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Afflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg
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2




    ;xof]u                                                    cfof]hs

g]b/Nof08; n]k|f];L l/lnkm                          /fli6|o ckf+u dxf;+3 g]kfn
   g]kfn                                     If]lqo sfof{no, lj/f6gu/




   k[i7e"ld M




;j} k|s[tLsf    ckf + u tf   ePsf   AolQ m x ? sf]     xs,    clwsf/sf] ; +/If0f,


pk ef] u, ;D dflgt lhjgofkg tyf ;dfh ljsf; ; + u             k|To If ;/f]sf/ /fVg]
3




lgsfox? df ;D df g h g s    ;xefu Ltf, tyf cj/f]wd' Q m            jftfj/0f / ckf + u tf


ePsf    AolQ m      tyf    ltgsf     k/Ljf/sf]    cfly{s      j[l4sf     nfu L     df]/ + u


lhN nf df ljleGg ; + 3 ; + : yfx? n] ckf + u tf ;jfndf sfo{ u/L/x]sf 5g .


df]/ + u sf]   s'n hg; + V of sf] e m G 8}            # k|ltzt eG bf jl9sf] lx:;f


cf]u6]sf] ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] l:ytL x]g]{ xf] eg] z}lIfs,


;fdfh L s, cfly{s, /fhg}tLs x/]s If]q df ;'wf/pG d'v dfq /x]sf] 5 .


w]/} ; + : yfx?n]      nufg L      u/L/x]tf      klg     sfo{q m d x ?    ; + rf n g   ug]


{ k'/fgf k|j[QL / k|s[ofn] plgx?sf] lhjg :t/df ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf]


5}g .




g]kfn     ;/sf/n]   ckf + u tf     ePsf   AolQ m x ? sf]       ;jf{lË0f ljsf;sf        nflu


;d'bfo df cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{q m d n f O {              cl3N nf cfly{s jif{ jf6


;j} lhN nf df nfu' u/] cg'?k df]/ + u             lhN nf df ;d]t p Q m           sfo{q m d
4




nfu'     e O{     sfof{Gjog      e O{/x]sf]      5    .    t/ l;ldt      > f ]t      / l;ldt


sfo{q m d x ?     ;dfj]z ePsf] p Q m      sfo{q m d       lhN nfsf] l:ytL ; + u          d] n


vfg] lsl;dsf] 5}g . cGt/fli6|o ?k df ;d'bfo df cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgfsf


sfo{q m d s f ]   vfsf :ki6      u/LP    klg     g]kfn L      ;+G b e{ df       pQ m     vfsf


k'0f{tof sfof{Gjog df /fli6|o tx jf6} sd L s d h f ]/L ePsf] kfO G 5 .


tyfkL     klg lhN nf      tyf If]lqo      txdf lq m oflzn          ; + : yfx?     tyf cu'jf


cleoGtfx?sf]        ;lq m otf    jf6    ljleGg       sfo{q m d x ? n ]    eg]        lg/Gt/tf


kfO{ /x]sf 5g . o;} l;nl;nfdf ;d'bfo df                   cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgfsf] /


0fgLlt cg'?k o;sf kf + r           j6f ;jfn ut If]q tyf p Q m               kf + r     ;jfnut


If]qsf cGo kf + r       kf + r   pk ;jfnut If]q ut sfo{q m d x ? sf] ;dfof]h g


;lxt Plss[t sfo{q m d       ; +rfn g ug'{ kg]{ vf +rf] ePsf jvt, p Q m                   s'/f


k'/f ug{sf nflu /fli6|o ckf + u               dxf; + 3    g]kfnsf] k'jf{~rn If]lqo


sfof{no lj/f6gu/ / g]b/N of08 n]k|f];L l/lnk m lj/f6gu/ ljr df]/ + u
5




lhN nf df       Ps   ljz]if    k/Lof]h gf   ; + rf n g   ug]{     ;xdtL   jdf]lh d


h'nfO{ @) !) b]vL cS6f]j/ @) !) ;D d ;dk G g ePsf lq m ofs nf k x? sf]


k|utL k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L k]z u/LPsf] 5 .




   sfo{qm d sf p2]Zox? M

     lb3{sflng pb] Z o M


            ;fd'bfo L s       ultljlwx?df   ckf + u tf     ePsf     AolQ m x ? sf]


            ;xefu Ltf     ;'lglZrt ub}{ :jfjnlDj, cfT dflge{/ tyf clwsf/


            ;D k G g ? k d f lhjg ofkg ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f ljsf; ug]{ u/fpg]


            .




   c N k sflng pb] Z o M
6




o ;fd'bfo L s   ultljlwx?df     ckf + u tf   ePsf     AolQ m x ? sf]


  ;xefu Ltf k|j4{g ug]{ .


o ;j} k|sf/sf   ckf + u tf    ePsf   AolQ m x ? n ]   ;dfg    ?kjf6


  clwsf/ pk ef] u ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f ljsf; ug]{ .
qm    sf]8                   sfo{qmd                       of]hgf u/LPsf]           ;DkGg              sfo{qmd
=;=                                                                                   ePsf]              ;+rfng
                                                                                                             7
                                                           sfo{q      Jfh]6      sfo{q     Jfh]6          ePsf]
                                                           md                    md                        :yfg
           ;DkGg lqmofsnfkx? M
!=    !=#    ;d'bfodf cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd              @         !!,^))   ^ k6s        !!,^))    lj/f6gu/
             ;+rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx? ljr ;dGjoftds               k6s
             j}7s tyf cGt/s[of
@= !=        l8l8l;l; tyf l8.l8Pdl;l; j}7s                    @         !!,))) @ k6s          !!,)))
      %                                                      k6s
#=    @= sfo{/t       ;+3    ;+:yfx?     tyf   ;/f]sf/sf   ! k6s      &#,#*)      ! k6s    &#,#))       lj/f6gu/
      @      lgsfox?sf      nflu   ;d'bfodf     cfwf/Lt
             k'g:yf{kgf      sfo{qmdsf]        cjwf/0ff
             ;DjlGw k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd
$=    @= l8lkcf] tyf lel8Pdl; sf k|ltlglwx?sf              ! k6s       #),$))     ! k6s    #&,%         lj/f6gu/
      !!     nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd                                                     %)
%=    @= ;fd'bfoLs ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfsx?sf               ! k6s       ##,%       ! k6s       ##,%      lj/f6gu/
      !#     nflu ckf+utf / ;dflxt lzIff ;DjlGw Ifdtf                     %)                    %)
             ljsf; tflnd
      $=$ /fhg}lts         bnsf    k|ltlglwx?      ;+u        @         $,)))    # k6s        $,)))     lj/f6gu/
             cGt/s[of sfo{qmd                                k6s
      $=!    pBf]u Aoj;foLx? ;+u cGt/s[of                  ! k6s        #,)))     ! k6s       #,)))     lj/f6gu/
      (
                                                                                                        k/Lof]hgf ;
      %=     ;+rf/sdL{ k/Lrfng tyf k|sfzg                  ! k6s        $,)))     ! k6s       $,)))
                                                                                                           +rflnt
      $                                                                                                   uf=lj=;=

      &=     n]v/rgf tyf k|rf/ ;r]tgfd'ns ;fdfu|L          ! k6s       %,)))      ! k6s       ^,)))      lj/f6gu/

      %      ksfzg
                                                                                                        k/Lof]hgf ;
      @= ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?sf nflu ckf+utf                   !!       ##,)))        !!        #&,
                                                                                                           +rflnt
      ^      ;DjlGw cled'vLs/0f                                                               %&)         uf=lj=;=
                                                                                                        k/Lof]hgf ;
      @= ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?sf nfuL g]t[Tj ljsf;              !!     !,)$,%))        !!    !,)%,$
                                                                                                           +rflnt
      !)     tflnd                                                                             %#         uf=lj=;=
                                                                                                       k/Lof]hgf ;
      @= Dff; e]nf tyf cled'vLs/0f                              !!      !!,)))        !)      !),)))
                                                                                                       +rflnt
      !@                                                                                               uf=lj=;=
                                                                                                       k/Lof]hgf ;
      $=     Uff=lj=;= :t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;lxt DPO             !!      !!,)))        !!      !!,)))
                                                                                                       +rflnt
      &      / VDMC j}7s cGt/s[of                                                                      uf=lj=;=
                                                                                                       k/Lof]hgf ;
      $=*    uf+p k/Lifbdf ;jfn ;Djf]wgsf nflu               !%       !@,)))        !%     !@,)))
                                                                                                       +rflnt
             ;xefuLtf k|j4{g -!%_                                                                      uf=lj=;=
8




      pknlAwx? M




 lhN nf         :t/df     ckf + u tf      ;jfndf   ; + rf n g    x'g]    sfo{q m d x ? sf]


    lgoldt       ;ldIff,      ckf + u tf      ;jfndf    jx;      k}/jL,    lhN nf     :t/df


    sfo{q m d x ? sf]      ;dGjo tyf cg'u d g            ug]{ sfo{ Aojl:yt ePsf]


    5 . k/Lof]h gfn] o; sfo{sf nlfu l8l8l;l; / l8l8Pdl;l;sf] Ifdtf


    ljsf; df ;xof]u k'of{Psf] 5 .




   df]/ + u     lhN nfsf s6x/L, ef}8fxf, gf]rf, kf]v/Lof, d e m f/] ,


    efltuh + ,     a'wg u/, cfd uf 5 L, j/8+ uf, dxfb]jf, 6s'jf, afx'gL,
9




    n]6f Ë , ynfxf, j}hgfyk'/ uf =lj = ; =          sf @ % %            hgf       ;d'bfo


    :t/sf   k|ltlglwx? df   ckf + u tf,    ckf + u tf      ePsf        AolQ m x ? sf]


    clwsf/ tyf plgx?sf nflu sfo{/t ; + 3                ; + : yfx? jf/] cfwf/e't


    hfgsf/L k|fKt e O{      ckf + u tf    ePsf AolQ m x ? nf O{               plgx?sf


    nflu sfo{/t ; + : yfx? ;D d ;D k s{ tyf ;dGjo u/fpg] l;k clej[l4


    ePsf] 5 .




   lhN nfsf]   kf]v/Lof / d e m f/]       uf =lj = ; =      df      ckf + u tf     ePsf


    AolQ m x ? sf] :jfjnlDj ;d'x     -DPO_ u7g ePsf] 5 . h; df kf]v/

    Lof DPO df !! hgf tyf d e m f/] DPO            df ( lqmoflzn /x]sf 5g .



   lhN nfsf]    kf]v/Lof    / efltu + h       @        uf]lj =; =       df       u|fld0f


    ckf + u tf Aoj:yfkg tyf ;dGjo ;ldlt              -VDMC_       u7g ePsf] 5 .
10




    h; df   kf]v/Lof       VDMC   !!   hgf   / d e m f/]    VDMC     df     (       hgf

    lqmoflzn /x]sf 5g .




   k'jf{~rn If]qsf ljleGg !$ lhN nfsf # @                 ; + : yfsf ^ $       hgf k|


    ltlglwx? df ;d'bfo df cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{q m d s f ] cjwf/0ff,


    /0fgLlt / Aojxf/Ls kIf jf/] 1fg,               l;k / wf/0ff df k/Ljt{g


    ePsf]    5   . o;jf6 k'jf{~rnsf          ;j} lhN nfx? df       l; =lj = cf/ =     k|


    0ffnL d} ckf + u tf ;DjlGw ultljlw ; +rf n g ug{ ;dj'e m f O{ sfo d


    ePsf] 5 .



   df]/Ë lhN nfsf !! j6f uflj;sf uflj; :tl/o l8lkcf] / lel8Pd; L


    ;b:o x?n] ; + : yf Jofj:yfkg / g]t[Tj ljsf; ;DalG w 1fg kfO{ ;


    + : yfsf] ultljlw Aojl:yt jgfpg z'? u/]sf 5g . o;jf6 plgx?sf]


    j}7s clen]v L s/0f, ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ; + u         e]63f6, cfuGt's k'l:tsf
11




     Aoj:yfkg,      ;dGjo     ;'wf/ h:tf       lgoldt      sfo{q m d x ?    ; + rf n g df


     cfPsf 5g .



    k/Lof]h gf     ; + rfn g df   cfPsf uf =lj = ; =       sf ufp F       kl/ifbx?df


     ckf Ëtf    ePsf     AolQ m x ? sf       nflu     sfo{/t    ;d'xsf]     ;D df g h g s


     ;xefu Ltf ;'lglZrt ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 :yflgo :t/df jh]6 ljlgof]hg


     b/df a[l4 ePsf] 5 . h; cg';f/ M


Uff=lj=;=         utjif{ l j lgof]hLt jh]6      cfufdL cf=j= sf nflu l j lgof]hLt
                                                              jh]6

N]f6f + u                 @) xhf/                              ^) xhf/


     ynfxf               @@    xhf/                 # ltgnfv Ps d'i 7 l;dfGts[t


                                                    ju{df, jlu{o ?kdf ljefhgx'g


                                                                jf+s L


    Jffx'gL              @%    xhf/                            $) xhf/


    Dfe m f/]            # % xhf/                              ^ & xhf/


      x/}rf               #) xhf/                              #) xhf/
12




                   cGo uf =lj = ; =   sf] ljj/0f k|fKt x'g jf+s L .




   k/Lof]h gf        ; + rfn g     ePsf   !!     uf =l = j   ;= df     ckf + u tf    ePsf


    AolQ m x ? sf]       cfly{s ;zlQ m s/0f          tyf k]zf     Aoj;fo ; + rf n gfy{


    ;xof]u clej[l4 ug{ ljp k' + h L                 sf]if :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . x/]s


    uf =lj = ; =     df &         xhf/ sf b/n] :yflkt p Q m              sf]ifjf6 lgD g


    uf =lj = ; =    df lgD g k|ltlglwx? nfeflGjt ePsf 5g .




