate for the cause and treat the cause
• Check the sodium every 6 hours

44. No improvement
of symptoms after a 5 mmol/L increase in serum
sodium concentration in the first hour
• intravenous infusion of 3 % hypertonic saline target sodium rise 1
mEq/L/hour to maximum 8 meq/L/day.
• Check sodium every 4 hours while on 3% saline infusion

45. Treatment of chronic hyponatremia
• If asymptomatic –brain shrinks in size to accommodate the edema
• 3% saline in chronic asymptomatic case or correction more than 8
mEq/L/day--- Further shrinking of brain – Further water from brain to CSF ---
Osmotic demyelination –
• Clinical symptoms-Dysarthria/ dysphagia/ paraparesis/ lethargy/confusion /
coma

46. Treatment of asymptomatic chronic
hyponatremia
• 1. Fluid restriction
• 2. Oral salts
• 3.Vaptans-V2 receptor antagonist—(v2- mediate anti diurectic response )
• ExampleTolvaptan 15mg once daily
• CI- CLD .AE : hepatotoxic
• May be used in hypervolemic also

47. • ThankYou

48. Reference
• Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia
Intensive Care Med (2014) 40:320–331 DOI 10.1007/s00134-014-3210-2
• Uptodate
• Harrison 20 th edition