    qm= Uff=lj=          Aoj;fodf ;+nUg              Aoj;fosf] lsl;d             nufgL
     ;=    ;=              k|lt lg lw

    !=     N]f6f         Dffwj > ] i 7          b'g6 pT kf b g Aoj;fo                #,)))


           +u


                         j'4dfof blh{           Jfv|fkfng             Aoj;fo         $,)))


                                                ;xof]u
13




@    ynfxf      ldng sfsL{           ls/fgf k;n ; + rfn g            &,)))


=


#=   Jffx'gL    j/ j+ d u/           Jfv|fkfng              Aoj;fo   !, % ))


                                     ;xof]u


                jlb|         gf =    ls/fgf k;n ; + rfn g            !, % ))


                rf}w/L


                cfgG b s'df/L        ls/fgf k;n ; + rfn g             !,)))


                e mj' rf}w/L         lrofgf:tf Aoj;fo                !, % ))


                s'nlb k   rf}w/      Knfli6s     e mf] nf    tof/L   !, % ))


                L                    Aoj;fo


$=   Dfe m f/   lbg]z        s'df/   O{n] S 6|f]lgS; k;n             % ,)))


     ]          d08 n


                sd n l/lifb]j        ls/fgf k;n ; + rfn g            @,)))


%    x/}rf      1fg       k|sfz      lrorgf:tf k;n                   % ,)))
14




    =                      ld >


                           ;'ldqf tfdf + u       ;' + u '/ kfng                          !,)))


                           ;/Ltf yfkf                                                    !,)))


    ^=     cfd uf5         g/]z ;/bf/            lrofgf:tf Aoj;fo                       &,)))


           L


        b'nf/L, ef}8fxf, 8fO{lgof, dxfb]jf / 6s'jfdf sf]if :yfkgf ePsf],


                                                     ljpk' + h L k/Lrfng x'g jf+s L .




   lhN nf df     lq m oflzn            /x]sf]      Aoj;foLx?sf]        ;+u7g       pBf] u       ;


    +u7g        df]/ + u          ;+u      Ps    cGt/s[of         ;D k G g      ePsf]    5       .


    cGt/s[ofjf6            ckf + u tf      ;jfndf    Aoj;foLx?sf]            tk m{jf6 ;xof]u


    ug]{kg]{ If]q :ki6 u/LcfP df ;xsfo{ ug]{ k|ltj4tf k|fKt ePsf]


    5 . xfn s'g If]q df                  nuflg dfu     ug]{ eG g]            ljifodf dxf; + 3


    5nk m n s f ] q m d d f /x]sf] 5 .
15




   lhN nfsf      d'Vo   $ /fhgLltsb n sf      k|ltlglwx?    ;+u     ckf + u tfsf]


    ;DjGw df      cGt/s[of ;D k G g    ePsf] 5 . cGt/s[ofjf6 bn sf k|


    ltlglwx? ckf Ëtf ;jfndf ;s/fTds ePsf 5g eg] ckf + u tf sf] If]q


    x]g{ d'Vo $ /fhgLltsb n x ? df       k m f] s n k;{g tf]lsPsf] 5 .



   ;dflxt     lzIffsf   ljifodf   lhN nf df     ; + rflnt   (   > f ]t   s]G b|sf


    lj=Ao = ; =    cWoIf, k| = c = ,   > f ]t lzIfs cjwf/0ffut ?k df :ki6


    ePsf     5g . o;     jf6 ( s]G b| nf O{      ljz]if lzIff jf6 ?kfGt/0f


    u/L ;dflxt lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k ljBfnonf O{ ;dfj]zL jgfpg]


    sfdsf] yfnlg ePsf] 5 . h; cg';f/ dx] G b|                df =    lj= O{6x/f


    k'0f{ ?kdf ;dflxt ljbfno jlg;s]sf] 5 eg] cGo ljBfnox? n] ;d]t


    k'j{tof/L z"? u/L;s]sf 5g .
16




   lhN nfsf ;j} ljNfnx?nf O{ ;dflxt jgfpb} ;dflxt lzIff nfu' ug]


    {     u/fpg     kx n s b d L      :j?k        df]/ + u sf]       ef}8fxf     uf =lj = ; =


    nfO{ gd'gf sfo{q m d           ; + rf n g ug]{ uf =lj = ; =          sf] ?k df 5gf}6


    u/L gd'gf sfo{q m d            ; + rf n g     u/LPsf] 5 . o;jf6 cf7 ljBfno


    cGt{ut @ $ cfdf ;d'x u7g tyf cfdf e]nf, k|lt ljBfno cleefjs


    e]nf ; + rfn g     u/L ckf + u tf           ;Djlgw       cle d'v L s/0f, ljBfno tyf


    cGt/ ljBfno :t/Lo cltl/Q m                  lq m of s nf k, ;r]tgfd'n s ;fdfu|L x?


    sf]     leQ] n]v g,     ljBfnox?            ckf + u tf    d}lq      jgfpg]     nufotsf


    sfo{x? ;D k G g       ePsf 5g . o; sfo{jf6 ef}8fxf uf =lj = ; =                        sf


    ljBfno p d]/sf ljBfno hfg g;s]sf ;j} jfnjflnsf ljBfno egf{ ug{


    ;d]t d4t k'u]sf] 5 .




        sfo{qm d sfof{Gjog k|s[of M
17




   u|fld0f txdf         /x]sf ;d'bfo df           ckf + u tf    ;DjlGw       ljifoj:t'x?sf


    jf/]df ;r]tgf hufp g             If]lqo      sfof{nosf      tk m{jf6 sfo{q m d             ;


    + rf n g x'g' eG bf Ps ;ftf cuf8L ;DjlGwt uf =lj = ; =                          df u O{


    uf =lj = ; =     :t/sf ;/sf/L ; + o G q s f        k|ltlglwx?, ;fdfh L s         If]qsf


    k|ltlglwx?,        ckf + u tf     ePsf        AolQ m        tyf   ltgsf     cleefjsx?


    nufotsf        AolQ m x ?       ;+u       e]63f6    u/L sfo{q m d          jf/] ;r]tgf


    h uf O{Psf] lyof] . sfo{q m d               ; + rf n g ug{ uf =lj = ; =     :t/sf ltg}


    e]63f6 df         ;+n U g        k|ltlglwx?          dfk m {t      ckf + u tf     ePsf


    AolQ m x ?        / ltgsf k/ljf/x?df ;'rgf k|jfx u/L                      sfo{q m d        ;


    + rf n g       u/LPsf]    lyof]       .    sfo{q m d d f    dxf; + 3 ,    l; =lj = cf/ =


    lj/f6gu/, g]kfn          s'i7/f]u ; + u t L        nufot ;fe m ] bf/ ; + : yfnf O{


    ;d]t 5f]6f] k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ u/L sfo{q m d d f                       ;dfj]z u/lpsf]


    lyof] . k|:t'tLs/0fn] ;DjlGwt uf =lj = ; =                    x?df cfuf d L lbg df
18




    ; +rfn g u/Lg] ultljlwx? / :jfjnlDj ;d'xx/sf] e'dlsf sf] jf/]df


    ;xefu L x ? df ;r]tLs/0f u/]sf] lyof] .




   sfo{q m d x ?     jl9 k|efjsf/L jgfpg / ;d'bfosf jl9 ;b:ox? nf O{


    ;xefu Ltf u/fpg lg/Gt/ k m n f] c k        tyf lk m N 8    lelhsf] k|s[of


    ckgf O{Psf] lyof] .




   sfo{q m d       ; +rfn g   kZrft ;fd'bfo L s   ; + : yfsf] cfjZostf dx z';


    eP jdf]lh d ;d'bfos} ;lq m oft df dxf; + 3 sf] cfly{s tyf k|ljlws


    ;xof]u df DPO tyf VDMC u7g ug]{ sfo{ u/LPsf] lyof] .




 ;d'bfo df     cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{q m d s f ]        If]lqo :t/df ;dfg


    j'e mf O{   sfod       ug{    tyf cleofg df    Ps?ktf     N of p g   /fli6|o
19




    ckf + u        dxf; + 3 g]kfn ; + u cfj4 k'jf{~rnsf # @ ;b:o ; + : yfsf


    ^%        eG bf jl9 k|ltlglwx? e]nf u/fO{ cle d'v L s/0f u/LPsf]


    lyof]      .     cle d'vL s/0f        jf6   ;xefu L x ?       ;dfg      j'e mf O{      sfo d


    e O{ l; =lj = cf/ =         ultljlwx?df Ps d? ktf N of p g ]               ;x dt L ePsf]


    lyof] .


   ;d u|     sfo{q m d x ? sf]          sfof{Gjogsf]       d'Vo         lhD d ]jf/L     /fli6|o


    ckf + u         dxf; + 3     If]lqo      sfof{no n]         lgjf{x     u/]sf]      lyof]   .


    sfo{q m d d f          dxf; + 3 sf      tk m{jf6      sfo{;ldltsf         kbflwsf/Lx?,


    k/Lof]h gf sfof{Gjog df tf]sPsf sd{rf/Lx? nufotsf] ;xefu Ltf


    /x]sf]         lyof]    .   sfo{q m d       ; + rf n g df    cki6       ePsf       ;jfnx? df


    ;fe m ] bf/ ; + : yfx? ; + u          ;dGjo u/L ;xh ?k df sfo{ ;D kf b g u/


    LPsf]


 lyof] .
20




 ;dflxt lzIffnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ lhN nf lzIff sfof{no df]/ + u ; + u


   ;fe m ] bf/Ltf u/L ljBfnox?sf] lgoldt cg'u d g ,       > f ]ts] G b| x?


   nfO{    qmdz     ;dflxt jgfpg]   ultljlw tyf ef}8fxf uf =lj = ; =


   df   ;dflxt lzIff k|j4{g ;DjlGw       g d'gf   sfo{q m d   ; +rf n g d f


   N of O{P sf] 5 .




 p N n ] v Lt   /0fgLlt cg';f/ of]hgf   u/LPsf sfo{q m d x ?       lgD g


   cg';f/ ; + rfn g tyf Aoj:yfkg u/LPsf] lyof] .




   o /fli6|o ckf+u dxf;+3 g]kfn If]lqo sfof{no lj/f6gu/ dfkm{t ;DkGg
     sfo{qmdx? M
21




qm sf]8                                sfo{qmd                             sfo{qmd ;
=;=                                                                       +rfng ePsf]
                                                                              :yfg
!=    !=# ;d'bfodf cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ ;                 lj/f6gu/
            +:yfx? ljr ;dGjoftds j}7s tyf cGt/s[of
@= !=       l8l8l;l; tyf l8.l8Pdl;l; j}7s
      %
#=    @= sfo{/t ;+3 ;+:yfx? tyf ;/f]sf/sf lgsfox?sf nflu ;d'bfodf           lj/f6gu/
      @     cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmdsf] cjwf/0ff ;DjlGw k|lzIfs k|
            lzIf0f sfo{qmd
$=    @= l8lkcf] tyf lel8Pdl; sf k|ltlglwx?sf nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;      lj/f6gu/
      !!    tflnd
%= @= ;fd'bfoLs ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfsx?sf nflu ckf+utf / ;dflxt             lj/f6gu/
      !#    lzIff ;DjlGw Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd
^=    $=    /fhg}lts bnsf k|ltlglwx? ;+u cGt/s[of sfo{qmd                   lj/f6gu/
      $
&=    $=! pBf]u Aoj;foLx? ;+u cGt/s[of                                      lj/f6gu/
      (
*=    %= ;+rf/sdL{ k/Lrfng tyf k|sfzg                                     k/Lof]hgf ;
      $                                                                  +rflnt uf=lj=;=
(=    &=    n]v/rgf tyf k|rf/ ;r]tgfd'ns ;fdfu|L ksfzg                     lj/f6gu/
      %
22




         o uf=lj=;= :t/df u7g ePsf l8lkcf] dfkm{t ;DkGg sfo{qmdx? M
     !   @= ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?sf nflu ckf+utf ;DjlGw cled'vLs/0f          k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;=

         ^
    @    @= ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?sf nfuL g]t[Tj ljsf; tflnd                         k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt

         !)                                                                           uf=lj=;=

     #   @= Dff; e]nf tyf cled'vLs/0f                                     k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;=

         !@
$        $=    Uff=lj=;= :t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;lxt DPO / VDMC j}7s k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;=
         &     cGt/s[of
%        $=*   uf+p k/Lifbdf ;jfn ;Djf]wgsf nflu ;xefuLtf k|j4{g -!%_ k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;=
^        ^=^   l;k ljsf; tyf cfocfh{g ljp k'+hL                           k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;=

&        $=    :jfjnlDj ;d'x lgdf{0fsf nflu k'j{tof/L 5nkmn               k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;=

         @
*        $=# DPO / VDMC u7g                                               k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;=

         =
(        $=(   Uff=lj=;= sf ;]jf k|bfosx?sf nflu ;r]tLs/0f -:jf:Yo ;ldlt, k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;=
               lzIff ;ldlt, ;xsf/L ;+:yf===_
!)       %=    k'g:yf{kgf hGo ultljlwx?sf] ;'k/efO{h/L lelh6              k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;=
         #
!!       %=    ;dflxt lzIff k|j4{gsf nflu cleefjs e]63f6                  k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;=

         %
23


     o lh N n f lz I f f s f o f { n o d f ] /+ u , ; d f l x t   lzI f f n ] v f h f ] v f
       s ] G b | df k m { t ;D k G g sf o { q m d x ?




          o; cjlwsf d'Vo l;sfO{x? M




         ;d'bfosf    k|ltlglwx?nf O{        k/Lrfng       ug{     Aofks       kx n s b d L


          ug'{k5{ . vf; u/L uf =lj = ; =       :t/sf ;]jf k|bfosx? ; + u cgf}krf/




!=       @= >f]ts]Gb|sf] k|fljlws l6dsf] nflu ;dflxt Ef}f8fxf             uf=lj=;=     df
         !$   lzIff ;DjlGw tflnd                             gd'gf sfo{qmd
@ @=
=        !^
#= @=
         !(
$= $=!! ;dflxt lzIff k|j4{gsf nflu ljBfno cg'udg             ;dflxt lzIff sfo{qmd ;
                                                             +rfng     ePsf      (   >f]t
                                                             s]Gb|>f]t sIff
24




    Ls     5nk m n      jf6 jftfj/0f ljsf; ub]{ cf}krf/Ls sfo{q m d x ?                 ;


    + rf n g ubf{ pko' Q m         x'bf] /x]5 .




   ;d'bfo      ;+u     sfd    ubf{ ;d'bfosf]] Ifdtf ljZn]if0f u/L ;f]xL


    cg';f/ dfq sfo{q m d x ? ; +rf n g ug'{k 5{ .




   sfo{q m d       ; +rfn g ug]{ ;do tflnsf jgfpbf :yflgo ;fd'bfo L s ;


    + : sf/    cg'?ksf        rf8kj{,     v]tLkflt,    j}jflxs    sfo{q m d     ; +rf n g


    x'g]      ;do     cfbL    sfo{q m d     nfO{      Wofg       lbO{   pk o' Q m    ;do


    Aoj:yfkg u/L sfo{q m d x ? ; +rf n g ug]{ jftfj/0f ljsf; ug'{ k5{


    .
25




 ;d'bfosf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;F u            ;fe mf   a'e m f O{   tyf ;xsfo{ nfO{ alno


    agfpg' kg]{ .




   uflj;     :t/Lo     l8lkcf]sf   > f ]t   AoflQ m x ? sf]   Ifdtf   ljsf;   u/L


    kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ .




    sfo{qm d ;Dkfbgsf qm d df e]Ug' k/]sf d'Vo ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? M




    ! = sfo{q m d s f nfuL cfjZos ;dGjo x'g g;S g'


    @=      sfo{q m d   ug{ ;fwgsf] cefj x'g' .


    # = ;d'bfosf ;/f]sf/jfnf af6 cfjZos ;xof]u k|fKt gx'g' .
26




    $ = ;d'bfosf] cg's'ntfdf sfo{q m d s f ] ;do lgwf{/0f x'g g;S g' .


    %=     sfo{q m d s f nf u L cfjZos k"j{tof/L ;do df g} x'g g;S g' .


      ^=    ;fe m ] bf/ ; + : yfx? af6 lhD d ]jf/L sf] ;lx sfof{Gjog x'g


g;S g' .
27




     ;d'bfodf cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qm d ;+rfng ug]{ ;xsfo{ ;+:yfx?sf] j}7s M

df]/ + u d f      ; +rfn Lt    ;d'bfo df cfwf/Lt ljz]if k'g:yf{kgf sfo{q m d


ltg j6f ; + : yfx? dfk m {t ;D k G g           ePsf] 5 . /fli6|o ckf + u           dxf; + 3


g]kfn       If]lqo       sfof{no   lj/f6gu/,     l; =lj = cf/ =    lj/f6gu/      / g]kfn


s'i7/f]u       ; + ult   O[6x/L    dfk m {t    ;+ D k G g    sfo{q m d d f     ; + : yfx?sf]


cfk mgf] sfo{If]q / cg'ejsf cfwf/df lq m of s nf k x ? ;D k G g u/LPsf]


lyof] . sfo{q m d x ?         ;D kf b g sf jvt ;xsfo{ ; + : yfx?sf] j}7s @               k6s


cfof]h gf ug]{ nIo            /fvLPsf] ePtf klg sfo{q m d s f ]              k|efjsf/L        /


po k' Q m      ;dGjosf nflu & k7s j}7s ;D k G g               ePsf] lyof] . ;D k G g


j}7sn]      lq m ofs nf k x?sf]    sfof{Gjog       ;+oG q,        ;dGjo      ;'b[l9s/0f, ;


+ rflnt sfo{q m d x ? ;ldIff nufotsf ljifox? df 5n k m n                  ub]{ lg0f{ox?
28




n]vg ug]{ sfo{ ;D k G g u/]sf] lyof] . h;nf O{ j}7s k'l:tsfdf Aojl:yt


?kdf clen]v L s/0f u/LPsf] 5 .


     l8l8l;l; tyf l8l8Pdl;l; j}7s M

;d'bfo df cfwf/Lt         lj]z]if k'g:yf{kgf sfo{q m d s f ] hfgsf/L cfbg k|


bfg ug]{, ckf + u tf         ;DjlGw ; + rflnt ultljlwx?sf]      ;'rgf cWofjlws


u b]{ ;'e mfj ; + s n g      ug{ 5n k m n   tyf j;x ; +rf n g   ug]{ / cfufd L


:ki6 /0fgLlt tof/L ug{ lhN nf df ckf + u tf If]q df lq m oflzn /x]sf @


j6} ; + o G q x ? sf] j}7s    tyf cGt/s[of ; +rf n g u/LPsf] lyof] . klxnf]


j}7sdf ;d'bfo df cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{q m d             ;DjlGw hgfsf/L cfbg


k|bfg       ub}{ ;xsfo{ ; + : yfx? dfk m {t   ; +rf n g   u/Lg] sfo{q m d x ? sf]


k|:t'tLs/0f u/L sfo{q m d         jf/] hfgsf/L u/fO{Psf] lyof] . To;} u/L


bf] > f ]    r/0fsf] j}7sdf 5 dlxgf cjlwdf ; + D k G g          sfo{q m d x ?   jf/]


;ldIff ub}{ lhN nf df sfo{/t ( j6f ; + : yfx? nf O{ b] O [ b'O{ O{nfsf :t/
29




df sfd ug]{ /0fgLlt tof/L u b}{ uf + p , O{nfsf tyf lhN nf k/Lifbx?


df   ;xefu Ltf     hgfp g]     ;x dt L     sfo d    ub}{    ;dGjofT d s       j}7s ;D k G g


u/LPsf] lyof] .


     ;d'bfodf cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf ;DjlGw k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f tflnd M




;d'bfo df    cfwf/Lt       k'g:yf{kgf         sfo{q m d s f ]      If]lqo    :t/df    ;dfg


j'e mf O{   sfod    ug{ tyf cleofg df              Ps?ktf N of p g       /fli6|o ckf + u


dxf; + 3 g]kfn ; + u cfj4 k'jf{~rnsf # @ ;b:o ; + : yfsf ^ %                         eG bf


jl9 k|ltlglwx? e]nf u/fO{ lj/f6gu/ l:yt tf]lb ;fd'bfo L s                         ejg df


cle d'vL s/0f      sfo{zfnf     ;D k G g     u/LPsf]       lyof]     .   .   cle d'v L s/0f


jf6 ;xefu L x ?     ;dfg     j'e mf O{     sfo d    e O{   l; =lj = cf/ =    ultljlwx?df


Ps?ktf N of p g] ;x dt L ePsf] lyof] . sfo{q m d n ] ;d'bf p df cfwf/lt


k'g:yf{kgf sfo{q m d s f       ljifodf ;xefu Ltfx? df /x]sf] cGof}ntf x6f
30




cjwf/0ffut      :ki6tf        N of p g   d4t      k'u]sf]     lyof]      .     sfo{q m d s f ]


g]b/N of08      n]k|f];L        l/lnk m sf     8f =    s] =   kL =      9sfn,      gG b nf n


jf:tf]n tyf /fli6|o ckf + u         dxf; + 3 g]kfnsf s]lGb|o cWo If lj/]Gb|/


fh kf]v/]nn] ;xh L s/0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .


     l8lkcf] tyf lel8Pdl; sf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; M

k/Lof]h gf     ; +rfn g d f      /x]sf   uf =lj = ; = d f     u7g      u/LPsf        :yflgo        ;


+ o G q sf   k|ltlglwx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ pb] Z o sf ;fy lj/f6gu/df ;


+ : yf ut Ifdtf ljsf; tflndsf] cfof]hgf u/LPsf] lyof] . !! uf =lj = ; =


sf @ @       hgf k|ltlglw ; + n U g           /x]sf] p Q w m         tflnd df     l; =lj = cf/ =


cjwf/0ff, :yflkt ;d'xx sf?sf] sfd, /0fgLlt, cGo ; + 3 ; + : yfx? ; + u s f]


;dGjo / ;xsfo{ cfbL ljifodf 5n k m n                   ub]{ ; + u 7 g        ; + rf n g ;Djlgw


wf/0ffdf k/Ljt{g ub}{ ; + u 7 g                ; +rf n g    ug]{ l;k clej[l4 u/LPsf]


lyof] . tflnd kZrft xfn p Q m                ;d'x? lg/Gt/ ?k df j}7s, ljleGg ;ldlt
31




tyf ; + o G q x ?        ;+u    e]63f6, lhN nf tyf If]lqo :t/sf lgsfox? ; + u


;xsfo{sf nflu ;dGjo h:tf lq m ofs nf k df ; + n U g               /x]sf 5g .


       /fhg}lts bnsf k|ltlglwx? ;+u cGt/s[of sfo{qm d M

df]/ + u          lhN nf df      /x]sf    d'Vo      /fhg}lts   bn sf    k|ltlglwx?      ;dIf


ckf + u tf       ePsf      AolQ m x ? sf]   ;d u|      ljsf;sf nflu    /fhg}lts   bnx? sf]


e'd L sf :ki6 ug{ tyf ckf + u tf ;jfnnfO{ ce m                  jl9 ;xof]u k|fKt x'g]


jftfj/0f ljsf; ug{             Plss[t g] = s = k f =      dfcf]jfbL,   s]kfn L    sf + u | ];,


g] = s = k f =      Pdfn]       tyf d w]; L       hgclw sf/ k mf]/d       ;+u     ;DjlGwt


sfof{nox? df            u O{   cGt/s[of ;D k G g        u/LPsf] 5 . p Q m         cGt/s[of


sfo{q m d d f       kfl6{sf lh D d ]jf/ k|ltlglwx? jf6 kf6L{sf lh D d ]jf/ k|


ltlglwx?          ;+u      ckf + u tf    ;DjlGw     k|z:t   hfgsf/Lx?      gePsf]      sf/0f


pko' Q m         ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ ug{ g;lsPsf] jf/]df 5n k m n              u/LPsf] lyof]


. 5nk m n         sfo{q m d d f kf6L{x?sf tk m{jf6 ckf + u tfsf] ljifodf lhN nf
32




sldl6sf     k|ltlglwx?nf O{      j[xt ?k df     cle d'v L s/0f ug{     ;'e m f   lbb}


{ ckf + u tf ;jfnnfO{ cuf8L j9fpg x/ 9 + ujf6 ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ ug]


{ k|ltj4tf AoQ m      u/]sf lyP . kf6L{sf tk m{jf6 AoQ m                 u/LPsf k|


ltj4tfx?nfO{ nlj+ u /]s8{ k'l:tsfdf cWofjlws u/L Aojl:yt u/LPsf]


5 .


      pBf]u Aoj;foLx? ;+usf] 5nk m n tyf cGt/s[of M

/fli6|o ckfu +    dxf;3 + g]kfn k'jf{~rn If]lqo sfo{no lj/f6gu/ / g]b/


N of08; n]k|f]l; l/lnk m            lj/f6gu/ ljr df]/u     O: k]; n    l; =lj = cf/ =


sfo{q m d    ; + rfn g ug]{ ;xdltsf ;fy ljleGg sfo{q m d x ?           ; +rf n g ug]


{ qmd df      ckfu + tf   ePsf       AolQ m x ? sf]   cfly{s ;zlQ m s/0fsf       nflu


p3f]u Aoj;foLx? ; + u         ;DjG w / ;xsfo{ cufl8 j8fpg] clek|fosf ;fy


e]63f6 tyf 5nk m n        ;D k G g    u/LPsf] 5 . 5nk m n d f        lgD g ; + : yfsf


kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ; + n U g tf /x]sf] lyof] .
33




/fli6|o ckf + u dxf; + 3 g]kfnsf tk m{jf6 M


! = lji0f' k|;fb j/fn, ;lrj /f=c = d = k ' = I f ] = s f                    @=   pQ d


lzjfsf]6L, If] = ; + o f ] h s /f=c = d = k ' = I f ] = s f


# = vu]G b| jf= e §/fO{, /f=c = d = g ] k f n s] = ; b : o                          $ = k|


sfz rfkfufO{, /f=c = d = k ' = I f ] = s f sfo{q m d          ; + of] h s


%=    ljdn j:g]t , /f=c = d = k ' = I f ] = s f n]vfkfn




pBf] u ; + u 7 g df]/ + u sf] tk m{jf6 M


! = :ofd e08f/L                    sfo{no ;lrj


@ = cljgf; jf]xf]/f                dxf;lrj




5nk m n    ul/Psf Ph]08fx?
34




           ! = ; + : yf ut kl/ro tyf df]/u + lhN nf df ckfu + tf ePsf


AolQ m x ? sf] jt{dfg cj:yf .


           @=   ckfu + tf ;jfn nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg kx n ug]{ .


5nk m n   jf6 cfPsf] lg:sif{


           ! = df]/u + lhN nf df ckfu + tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] jt{dfg


           cj:yfsf] jf/]df hfgsf/L cfbfg k|bfg ul/of] .


           @=   lglh p3f]ux? n] cTo Gt} hf]lvd kl/l:ytL df


           sfo{ ul//xg' k/]sfn] ckfu + tf ePsf AolQ m x ? n ] cj:yf


           cg';f/sf] lzksf] ljsf; ug{ ;s] /f]huf/Ldf k|j{wg ug{ ;lsg]


           .


           # = dxf;3 + n ] tof/ u/]sf] k'g{:yfkgf sf]ifsf] sfo{ljlw


           nfO{ cWoo g u/]/ ;xof]u ug]{ .
35




             $ = ckfu + tf If]q df s + x f / s;/L ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ xf]


             lnlvt ?kdf pwf] u ; + u 7 g nfO{ pk nA w u/fpg] / pwf] u ;


             + u 7 g n ] ;ldltsf] j}7sdf /flv cfj:os lglt to ug]{ ;xdlt


             sfod ul/of] .




        ;+rf/ dfWodx? ;+u ;dGjo tyf ;jfn, n]v /rgf k|sfzg M


k/Lof]h gf        ; + rflnt   If]q df     ; + rf n g      u/LPsf       ultljlwx?   dfk m {t


;d'bfo df       s] s:tf k/Ljt{gx?       b]vf k/] eG g]             ljifodf   cfd   hg df g;


;D d    ;r]tgf k m} nf p g tyf ckf + u tf k|lt ;sf/fTds ;dfh :yflkt ug{ ;


+ rf/ k/Lrfng          u/LPsf]    lyof]      . :yflgo        ; +rf/sd L{x? nf O{    ;d'bfo


:t/ ;D d nlu ;d'bfo df cfPsf] k/Ljt{gsf] ljifodf ; + n U g                   k|ltlglwx? ;


+u     5nk m n    tyf cGt/s[of ;D k G g u/L ;'rgf ; + s n g u/LPsf] lyof] .


o;     qmd df     ;d'bfosf    k|ltlglwx?n]             k/Lof]h gf n]    pNn]Vo     dfqf df
36




ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m tyf ;d'bfo nf O{ k|efj k/]sf] jtfO{Psf] lyof] .


o; q m d d f    k|fKt ;'rgfx?nf O[ :yflgo ; + rf/ dfWo d x ? n ] k|sfzg tyf


k|zf/0f u/]sf lyP . o;sf ;fy} ckf + u tf d}lq zAbfjlnx?sf] k|of]u


ug{    ;xof]u    ug]{   lx;fjn] dxf; + 3 sf]   d'vk q   ?kfGt/0f      q}dfl;s df


;r]tgfd'n s ;Gb]z k|sfzg u/L ljt/0f u/LPsf] lyof] .



      ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?sf nflu ckf+utf ;DalGw cled'vvs/0f sfo{s|d M


/fli6o ckf+u dxf;+3 g]kfn k"jf{~rn If]lqo sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] cfof]hgf /
g]b/Nof08; n]k|f];L l/lnkm lj/f6gu/sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ;fy} l;=lj=cf/= lj/f6gu/ /
g]kfn s'i7/f]u ;+ult ;d]tsf] ;xsfo{df df]/+u lhNnfsf] !@ j6f uflj;x?df uflj;sf k|
ltlglwx?sf nfuL ckf+utf ;jfndf !÷! lbg] cled'lvs/0f sfo{qm d ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
of] sfo{qm d k|To]s uflj;df sfo{qm d sf] lgwf{l/t ;do cg';f/ l7s !)M#) ljxfg
af6 ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qm d nfO{ cgf}krfl/s ?kaf6 ;DalGwt uflj;sf DPO
cWoIfx?sf] cWoIftfdf sfo{qm d ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] eg] k|To]s uflj;x?df uflj;sf
d'Vo d'Vo k|ltlglwx? -ljBfno, pk :jf:Yo, uflj; ,:yflgo /fhgLlts bn, j'l4 lhlj,
;dfh;]lj_ ;lxt ckfFutf ePsf AoflQmx?sf] ;xeflutf lyof] .sfo{qm d          ;~rfng
ug'{ k'j{ ;xhstf{ / ;xeflux?ljr kl/ro cfbfg k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . d'Vo ?kdf
sfo{qm d 5nkmn, k|:t'lts/0f, k|ZgpQ/ / cg'ej af8kmf8 k|lqmof af6 ;~rfng ul/
Psf] lyof] . sfo{qm d nfO{ ljr ljrdf lrof gf:tf / dgf]/~hgsf ;fy cuf8L a9fOPsf]
lyof] . sfo{qm d df l;=lj=cf/= / Pg=Pn Pkm sf ;xhstf{x?n] cfkmgf] ;+:yfut
37



kl/ rosf ;fy cf ufl d l bgdf To; uflj ;x?df ;~rfng ul/ g] lj z]if ;d'bf odf cf wfl/ t
k'g{:yf kgf sf o{qmdx? j f/ ] hf gsf/ L ug'{ ePsf ] l yof] . To;} u/ L k|To]s uflj ;sf
DPO / VDMC k|l tl gl wx?af6 lj z]if ;d'bf odf cf wfl/ t k'g{:yf kgf sf o{qmdx?
;~rfng ug{ @ @ hgf km ]sn k;{gx? ;d]t r og ul / Psf] l yof] . sf o{qmd df ]/
            ÷        f

+usf ] s6x/L, ef}8fxf, gf]rf, kf]v/Lof, d e m f/], efltuh + ,                   a'wg u/,


cfd uf5 L, j/8+ uf,      n]6f Ë , ynfxf / j}hgfyk'/ uf =lj = ; =           df ;D k G g


ePsf] lyof] .


      sfo{ q m d n ]      ;d] 6 ] s f   d'V o d'V o        ljif o a : t ' x ?

      ! =/fli6 « o ckf + u dxf;3 + g]kfn Ps kl/ro -; +/rgf, ; + u 7 g , ;


+ h f n , sfd, st{Jo / sfo{If]q_


      @ = c k f F u tf ePsf AoflQ m x ? sf nfu L pk nA w ;]jf ;'ljwf, cj;/


tyf dx Tjk'0f{ sfg'lg k|fjwfgx?


      # = d f ]/ Ë df ; +rflnt ljz]if ;d'bfo df cfwfl/t k"g:yfkgf sfo{s|


      dsf] cjwf/0ff / cfufld sfo{s|d x?
38




     $ = c k f + u t f ePsf JolQ m x ? sf] clwsf/x? / clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf


     nflu :jfjnlDj ; + : yfx? / u|fld0f ckf + u tf Aoj:yfkg tyf


     ;dGjo ;ldltsf] e'ldsf




  ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?sf nfuL g]t[Tj ljsf; tflnd sfo{qm d

;d'bfosf      k|ltlglwx?sf          nfu L     g]t[Tj   ljsf;    tflnd    ckf + u tf      ePsf


AoflQ m x ? sf]         ;d'xsf]     cfof]hgf     ,   g]b/N of08;       n]k|f]l;      l/lnk m


lj/f6gu/sf] cfly{s ;xof]u df / /fli6o ckf + u                  dxf; + 3 g]kfn k"jf{~rn


If]lqo      sfof{no      lj/f6gu/sf] ;dGjo df          df]/ + u    lhN nfsf]       n]6f + u ,


afx'lg      ,de m f/]     ,ynfxf,    b'nf/L     , x/}rf, ef}8fxf, dxf b]jf, 6s'jf,


cfd uf5 L     / 8fO{lgofdf @            lbg] g]t[Tj ljsf; tflnd ;D k G g                ePsf]


lyof] . g]t[Tj ljsf; tflnd                  sf] ;xlhs/0f /fli6« o ckf + u             dxf; + 3


lj/f6gu/sf ;xh stf{x?n] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .                      sfo{s|d sf] klxnf] lbg


cf}krf/Ls lsl;dn] ;'?jft ul/Psf] lyof]] .k|To]s uflj;df pb3f6g z];g
39




;dfKt eP kl5     dfq   tflndsf] ;'?jft ul/Psf] lyof] tflndsf] pb3f6g


zqsf]   cWoIftf     ;DalGwt      uf =lj = ;   sf   l8 =lk = c f ] =   cWo Ifx? n]


ug'{ ePsf] lyof] To:t} uflj;sf cGo d'Vo d'Vo k|ltlglwx? / ljleGg


/fhgLlts bn sf k|ltlglwn] dGtJo /fVg' ePsf] lyof] .

         sfo { q m d n ] ; d ] 6 ] s f d ' V o d ' V o ljif o a : t ' x ? M
kl x n f ] lb g M
         != ckf+ utf, ckf+ utf ; DjlGw cjwf/0ff / ckf+ utf ; DjlGw
/fli6|o tyf cGt/fli6|o ;Gb e {
         #= ckf+ utf ; DjlGw jt{dfg cleofg - ;+/rgf, ;+ u 7 g , ;+ hf n ,
sfd, st{Jo / sfo{ If ] q_
         $= l8 = lk= cf] / le= l8= P d = l; Ps hfgsf/L tyf sfd /
st{Jox?
         %= ckf+ utf ePsf JolQ m x ? n ] kfpg' kg ] { ;]jf ;'ljwfx?
bf ] ; | f ] lb g M
         != g ]t [ Tj eg ]sf ] s] xf]
         @ = g ]t [ Tj df x'g' kg ] { u'0fx?
         #= c;n g ]t [ Tjsf ljz]iftfx?
         $= ;fdfh Ls k/Lrfn g
         %= jx'klIfo ; d Gjo / ;xsfo{ Ps hfgsf/L / cEof;




  df;e]nf tyf cled'lvs/0f sfo{qm d
40




/fli6« o ckf + u     dxf; + 3 – g ] kf n   k"jf~rn If]lqo sfof{no       lj/f6gu/sf]


;dGjo tyf uflj; :t/Lo ckf + u tf ePsf AoflQ m x ? sf] ;d'xsf] cfof]hgf


/ g]b/N of08; n]k|f];L l/lnk m              lj/f6gu/sf] cfly{s ;xof]u df df]/Ë


lhN nfsf] !! j6f uflj;x?df ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] !( cf} + cGt/


fli6|o lbj;sf] ;Gb e{ df        Ps Ps df;e] nf         tyf cle d'lvs/0f sfo{q m d


;D k G g ePsf] 5 .p Q m         df; e]nf sfo{q m d       ;DalG wt uflj;sf l8lkcf]


x?s} ; + of] h s Tj df uf =lj = ; =    :t/sf ljleGg /fhg}lts bn sf k|ltlglwx?,


;fdfh L s    ljsf;     ;+u    k|To o If      ;/f]sf/   /fVg]   ;+3    ; + : yfsf    k|


ltlglwx?,     :yflgo     ;/sf/L tyd        u}/ ;/sf/L ; + : yfsf   k|ltlglwx?       ;lxt


ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m tyf plgx?sf cleefjsx?sf] ;xefu Ltf df ;D k G g


ePsf] lyof] . p Q m          sfo{q m d d f     l8lkcf]sf k|ltlglwx?n]      ;xeflux?


nfO{ ckf Ëtfsf] xs, clwsf/ / ;]jf ;'ljwfjf/] ;r]t kf/]sf lyP .




    l8=lk=cf] / le=l8=Pd =;L = u7gM
41




/fli6o ckf + u      dxf; + 3     g]kfn       k"jf{~rn If]lqo sfof{no                 lj/f6gu/sf]


cfof]h gf     /     g]b/Nof08;            n]k|f];L        l/lnk m   lj/f6gu/sf]          cfly{s


;xof]u df     df]/ + u     lhN nfsf]       kf]vl/of, d e m f/]       / efltu ~ 5         uflj;df


ckf + u tf   ePsf        AoflQ m x ? sf]     ;d'x     / u|fld0f         ckf + u tf     Joj:yfkg


tyf ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ePsf] 5 . ;d'x u7g ug'{ cufj} p Q m                                  uflj;x?


df ;d'x      u7g    af/] To; uflj;sf ckf + u tf               ePsf AoflQ m x ?          dfk m {t


;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx? ;Fu cgf}krfl/s ?k df e]63f6 / 5n k m n                              ul/Psf]


lyof] h;n] ubf{ u7g x'g] lbg Jofks ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf]


hg;x eflutf       h'6fO{Psf]       lyof]      .     ;d'x     u7g x'g'      k'j{      ;xh stf{af6


;xeflux?nf O{ l8 =lk = c f ] / le =l8 = P d = ; L              u7g ug'{sf] cf}lrTo jf/]


k|sf; kfl/Psf] lyof] . ;f]lx cg'?k bf] > f ] r/0fdf l8lkcf] / lel8Pdl;


u7g u/LPsf] lyof] .
42




kf]vl/of uflj;df rog ePsf DPO / VDMC s f k|ltl g l w x ? s f ] gf d fjl n
    ckf+utf ePsf AolQmx/sf]        u|fld0f ckf+utf Aoj:yfkg tyf ;dGjo
          :jf jnlDj ;d'x                         ;ldlt
              -DPO_                            -VDMC_
kb       gfd             ckf+utf kb
                                          gfd
cWoIf                             ;+of]hs
         /fd]Zj/       zf/Ll/s              nfn dx D b    zf/Ll/s


         d08n
pkfWoI                            ;b:o
f      cjb'; ;Gtf/     zfl//Ls              s}nfz k| =    uf =lj = ; =   k|


                                            d08n          ltlglw
;lr j                             ;b:o
         hfu] Zj/      zf/Ll/s              lgd{nf         :jf:Yo ; + : yf


         d09 n                              b]jL d08n     k|ltlglw
sf]iffW                           ;b:o
oIf     jf]gL b]lj     zf/Ll/s              u + u f k|     ljBfno k|


         d08n                               = d08n        ltlglw
;x;lrj                            ;b:o
         /fwf b]jL     jlx/f                ufG w L k|    ;dfh;]jL
43




       d08n                              = d08n
;b:o                             ;b:o
       O; uf d        jlx/f              ;/:jtLb]jL   ;dfh;]jL dlxnf


       cG;f/L                            d08n
;b:o                             ;
       t]t/L b]jL     b"li6ljl   Nnfxsf/ ;'of{gG b    g] = s = k f = d f


       d08n           xg                 d08n         k|ltlglw
;b:o                             ;
       hnfn cG;f/     zfl/l/s    Nnfxsf/ hulbz        d=h = k mf] = g


       L              -s"i7k|            d08n         ]kfn


                      efj_
;b:o                             ;
       /fd b]j        ;':t       Nnfxsf/ h}ggfy       g] = ; = k fl6


       d09 n          dlg :ylt           d08n
;b:o                             ;
       gL n d b]jL    zfl//Ls    Nnfxsf/ /fdwlg       g] = s = k f =


       d09 n                             d08n         Pdfn]
;b:o                             ;
       /fd;f]uf/s|f   :j/        Nnfxsf/ ljgf]b 7fs'/ lk58f ju{
44




          d08n            af]nfO

 demf/] uflj;df rog ePsf DPO / VDMC sf k|ltl g l w x ? s f ] gf d fjl n
 ckf+utf ePsf AolQmx/sf]            u|fld0f ckf+utf Aoj:yfkg tyf
:jfjnlDj ;d'x                                ;dGjo ;ldlt
              -DPO_                           -VDMC_
kb        gfd             ckf+utf


cWoIf
          lbg]z s'df/       zf/Ll/s


          d08n
pkfWoIf
          sd n /Llifb]j     zfl//Ls
;lr j
          lw/]g s'df/       zf/Ll/s


          d08n
sf]iffW
oIf       jhf]n xf:bf       zf/Ll/s
;x;lrj
          glod cG;f/L       zf/Ll/s
;b:o
          gG b nfn l;       zfl//Ls


          +x
;b:o
          snfrG b           z':t
45




         d08n              dlG:yLl


                           t


                           cleefjs
;b:o
         dlnof s'df/L      zfl/l/s
;b:o
         d h b ] g g]zf    zfl//Ls
;b:o                                  ;
         zflGtb]lj         zfl//Ls    Nnfxsf/ /fdwlg    g] = s = k f =


                                                d08n    Pdfn]
;b:o                                  ;
                                      Nnfxsf/ ljgf]b    lk58f ju{


                                                7fs'/




   ;d'bfo e|d0f tyf ;fd'bflos sfo{stf{x? ;+u e]63f6
46




ljz]if u/L ;d'bfo       e|d0f tyf ;fd'bfo L s               sfo{stf{ e]63f6 sfo{q m d


ckf + u tf ePsf AoflQ m x ? sf] ;d'x tyf u|fld0f ckf + u tf Aofj:yfkg


tyf ;dGjo      ;ldlt    u7g     ug'{      k'j{ cfjZos          tof/Lsf     nfu L    df]/ + u


lhN nfsf] kf]vl/of / d e m/] uflj;df ul/Psf] lyof] . h; df k|To If ?k df


kf]vl/of / d e m f/] uflj;sf uflj;sf k|ltlglw ,:jf:Yo k|ltlglw, ljleGg


ljBfnox?,     :yflgo    /fhgLlts        bnsf      k|ltlglwx?         ;lxt ljifout   ljleGg


;fd'bflos sfo{stf{x? ; + u       e]63f6 ul/Psf] lyof] . p Q m                 e]63f6 tyf


5nk m n d f    ckf + u tf     ;jfnsf]       ;fy      ;fy}     ;d'x      u7g sf]     cf}lrTo


nfO{ a'e mf p g ;k m n cEof; ul/Psf] lyof] . o;af6 ;d'x u7g sf nfu L


hg;x eflutf    h'6fpg       ;xof]u      ld N g' sf    ;fy} ;d'bfo sf        k|ltlglwx?sf]


lh D d ]jf/L af]w ePsf] lyof] .



    ;dflxt lzIff sfof{Gjogdf gd'gf sfo{qm d M
47




ckf + u tf      ePsf     AolQ m x ? sf]       z}lIfs      k + x 'r     clej[l4sf nflu        ;/sf/L


tj/jf6 z'? u/LPsf] ;dflxt lzIffsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfT df;fy u/L df]/


+u df     ;dflxt       lzIff     k'0f{?k df      nfu'      ug{        u/fpg     cleofgsf]     ?k df


sfo{q m d        ; + rfn g     ug{    lh =lz = s f =      df]/ + u n ]     ljleGg     ; + : yfx?sf]


;xsfo{df lhN nf              ;dflxt lzIff sfo{of]h gf            th'{df u/]sf] 5 . p Q m


of]hgf         d'tfljs df]/ + u       lhN nfsf         ;j} ljBfnox? nf O{         ;dflxt jgfpb}


;dflxt       lzIff     sfof{Gjog       ug]{      /0fgLlt         cg'?k        lhN nfsf]     ef}8fxf


uf =lj = ; =     sf cf7 ljBfno jf6 g d'gf sfo{q m d                      sf ;fy cleofg yfngL


u/LPsf] 5 . ljBfno / cGo ; + 3                         ; + : yfx?sf] ;xsfo{df lh =lz = s f =


df]/ + u sf] g]t[Tjdf z'? ePsf] p Q m                     sfo{ cg';f/ ljBfnosf] !) xhf/


%    ;o        / g]b/N of08; n]k|f];L l/lnk m sf] /fli6|o ckf + u                        dxf; + 3


g]kfn     If]lqo       sfof{no       lj/f6gu/ dfk m {t           !@      xhf/ %      ;o nuflg df


g d'gf    sfo{q m d          yfngL     ePsf]     xf] . p Q m             sfo{q m d    d'tfljs ;j}
48




  ljBfnox?n] slDt df ltg ltg j6f cfdf ;d'x u7g ug]{, cfdf e]nf ;


  + rf n g      ug]{, cleefjs e]nf ; + rf n g              ug]{, ljBfnox?sf] g + S ;f + s g


  ug]{,       cltl/Q m      s[ofsnfk       ; + rf n g     ug]{,   ljBfno      hfg      gkf O{/x]s


  jfnjflnsfx?sf]         klxrfg      u/L     ljBfno        egf{   u/fpg],     ckf + u tf        ePsf


  AolQ m x/sf] tYof + s            cWofjlws ug]{ nufotsf s[ofsnfk x? ; +rf n g


  e O{ ;s]sf 5g . o; jf6 ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] z}lIfs k + x 'r ;


  +u     ; + u } ;j} jfnjflnsfx? nfeflGjt ePsf 5g . p Q m                    sfo{q m d x ? sf] ;


  +l If Kt ljj/0f lgD g cg';f/ ; + n U g                u/LPsf] 5 .

  != jh ] 6 z f/ f+; M
  qm=;       ljj/0f                                                     /sd
  =
  !=         ljBfno ;+u ;fem]bf/Ltfdf ;+rfng ug]{ lqmofsnfkx?                         !,)),)))=))
  @=         cGt/ ljBfno -uf=lj=;=_:t/Lo lqmofsnfk                                   #%,)))=))
  #=         ;dflxt lzIff >f]t sIff cg'udg tyf cleefjs k/fdz{ sfo{qmd               @$,)))=))
                hDd f               -P s n f v p g f G ; f 7 L xh f/           !, % ( , ) ) ) = ) )
                                          df q_
  @= lj: t [ t jh ] 6 ljj/ 0 f M
  @=!= lj B f n o n ]     ;f e m ] b f / L d f ;+rf n g u g ] { s f o { q m d
q lq m o f s n f k                     P s f nI     b/    hD D f          Nfu t Ao x f ] g ] {
m                                      O{      o          f /s d       lj B f   bft [    cGo
=;                                                                     no       ;+:y f
=
49



!=   ljBfno ;]jf If]q leq             ljBfn    *     @)))      !^,)))      *,)))        *,)))
     j];nfO[g ;e]{                    o
@ cfdf e]nf tyf cfdf ;d'x u7g         6f]n    @$      !)))    @$,)))     !@,)))     !@,)))
=
#= cleefjs e]nf                       ljBfn    * @)))          !^,)))      *,)))        *,)))
                                      o
$= ljBfno :t/Lo cfrf/ ;+lxtf tof/     ljBfn    *     #)))     @$,)))     !@,)))     !@,)))
     L                                o
%    ;dflxt ljBfno jftfj/0f ljsf; M
=    • ef}lts k'jf{wf/sf nflu                       @,))       !^,)))      *,)))        *,)))
         k/fdz{ / kxn                 ljBfn    *        )
     • ;r]tgfsf nflu leQ]n]vg         o                       @$,)))     !@,)))     !@,)))
                                                    #,)))
^= ;dflxt sIff Aoj:yfkg               sIff     *     $,)))    #@,)))      !^)))       !^,)))
&    ckf+utf ;DjlGw sfo{/t ;          ljBfn    !^    !,)))     !^,)))      *,)))        *,)))
=    +:yfx? / ljBfno cGt/s[of         o
*= cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk                  ljBfn    *    #,)))     @$,)))       *,)))      !^,)))
                                      o
     hDd f                                                                         !, ) ) , ) )
                                                                                        )
  @=@= lh=l z= s f ; d f l x t lzI f f n ] v f h f ] v f s ] G b | n ]   ;+r f n g u g ]
  { sfo{ q m d
q lq m o f s n f k              P s f nI          b/     hD D f         Nff u t Ao x f ] g ] {
m                               O{       o               f /s d        lh=l z b f t [   cGo
=;                                                                     =s f    ;+:y f
=
!=   cGt/ ljBfno cg'ej cfbgk|         k6s       !    !),)))     !),)))                !),)))
     bfg tyf cGt/s[of
@ Uff=lj=;= :t/Lo cltl/Qm             k6s       !     *,)))     *,)))                  *,)))
=    lqmofsnfk
#= cGt/ ljBfno cg'ej cfbg k|          k6s       !    !),)))     !),)))                !),)))
50



       bfg e|d0f
$= sfo{qmd cg'udg d'Nof+sg                     ! &,)))          &,)))            &,)))
       / k|ltj]bg
           hD D f f                                                                   #
                                                                                %, ) )
                                                                                       )
  @=@= ; d f l x t lzI f f >f ] t s I f f c g ' u d g ty f c l e e f j s k/ f d z {
q lq m o f s n f k                 P s f nI         b/   hD D f         Nff u t Ao x f ] g ] {
m                                  O{       o            f /s d       lh=l z b f t [     cGo
=;                                                                    =s f     ;+:y f
=
!=     >f]t sIff cg'udg tyf cleefjs   >f]t     (   @$))        @!,^))          @!,^))
       k/fdz{                         sIff
@ >f]t sIff cg'udg tyf cleefjs        ljBfn    !   @$,)        @$,))            @$,))
=      k/fdz{                         o                  )
       hDd f M                                                                 @$, )
                                                                                 ))



          cGo ljljw ultljlwx? M


     k/Lof]h gf ; + rfn g       ePsf !! uf =lj = ; =         df k/Lrfng df /x]sf ;d'xsf]


     cfof]h gf tyf dxf; + 3 sf] k|fljlws ;xof]u df uf =lj = ; =             :t/df ckf + u tf


     ;DjlGw ;r]tLs/0f ub}{ ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] ;xefu Ltf k|j4{g


     ug]{ pb] Z o sf ;fy ljleGg r/0fsf 5n k m n               tyf cGt/s[ofx? ;D k G g u/


     LPsf 5g . o; cg'?k l8lkcf] tyf lel8Pdl; j}7s, uf + p                         k/Lifbx?
51




df ;xefu Ltf hgfO{ ;jfn ;Djf]wg                   ug]{ lq m of s nf k,       :jfjnlDj ;d'x


u7g tyf k/Lrfng ug{ k'j{ tof/L j}7s, uf =lj = ; = s f                       ljleGg ;]jf k|


bfosx?      ;+u   5n k m n        tyf cGt/s[of,       ;dflxt    lzIff k|j4{gsf        nflu


ljBf{y{L, ljBfno tyf cleefjs e]63f6 tyf ;dGjo h:tf s[ofsnfk x?


l8lkcf]x?     cfk m} n ]     ;D kf b g    u/]sf     lyP    .   o;jf6     l8lkcf]     x?sf]


sfo{ Ifdtf ljsf; x'b} cfPsf] 5 eg] ;d'bfo                      ckf + u tf     k|lt ;sf/fTd


jGb} cfPsf] 5 . cfu d L              lbg df   o; k|sf/sf ultljlwx?sf] lg/Gt/tf


lb + b } sfo{q m d x ? n f O [ :yflgo txd} Aoj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/


u/L   k/Lof]h gfsf]        sfo{    If]q   k/Ljt{g      u b}{    cuf8L        j9g cfjZos


b]vL g 5 .




                                          ;dfKt

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Annual report of nlr 2010

  • 2. 2 ;xof]u cfof]hs g]b/Nof08; n]k|f];L l/lnkm /fli6|o ckf+u dxf;+3 g]kfn g]kfn If]lqo sfof{no, lj/f6gu/ k[i7e"ld M ;j} k|s[tLsf ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] xs, clwsf/sf] ; +/If0f, pk ef] u, ;D dflgt lhjgofkg tyf ;dfh ljsf; ; + u k|To If ;/f]sf/ /fVg]
  • 3. 3 lgsfox? df ;D df g h g s ;xefu Ltf, tyf cj/f]wd' Q m jftfj/0f / ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m tyf ltgsf k/Ljf/sf] cfly{s j[l4sf nfu L df]/ + u lhN nf df ljleGg ; + 3 ; + : yfx? n] ckf + u tf ;jfndf sfo{ u/L/x]sf 5g . df]/ + u sf] s'n hg; + V of sf] e m G 8} # k|ltzt eG bf jl9sf] lx:;f cf]u6]sf] ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] l:ytL x]g]{ xf] eg] z}lIfs, ;fdfh L s, cfly{s, /fhg}tLs x/]s If]q df ;'wf/pG d'v dfq /x]sf] 5 . w]/} ; + : yfx?n] nufg L u/L/x]tf klg sfo{q m d x ? ; + rf n g ug] { k'/fgf k|j[QL / k|s[ofn] plgx?sf] lhjg :t/df ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] ;jf{lË0f ljsf;sf nflu ;d'bfo df cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{q m d n f O { cl3N nf cfly{s jif{ jf6 ;j} lhN nf df nfu' u/] cg'?k df]/ + u lhN nf df ;d]t p Q m sfo{q m d
  • 4. 4 nfu' e O{ sfof{Gjog e O{/x]sf] 5 . t/ l;ldt > f ]t / l;ldt sfo{q m d x ? ;dfj]z ePsf] p Q m sfo{q m d lhN nfsf] l:ytL ; + u d] n vfg] lsl;dsf] 5}g . cGt/fli6|o ?k df ;d'bfo df cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgfsf sfo{q m d s f ] vfsf :ki6 u/LP klg g]kfn L ;+G b e{ df pQ m vfsf k'0f{tof sfof{Gjog df /fli6|o tx jf6} sd L s d h f ]/L ePsf] kfO G 5 . tyfkL klg lhN nf tyf If]lqo txdf lq m oflzn ; + : yfx? tyf cu'jf cleoGtfx?sf] ;lq m otf jf6 ljleGg sfo{q m d x ? n ] eg] lg/Gt/tf kfO{ /x]sf 5g . o;} l;nl;nfdf ;d'bfo df cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgfsf] / 0fgLlt cg'?k o;sf kf + r j6f ;jfn ut If]q tyf p Q m kf + r ;jfnut If]qsf cGo kf + r kf + r pk ;jfnut If]q ut sfo{q m d x ? sf] ;dfof]h g ;lxt Plss[t sfo{q m d ; +rfn g ug'{ kg]{ vf +rf] ePsf jvt, p Q m s'/f k'/f ug{sf nflu /fli6|o ckf + u dxf; + 3 g]kfnsf] k'jf{~rn If]lqo sfof{no lj/f6gu/ / g]b/N of08 n]k|f];L l/lnk m lj/f6gu/ ljr df]/ + u
  • 5. 5 lhN nf df Ps ljz]if k/Lof]h gf ; + rf n g ug]{ ;xdtL jdf]lh d h'nfO{ @) !) b]vL cS6f]j/ @) !) ;D d ;dk G g ePsf lq m ofs nf k x? sf] k|utL k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L k]z u/LPsf] 5 . sfo{qm d sf p2]Zox? M  lb3{sflng pb] Z o M ;fd'bfo L s ultljlwx?df ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] ;xefu Ltf ;'lglZrt ub}{ :jfjnlDj, cfT dflge{/ tyf clwsf/ ;D k G g ? k d f lhjg ofkg ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f ljsf; ug]{ u/fpg] .  c N k sflng pb] Z o M
  • 6. 6 o ;fd'bfo L s ultljlwx?df ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] ;xefu Ltf k|j4{g ug]{ . o ;j} k|sf/sf ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? n ] ;dfg ?kjf6 clwsf/ pk ef] u ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f ljsf; ug]{ .
  • 7. qm sf]8 sfo{qmd of]hgf u/LPsf] ;DkGg sfo{qmd =;= ePsf] ;+rfng 7 sfo{q Jfh]6 sfo{q Jfh]6 ePsf] md md :yfg ;DkGg lqmofsnfkx? M != !=# ;d'bfodf cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd @ !!,^)) ^ k6s !!,^)) lj/f6gu/ ;+rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx? ljr ;dGjoftds k6s j}7s tyf cGt/s[of @= != l8l8l;l; tyf l8.l8Pdl;l; j}7s @ !!,))) @ k6s !!,))) % k6s #= @= sfo{/t ;+3 ;+:yfx? tyf ;/f]sf/sf ! k6s &#,#*) ! k6s &#,#)) lj/f6gu/ @ lgsfox?sf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmdsf] cjwf/0ff ;DjlGw k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd $= @= l8lkcf] tyf lel8Pdl; sf k|ltlglwx?sf ! k6s #),$)) ! k6s #&,% lj/f6gu/ !! nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd %) %= @= ;fd'bfoLs ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfsx?sf ! k6s ##,% ! k6s ##,% lj/f6gu/ !# nflu ckf+utf / ;dflxt lzIff ;DjlGw Ifdtf %) %) ljsf; tflnd $=$ /fhg}lts bnsf k|ltlglwx? ;+u @ $,))) # k6s $,))) lj/f6gu/ cGt/s[of sfo{qmd k6s $=! pBf]u Aoj;foLx? ;+u cGt/s[of ! k6s #,))) ! k6s #,))) lj/f6gu/ ( k/Lof]hgf ; %= ;+rf/sdL{ k/Lrfng tyf k|sfzg ! k6s $,))) ! k6s $,))) +rflnt $ uf=lj=;= &= n]v/rgf tyf k|rf/ ;r]tgfd'ns ;fdfu|L ! k6s %,))) ! k6s ^,))) lj/f6gu/ % ksfzg k/Lof]hgf ; @= ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?sf nflu ckf+utf !! ##,))) !! #&, +rflnt ^ ;DjlGw cled'vLs/0f %&) uf=lj=;= k/Lof]hgf ; @= ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?sf nfuL g]t[Tj ljsf; !! !,)$,%)) !! !,)%,$ +rflnt !) tflnd %# uf=lj=;= k/Lof]hgf ; @= Dff; e]nf tyf cled'vLs/0f !! !!,))) !) !),))) +rflnt !@ uf=lj=;= k/Lof]hgf ; $= Uff=lj=;= :t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;lxt DPO !! !!,))) !! !!,))) +rflnt & / VDMC j}7s cGt/s[of uf=lj=;= k/Lof]hgf ; $=* uf+p k/Lifbdf ;jfn ;Djf]wgsf nflu !% !@,))) !% !@,))) +rflnt ;xefuLtf k|j4{g -!%_ uf=lj=;=
  • 8. 8  pknlAwx? M  lhN nf :t/df ckf + u tf ;jfndf ; + rf n g x'g] sfo{q m d x ? sf] lgoldt ;ldIff, ckf + u tf ;jfndf jx; k}/jL, lhN nf :t/df sfo{q m d x ? sf] ;dGjo tyf cg'u d g ug]{ sfo{ Aojl:yt ePsf] 5 . k/Lof]h gfn] o; sfo{sf nlfu l8l8l;l; / l8l8Pdl;l;sf] Ifdtf ljsf; df ;xof]u k'of{Psf] 5 .  df]/ + u lhN nfsf s6x/L, ef}8fxf, gf]rf, kf]v/Lof, d e m f/] , efltuh + , a'wg u/, cfd uf 5 L, j/8+ uf, dxfb]jf, 6s'jf, afx'gL,
  • 9. 9 n]6f Ë , ynfxf, j}hgfyk'/ uf =lj = ; = sf @ % % hgf ;d'bfo :t/sf k|ltlglwx? df ckf + u tf, ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] clwsf/ tyf plgx?sf nflu sfo{/t ; + 3 ; + : yfx? jf/] cfwf/e't hfgsf/L k|fKt e O{ ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? nf O{ plgx?sf nflu sfo{/t ; + : yfx? ;D d ;D k s{ tyf ;dGjo u/fpg] l;k clej[l4 ePsf] 5 .  lhN nfsf] kf]v/Lof / d e m f/] uf =lj = ; = df ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] :jfjnlDj ;d'x -DPO_ u7g ePsf] 5 . h; df kf]v/ Lof DPO df !! hgf tyf d e m f/] DPO df ( lqmoflzn /x]sf 5g .  lhN nfsf] kf]v/Lof / efltu + h @ uf]lj =; = df u|fld0f ckf + u tf Aoj:yfkg tyf ;dGjo ;ldlt -VDMC_ u7g ePsf] 5 .
  • 10. 10 h; df kf]v/Lof VDMC !! hgf / d e m f/] VDMC df ( hgf lqmoflzn /x]sf 5g .  k'jf{~rn If]qsf ljleGg !$ lhN nfsf # @ ; + : yfsf ^ $ hgf k| ltlglwx? df ;d'bfo df cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{q m d s f ] cjwf/0ff, /0fgLlt / Aojxf/Ls kIf jf/] 1fg, l;k / wf/0ff df k/Ljt{g ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 k'jf{~rnsf ;j} lhN nfx? df l; =lj = cf/ = k| 0ffnL d} ckf + u tf ;DjlGw ultljlw ; +rf n g ug{ ;dj'e m f O{ sfo d ePsf] 5 .  df]/Ë lhN nfsf !! j6f uflj;sf uflj; :tl/o l8lkcf] / lel8Pd; L ;b:o x?n] ; + : yf Jofj:yfkg / g]t[Tj ljsf; ;DalG w 1fg kfO{ ; + : yfsf] ultljlw Aojl:yt jgfpg z'? u/]sf 5g . o;jf6 plgx?sf] j}7s clen]v L s/0f, ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ; + u e]63f6, cfuGt's k'l:tsf
  • 11. 11 Aoj:yfkg, ;dGjo ;'wf/ h:tf lgoldt sfo{q m d x ? ; + rf n g df cfPsf 5g .  k/Lof]h gf ; + rfn g df cfPsf uf =lj = ; = sf ufp F kl/ifbx?df ckf Ëtf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf nflu sfo{/t ;d'xsf] ;D df g h g s ;xefu Ltf ;'lglZrt ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 :yflgo :t/df jh]6 ljlgof]hg b/df a[l4 ePsf] 5 . h; cg';f/ M Uff=lj=;= utjif{ l j lgof]hLt jh]6 cfufdL cf=j= sf nflu l j lgof]hLt jh]6 N]f6f + u @) xhf/ ^) xhf/ ynfxf @@ xhf/ # ltgnfv Ps d'i 7 l;dfGts[t ju{df, jlu{o ?kdf ljefhgx'g jf+s L Jffx'gL @% xhf/ $) xhf/ Dfe m f/] # % xhf/ ^ & xhf/ x/}rf #) xhf/ #) xhf/
  • 12. 12 cGo uf =lj = ; = sf] ljj/0f k|fKt x'g jf+s L .  k/Lof]h gf ; + rfn g ePsf !! uf =l = j ;= df ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] cfly{s ;zlQ m s/0f tyf k]zf Aoj;fo ; + rf n gfy{ ;xof]u clej[l4 ug{ ljp k' + h L sf]if :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . x/]s uf =lj = ; = df & xhf/ sf b/n] :yflkt p Q m sf]ifjf6 lgD g uf =lj = ; = df lgD g k|ltlglwx? nfeflGjt ePsf 5g . qm= Uff=lj= Aoj;fodf ;+nUg Aoj;fosf] lsl;d nufgL ;= ;= k|lt lg lw != N]f6f Dffwj > ] i 7 b'g6 pT kf b g Aoj;fo #,))) +u j'4dfof blh{ Jfv|fkfng Aoj;fo $,))) ;xof]u
  • 13. 13 @ ynfxf ldng sfsL{ ls/fgf k;n ; + rfn g &,))) = #= Jffx'gL j/ j+ d u/ Jfv|fkfng Aoj;fo !, % )) ;xof]u jlb| gf = ls/fgf k;n ; + rfn g !, % )) rf}w/L cfgG b s'df/L ls/fgf k;n ; + rfn g !,))) e mj' rf}w/L lrofgf:tf Aoj;fo !, % )) s'nlb k rf}w/ Knfli6s e mf] nf tof/L !, % )) L Aoj;fo $= Dfe m f/ lbg]z s'df/ O{n] S 6|f]lgS; k;n % ,))) ] d08 n sd n l/lifb]j ls/fgf k;n ; + rfn g @,))) % x/}rf 1fg k|sfz lrorgf:tf k;n % ,)))
  • 14. 14 = ld > ;'ldqf tfdf + u ;' + u '/ kfng !,))) ;/Ltf yfkf !,))) ^= cfd uf5 g/]z ;/bf/ lrofgf:tf Aoj;fo &,))) L b'nf/L, ef}8fxf, 8fO{lgof, dxfb]jf / 6s'jfdf sf]if :yfkgf ePsf], ljpk' + h L k/Lrfng x'g jf+s L .  lhN nf df lq m oflzn /x]sf] Aoj;foLx?sf] ;+u7g pBf] u ; +u7g df]/ + u ;+u Ps cGt/s[of ;D k G g ePsf] 5 . cGt/s[ofjf6 ckf + u tf ;jfndf Aoj;foLx?sf] tk m{jf6 ;xof]u ug]{kg]{ If]q :ki6 u/LcfP df ;xsfo{ ug]{ k|ltj4tf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . xfn s'g If]q df nuflg dfu ug]{ eG g] ljifodf dxf; + 3 5nk m n s f ] q m d d f /x]sf] 5 .
  • 15. 15  lhN nfsf d'Vo $ /fhgLltsb n sf k|ltlglwx? ;+u ckf + u tfsf] ;DjGw df cGt/s[of ;D k G g ePsf] 5 . cGt/s[ofjf6 bn sf k| ltlglwx? ckf Ëtf ;jfndf ;s/fTds ePsf 5g eg] ckf + u tf sf] If]q x]g{ d'Vo $ /fhgLltsb n x ? df k m f] s n k;{g tf]lsPsf] 5 .  ;dflxt lzIffsf ljifodf lhN nf df ; + rflnt ( > f ]t s]G b|sf lj=Ao = ; = cWoIf, k| = c = , > f ]t lzIfs cjwf/0ffut ?k df :ki6 ePsf 5g . o; jf6 ( s]G b| nf O{ ljz]if lzIff jf6 ?kfGt/0f u/L ;dflxt lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k ljBfnonf O{ ;dfj]zL jgfpg] sfdsf] yfnlg ePsf] 5 . h; cg';f/ dx] G b| df = lj= O{6x/f k'0f{ ?kdf ;dflxt ljbfno jlg;s]sf] 5 eg] cGo ljBfnox? n] ;d]t k'j{tof/L z"? u/L;s]sf 5g .
  • 16. 16  lhN nfsf ;j} ljNfnx?nf O{ ;dflxt jgfpb} ;dflxt lzIff nfu' ug] { u/fpg kx n s b d L :j?k df]/ + u sf] ef}8fxf uf =lj = ; = nfO{ gd'gf sfo{q m d ; + rf n g ug]{ uf =lj = ; = sf] ?k df 5gf}6 u/L gd'gf sfo{q m d ; + rf n g u/LPsf] 5 . o;jf6 cf7 ljBfno cGt{ut @ $ cfdf ;d'x u7g tyf cfdf e]nf, k|lt ljBfno cleefjs e]nf ; + rfn g u/L ckf + u tf ;Djlgw cle d'v L s/0f, ljBfno tyf cGt/ ljBfno :t/Lo cltl/Q m lq m of s nf k, ;r]tgfd'n s ;fdfu|L x? sf] leQ] n]v g, ljBfnox? ckf + u tf d}lq jgfpg] nufotsf sfo{x? ;D k G g ePsf 5g . o; sfo{jf6 ef}8fxf uf =lj = ; = sf ljBfno p d]/sf ljBfno hfg g;s]sf ;j} jfnjflnsf ljBfno egf{ ug{ ;d]t d4t k'u]sf] 5 . sfo{qm d sfof{Gjog k|s[of M
  • 17. 17  u|fld0f txdf /x]sf ;d'bfo df ckf + u tf ;DjlGw ljifoj:t'x?sf jf/]df ;r]tgf hufp g If]lqo sfof{nosf tk m{jf6 sfo{q m d ; + rf n g x'g' eG bf Ps ;ftf cuf8L ;DjlGwt uf =lj = ; = df u O{ uf =lj = ; = :t/sf ;/sf/L ; + o G q s f k|ltlglwx?, ;fdfh L s If]qsf k|ltlglwx?, ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m tyf ltgsf cleefjsx? nufotsf AolQ m x ? ;+u e]63f6 u/L sfo{q m d jf/] ;r]tgf h uf O{Psf] lyof] . sfo{q m d ; + rf n g ug{ uf =lj = ; = :t/sf ltg} e]63f6 df ;+n U g k|ltlglwx? dfk m {t ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? / ltgsf k/ljf/x?df ;'rgf k|jfx u/L sfo{q m d ; + rf n g u/LPsf] lyof] . sfo{q m d d f dxf; + 3 , l; =lj = cf/ = lj/f6gu/, g]kfn s'i7/f]u ; + u t L nufot ;fe m ] bf/ ; + : yfnf O{ ;d]t 5f]6f] k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ u/L sfo{q m d d f ;dfj]z u/lpsf] lyof] . k|:t'tLs/0fn] ;DjlGwt uf =lj = ; = x?df cfuf d L lbg df
  • 18. 18 ; +rfn g u/Lg] ultljlwx? / :jfjnlDj ;d'xx/sf] e'dlsf sf] jf/]df ;xefu L x ? df ;r]tLs/0f u/]sf] lyof] .  sfo{q m d x ? jl9 k|efjsf/L jgfpg / ;d'bfosf jl9 ;b:ox? nf O{ ;xefu Ltf u/fpg lg/Gt/ k m n f] c k tyf lk m N 8 lelhsf] k|s[of ckgf O{Psf] lyof] .  sfo{q m d ; +rfn g kZrft ;fd'bfo L s ; + : yfsf] cfjZostf dx z'; eP jdf]lh d ;d'bfos} ;lq m oft df dxf; + 3 sf] cfly{s tyf k|ljlws ;xof]u df DPO tyf VDMC u7g ug]{ sfo{ u/LPsf] lyof] .  ;d'bfo df cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{q m d s f ] If]lqo :t/df ;dfg j'e mf O{ sfod ug{ tyf cleofg df Ps?ktf N of p g /fli6|o
  • 19. 19 ckf + u dxf; + 3 g]kfn ; + u cfj4 k'jf{~rnsf # @ ;b:o ; + : yfsf ^% eG bf jl9 k|ltlglwx? e]nf u/fO{ cle d'v L s/0f u/LPsf] lyof] . cle d'vL s/0f jf6 ;xefu L x ? ;dfg j'e mf O{ sfo d e O{ l; =lj = cf/ = ultljlwx?df Ps d? ktf N of p g ] ;x dt L ePsf] lyof] .  ;d u| sfo{q m d x ? sf] sfof{Gjogsf] d'Vo lhD d ]jf/L /fli6|o ckf + u dxf; + 3 If]lqo sfof{no n] lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{q m d d f dxf; + 3 sf tk m{jf6 sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?, k/Lof]h gf sfof{Gjog df tf]sPsf sd{rf/Lx? nufotsf] ;xefu Ltf /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{q m d ; + rf n g df cki6 ePsf ;jfnx? df ;fe m ] bf/ ; + : yfx? ; + u ;dGjo u/L ;xh ?k df sfo{ ;D kf b g u/ LPsf]  lyof] .
  • 20. 20  ;dflxt lzIffnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ lhN nf lzIff sfof{no df]/ + u ; + u ;fe m ] bf/Ltf u/L ljBfnox?sf] lgoldt cg'u d g , > f ]ts] G b| x? nfO{ qmdz ;dflxt jgfpg] ultljlw tyf ef}8fxf uf =lj = ; = df ;dflxt lzIff k|j4{g ;DjlGw g d'gf sfo{q m d ; +rf n g d f N of O{P sf] 5 .  p N n ] v Lt /0fgLlt cg';f/ of]hgf u/LPsf sfo{q m d x ? lgD g cg';f/ ; + rfn g tyf Aoj:yfkg u/LPsf] lyof] . o /fli6|o ckf+u dxf;+3 g]kfn If]lqo sfof{no lj/f6gu/ dfkm{t ;DkGg sfo{qmdx? M
  • 21. 21 qm sf]8 sfo{qmd sfo{qmd ; =;= +rfng ePsf] :yfg != !=# ;d'bfodf cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ ; lj/f6gu/ +:yfx? ljr ;dGjoftds j}7s tyf cGt/s[of @= != l8l8l;l; tyf l8.l8Pdl;l; j}7s % #= @= sfo{/t ;+3 ;+:yfx? tyf ;/f]sf/sf lgsfox?sf nflu ;d'bfodf lj/f6gu/ @ cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmdsf] cjwf/0ff ;DjlGw k|lzIfs k| lzIf0f sfo{qmd $= @= l8lkcf] tyf lel8Pdl; sf k|ltlglwx?sf nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; lj/f6gu/ !! tflnd %= @= ;fd'bfoLs ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfsx?sf nflu ckf+utf / ;dflxt lj/f6gu/ !# lzIff ;DjlGw Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd ^= $= /fhg}lts bnsf k|ltlglwx? ;+u cGt/s[of sfo{qmd lj/f6gu/ $ &= $=! pBf]u Aoj;foLx? ;+u cGt/s[of lj/f6gu/ ( *= %= ;+rf/sdL{ k/Lrfng tyf k|sfzg k/Lof]hgf ; $ +rflnt uf=lj=;= (= &= n]v/rgf tyf k|rf/ ;r]tgfd'ns ;fdfu|L ksfzg lj/f6gu/ %
  • 22. 22 o uf=lj=;= :t/df u7g ePsf l8lkcf] dfkm{t ;DkGg sfo{qmdx? M ! @= ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?sf nflu ckf+utf ;DjlGw cled'vLs/0f k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;= ^ @ @= ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?sf nfuL g]t[Tj ljsf; tflnd k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt !) uf=lj=;= # @= Dff; e]nf tyf cled'vLs/0f k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;= !@ $ $= Uff=lj=;= :t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;lxt DPO / VDMC j}7s k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;= & cGt/s[of % $=* uf+p k/Lifbdf ;jfn ;Djf]wgsf nflu ;xefuLtf k|j4{g -!%_ k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;= ^ ^=^ l;k ljsf; tyf cfocfh{g ljp k'+hL k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;= & $= :jfjnlDj ;d'x lgdf{0fsf nflu k'j{tof/L 5nkmn k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;= @ * $=# DPO / VDMC u7g k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;= = ( $=( Uff=lj=;= sf ;]jf k|bfosx?sf nflu ;r]tLs/0f -:jf:Yo ;ldlt, k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;= lzIff ;ldlt, ;xsf/L ;+:yf===_ !) %= k'g:yf{kgf hGo ultljlwx?sf] ;'k/efO{h/L lelh6 k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;= # !! %= ;dflxt lzIff k|j4{gsf nflu cleefjs e]63f6 k/Lof]hgf ;+rflnt uf=lj=;= %
  • 23. 23 o lh N n f lz I f f s f o f { n o d f ] /+ u , ; d f l x t lzI f f n ] v f h f ] v f s ] G b | df k m { t ;D k G g sf o { q m d x ? o; cjlwsf d'Vo l;sfO{x? M  ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?nf O{ k/Lrfng ug{ Aofks kx n s b d L ug'{k5{ . vf; u/L uf =lj = ; = :t/sf ;]jf k|bfosx? ; + u cgf}krf/ != @= >f]ts]Gb|sf] k|fljlws l6dsf] nflu ;dflxt Ef}f8fxf uf=lj=;= df !$ lzIff ;DjlGw tflnd gd'gf sfo{qmd @ @= = !^ #= @= !( $= $=!! ;dflxt lzIff k|j4{gsf nflu ljBfno cg'udg ;dflxt lzIff sfo{qmd ; +rfng ePsf ( >f]t s]Gb|>f]t sIff
  • 24. 24 Ls 5nk m n jf6 jftfj/0f ljsf; ub]{ cf}krf/Ls sfo{q m d x ? ; + rf n g ubf{ pko' Q m x'bf] /x]5 .  ;d'bfo ;+u sfd ubf{ ;d'bfosf]] Ifdtf ljZn]if0f u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ dfq sfo{q m d x ? ; +rf n g ug'{k 5{ .  sfo{q m d ; +rfn g ug]{ ;do tflnsf jgfpbf :yflgo ;fd'bfo L s ; + : sf/ cg'?ksf rf8kj{, v]tLkflt, j}jflxs sfo{q m d ; +rf n g x'g] ;do cfbL sfo{q m d nfO{ Wofg lbO{ pk o' Q m ;do Aoj:yfkg u/L sfo{q m d x ? ; +rf n g ug]{ jftfj/0f ljsf; ug'{ k5{ .
  • 25. 25  ;d'bfosf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;F u ;fe mf a'e m f O{ tyf ;xsfo{ nfO{ alno agfpg' kg]{ .  uflj; :t/Lo l8lkcf]sf > f ]t AoflQ m x ? sf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ . sfo{qm d ;Dkfbgsf qm d df e]Ug' k/]sf d'Vo ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? M ! = sfo{q m d s f nfuL cfjZos ;dGjo x'g g;S g' @= sfo{q m d ug{ ;fwgsf] cefj x'g' . # = ;d'bfosf ;/f]sf/jfnf af6 cfjZos ;xof]u k|fKt gx'g' .
  • 26. 26 $ = ;d'bfosf] cg's'ntfdf sfo{q m d s f ] ;do lgwf{/0f x'g g;S g' . %= sfo{q m d s f nf u L cfjZos k"j{tof/L ;do df g} x'g g;S g' . ^= ;fe m ] bf/ ; + : yfx? af6 lhD d ]jf/L sf] ;lx sfof{Gjog x'g g;S g' .
  • 27. 27 ;d'bfodf cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qm d ;+rfng ug]{ ;xsfo{ ;+:yfx?sf] j}7s M df]/ + u d f ; +rfn Lt ;d'bfo df cfwf/Lt ljz]if k'g:yf{kgf sfo{q m d ltg j6f ; + : yfx? dfk m {t ;D k G g ePsf] 5 . /fli6|o ckf + u dxf; + 3 g]kfn If]lqo sfof{no lj/f6gu/, l; =lj = cf/ = lj/f6gu/ / g]kfn s'i7/f]u ; + ult O[6x/L dfk m {t ;+ D k G g sfo{q m d d f ; + : yfx?sf] cfk mgf] sfo{If]q / cg'ejsf cfwf/df lq m of s nf k x ? ;D k G g u/LPsf] lyof] . sfo{q m d x ? ;D kf b g sf jvt ;xsfo{ ; + : yfx?sf] j}7s @ k6s cfof]h gf ug]{ nIo /fvLPsf] ePtf klg sfo{q m d s f ] k|efjsf/L / po k' Q m ;dGjosf nflu & k7s j}7s ;D k G g ePsf] lyof] . ;D k G g j}7sn] lq m ofs nf k x?sf] sfof{Gjog ;+oG q, ;dGjo ;'b[l9s/0f, ; + rflnt sfo{q m d x ? ;ldIff nufotsf ljifox? df 5n k m n ub]{ lg0f{ox?
  • 28. 28 n]vg ug]{ sfo{ ;D k G g u/]sf] lyof] . h;nf O{ j}7s k'l:tsfdf Aojl:yt ?kdf clen]v L s/0f u/LPsf] 5 . l8l8l;l; tyf l8l8Pdl;l; j}7s M ;d'bfo df cfwf/Lt lj]z]if k'g:yf{kgf sfo{q m d s f ] hfgsf/L cfbg k| bfg ug]{, ckf + u tf ;DjlGw ; + rflnt ultljlwx?sf] ;'rgf cWofjlws u b]{ ;'e mfj ; + s n g ug{ 5n k m n tyf j;x ; +rf n g ug]{ / cfufd L :ki6 /0fgLlt tof/L ug{ lhN nf df ckf + u tf If]q df lq m oflzn /x]sf @ j6} ; + o G q x ? sf] j}7s tyf cGt/s[of ; +rf n g u/LPsf] lyof] . klxnf] j}7sdf ;d'bfo df cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{q m d ;DjlGw hgfsf/L cfbg k|bfg ub}{ ;xsfo{ ; + : yfx? dfk m {t ; +rf n g u/Lg] sfo{q m d x ? sf] k|:t'tLs/0f u/L sfo{q m d jf/] hfgsf/L u/fO{Psf] lyof] . To;} u/L bf] > f ] r/0fsf] j}7sdf 5 dlxgf cjlwdf ; + D k G g sfo{q m d x ? jf/] ;ldIff ub}{ lhN nf df sfo{/t ( j6f ; + : yfx? nf O{ b] O [ b'O{ O{nfsf :t/
  • 29. 29 df sfd ug]{ /0fgLlt tof/L u b}{ uf + p , O{nfsf tyf lhN nf k/Lifbx? df ;xefu Ltf hgfp g] ;x dt L sfo d ub}{ ;dGjofT d s j}7s ;D k G g u/LPsf] lyof] . ;d'bfodf cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf ;DjlGw k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f tflnd M ;d'bfo df cfwf/Lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{q m d s f ] If]lqo :t/df ;dfg j'e mf O{ sfod ug{ tyf cleofg df Ps?ktf N of p g /fli6|o ckf + u dxf; + 3 g]kfn ; + u cfj4 k'jf{~rnsf # @ ;b:o ; + : yfsf ^ % eG bf jl9 k|ltlglwx? e]nf u/fO{ lj/f6gu/ l:yt tf]lb ;fd'bfo L s ejg df cle d'vL s/0f sfo{zfnf ;D k G g u/LPsf] lyof] . . cle d'v L s/0f jf6 ;xefu L x ? ;dfg j'e mf O{ sfo d e O{ l; =lj = cf/ = ultljlwx?df Ps?ktf N of p g] ;x dt L ePsf] lyof] . sfo{q m d n ] ;d'bf p df cfwf/lt k'g:yf{kgf sfo{q m d s f ljifodf ;xefu Ltfx? df /x]sf] cGof}ntf x6f
  • 30. 30 cjwf/0ffut :ki6tf N of p g d4t k'u]sf] lyof] . sfo{q m d s f ] g]b/N of08 n]k|f];L l/lnk m sf 8f = s] = kL = 9sfn, gG b nf n jf:tf]n tyf /fli6|o ckf + u dxf; + 3 g]kfnsf s]lGb|o cWo If lj/]Gb|/ fh kf]v/]nn] ;xh L s/0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . l8lkcf] tyf lel8Pdl; sf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; M k/Lof]h gf ; +rfn g d f /x]sf uf =lj = ; = d f u7g u/LPsf :yflgo ; + o G q sf k|ltlglwx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ pb] Z o sf ;fy lj/f6gu/df ; + : yf ut Ifdtf ljsf; tflndsf] cfof]hgf u/LPsf] lyof] . !! uf =lj = ; = sf @ @ hgf k|ltlglw ; + n U g /x]sf] p Q w m tflnd df l; =lj = cf/ = cjwf/0ff, :yflkt ;d'xx sf?sf] sfd, /0fgLlt, cGo ; + 3 ; + : yfx? ; + u s f] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ cfbL ljifodf 5n k m n ub]{ ; + u 7 g ; + rf n g ;Djlgw wf/0ffdf k/Ljt{g ub}{ ; + u 7 g ; +rf n g ug]{ l;k clej[l4 u/LPsf] lyof] . tflnd kZrft xfn p Q m ;d'x? lg/Gt/ ?k df j}7s, ljleGg ;ldlt
  • 31. 31 tyf ; + o G q x ? ;+u e]63f6, lhN nf tyf If]lqo :t/sf lgsfox? ; + u ;xsfo{sf nflu ;dGjo h:tf lq m ofs nf k df ; + n U g /x]sf 5g . /fhg}lts bnsf k|ltlglwx? ;+u cGt/s[of sfo{qm d M df]/ + u lhN nf df /x]sf d'Vo /fhg}lts bn sf k|ltlglwx? ;dIf ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] ;d u| ljsf;sf nflu /fhg}lts bnx? sf] e'd L sf :ki6 ug{ tyf ckf + u tf ;jfnnfO{ ce m jl9 ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] jftfj/0f ljsf; ug{ Plss[t g] = s = k f = dfcf]jfbL, s]kfn L sf + u | ];, g] = s = k f = Pdfn] tyf d w]; L hgclw sf/ k mf]/d ;+u ;DjlGwt sfof{nox? df u O{ cGt/s[of ;D k G g u/LPsf] 5 . p Q m cGt/s[of sfo{q m d d f kfl6{sf lh D d ]jf/ k|ltlglwx? jf6 kf6L{sf lh D d ]jf/ k| ltlglwx? ;+u ckf + u tf ;DjlGw k|z:t hfgsf/Lx? gePsf] sf/0f pko' Q m ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ ug{ g;lsPsf] jf/]df 5n k m n u/LPsf] lyof] . 5nk m n sfo{q m d d f kf6L{x?sf tk m{jf6 ckf + u tfsf] ljifodf lhN nf
  • 32. 32 sldl6sf k|ltlglwx?nf O{ j[xt ?k df cle d'v L s/0f ug{ ;'e m f lbb} { ckf + u tf ;jfnnfO{ cuf8L j9fpg x/ 9 + ujf6 ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ ug] { k|ltj4tf AoQ m u/]sf lyP . kf6L{sf tk m{jf6 AoQ m u/LPsf k| ltj4tfx?nfO{ nlj+ u /]s8{ k'l:tsfdf cWofjlws u/L Aojl:yt u/LPsf] 5 . pBf]u Aoj;foLx? ;+usf] 5nk m n tyf cGt/s[of M /fli6|o ckfu + dxf;3 + g]kfn k'jf{~rn If]lqo sfo{no lj/f6gu/ / g]b/ N of08; n]k|f]l; l/lnk m lj/f6gu/ ljr df]/u O: k]; n l; =lj = cf/ = sfo{q m d ; + rfn g ug]{ ;xdltsf ;fy ljleGg sfo{q m d x ? ; +rf n g ug] { qmd df ckfu + tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] cfly{s ;zlQ m s/0fsf nflu p3f]u Aoj;foLx? ; + u ;DjG w / ;xsfo{ cufl8 j8fpg] clek|fosf ;fy e]63f6 tyf 5nk m n ;D k G g u/LPsf] 5 . 5nk m n d f lgD g ; + : yfsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ; + n U g tf /x]sf] lyof] .
  • 33. 33 /fli6|o ckf + u dxf; + 3 g]kfnsf tk m{jf6 M ! = lji0f' k|;fb j/fn, ;lrj /f=c = d = k ' = I f ] = s f @= pQ d lzjfsf]6L, If] = ; + o f ] h s /f=c = d = k ' = I f ] = s f # = vu]G b| jf= e §/fO{, /f=c = d = g ] k f n s] = ; b : o $ = k| sfz rfkfufO{, /f=c = d = k ' = I f ] = s f sfo{q m d ; + of] h s %= ljdn j:g]t , /f=c = d = k ' = I f ] = s f n]vfkfn pBf] u ; + u 7 g df]/ + u sf] tk m{jf6 M ! = :ofd e08f/L sfo{no ;lrj @ = cljgf; jf]xf]/f dxf;lrj 5nk m n ul/Psf Ph]08fx?
  • 34. 34 ! = ; + : yf ut kl/ro tyf df]/u + lhN nf df ckfu + tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] jt{dfg cj:yf . @= ckfu + tf ;jfn nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg kx n ug]{ . 5nk m n jf6 cfPsf] lg:sif{ ! = df]/u + lhN nf df ckfu + tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] jf/]df hfgsf/L cfbfg k|bfg ul/of] . @= lglh p3f]ux? n] cTo Gt} hf]lvd kl/l:ytL df sfo{ ul//xg' k/]sfn] ckfu + tf ePsf AolQ m x ? n ] cj:yf cg';f/sf] lzksf] ljsf; ug{ ;s] /f]huf/Ldf k|j{wg ug{ ;lsg] . # = dxf;3 + n ] tof/ u/]sf] k'g{:yfkgf sf]ifsf] sfo{ljlw nfO{ cWoo g u/]/ ;xof]u ug]{ .
  • 35. 35 $ = ckfu + tf If]q df s + x f / s;/L ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ xf] lnlvt ?kdf pwf] u ; + u 7 g nfO{ pk nA w u/fpg] / pwf] u ; + u 7 g n ] ;ldltsf] j}7sdf /flv cfj:os lglt to ug]{ ;xdlt sfod ul/of] . ;+rf/ dfWodx? ;+u ;dGjo tyf ;jfn, n]v /rgf k|sfzg M k/Lof]h gf ; + rflnt If]q df ; + rf n g u/LPsf ultljlwx? dfk m {t ;d'bfo df s] s:tf k/Ljt{gx? b]vf k/] eG g] ljifodf cfd hg df g; ;D d ;r]tgf k m} nf p g tyf ckf + u tf k|lt ;sf/fTds ;dfh :yflkt ug{ ; + rf/ k/Lrfng u/LPsf] lyof] . :yflgo ; +rf/sd L{x? nf O{ ;d'bfo :t/ ;D d nlu ;d'bfo df cfPsf] k/Ljt{gsf] ljifodf ; + n U g k|ltlglwx? ; +u 5nk m n tyf cGt/s[of ;D k G g u/L ;'rgf ; + s n g u/LPsf] lyof] . o; qmd df ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?n] k/Lof]h gf n] pNn]Vo dfqf df
  • 36. 36 ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m tyf ;d'bfo nf O{ k|efj k/]sf] jtfO{Psf] lyof] . o; q m d d f k|fKt ;'rgfx?nf O[ :yflgo ; + rf/ dfWo d x ? n ] k|sfzg tyf k|zf/0f u/]sf lyP . o;sf ;fy} ckf + u tf d}lq zAbfjlnx?sf] k|of]u ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ lx;fjn] dxf; + 3 sf] d'vk q ?kfGt/0f q}dfl;s df ;r]tgfd'n s ;Gb]z k|sfzg u/L ljt/0f u/LPsf] lyof] . ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?sf nflu ckf+utf ;DalGw cled'vvs/0f sfo{s|d M /fli6o ckf+u dxf;+3 g]kfn k"jf{~rn If]lqo sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] cfof]hgf / g]b/Nof08; n]k|f];L l/lnkm lj/f6gu/sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ;fy} l;=lj=cf/= lj/f6gu/ / g]kfn s'i7/f]u ;+ult ;d]tsf] ;xsfo{df df]/+u lhNnfsf] !@ j6f uflj;x?df uflj;sf k| ltlglwx?sf nfuL ckf+utf ;jfndf !÷! lbg] cled'lvs/0f sfo{qm d ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . of] sfo{qm d k|To]s uflj;df sfo{qm d sf] lgwf{l/t ;do cg';f/ l7s !)M#) ljxfg af6 ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qm d nfO{ cgf}krfl/s ?kaf6 ;DalGwt uflj;sf DPO cWoIfx?sf] cWoIftfdf sfo{qm d ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] eg] k|To]s uflj;x?df uflj;sf d'Vo d'Vo k|ltlglwx? -ljBfno, pk :jf:Yo, uflj; ,:yflgo /fhgLlts bn, j'l4 lhlj, ;dfh;]lj_ ;lxt ckfFutf ePsf AoflQmx?sf] ;xeflutf lyof] .sfo{qm d ;~rfng ug'{ k'j{ ;xhstf{ / ;xeflux?ljr kl/ro cfbfg k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . d'Vo ?kdf sfo{qm d 5nkmn, k|:t'lts/0f, k|ZgpQ/ / cg'ej af8kmf8 k|lqmof af6 ;~rfng ul/ Psf] lyof] . sfo{qm d nfO{ ljr ljrdf lrof gf:tf / dgf]/~hgsf ;fy cuf8L a9fOPsf] lyof] . sfo{qm d df l;=lj=cf/= / Pg=Pn Pkm sf ;xhstf{x?n] cfkmgf] ;+:yfut
  • 37. 37 kl/ rosf ;fy cf ufl d l bgdf To; uflj ;x?df ;~rfng ul/ g] lj z]if ;d'bf odf cf wfl/ t k'g{:yf kgf sf o{qmdx? j f/ ] hf gsf/ L ug'{ ePsf ] l yof] . To;} u/ L k|To]s uflj ;sf DPO / VDMC k|l tl gl wx?af6 lj z]if ;d'bf odf cf wfl/ t k'g{:yf kgf sf o{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{ @ @ hgf km ]sn k;{gx? ;d]t r og ul / Psf] l yof] . sf o{qmd df ]/ ÷ f +usf ] s6x/L, ef}8fxf, gf]rf, kf]v/Lof, d e m f/], efltuh + , a'wg u/, cfd uf5 L, j/8+ uf, n]6f Ë , ynfxf / j}hgfyk'/ uf =lj = ; = df ;D k G g ePsf] lyof] . sfo{ q m d n ] ;d] 6 ] s f d'V o d'V o ljif o a : t ' x ? ! =/fli6 « o ckf + u dxf;3 + g]kfn Ps kl/ro -; +/rgf, ; + u 7 g , ; + h f n , sfd, st{Jo / sfo{If]q_ @ = c k f F u tf ePsf AoflQ m x ? sf nfu L pk nA w ;]jf ;'ljwf, cj;/ tyf dx Tjk'0f{ sfg'lg k|fjwfgx? # = d f ]/ Ë df ; +rflnt ljz]if ;d'bfo df cfwfl/t k"g:yfkgf sfo{s| dsf] cjwf/0ff / cfufld sfo{s|d x?
  • 38. 38 $ = c k f + u t f ePsf JolQ m x ? sf] clwsf/x? / clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu :jfjnlDj ; + : yfx? / u|fld0f ckf + u tf Aoj:yfkg tyf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] e'ldsf ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?sf nfuL g]t[Tj ljsf; tflnd sfo{qm d ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?sf nfu L g]t[Tj ljsf; tflnd ckf + u tf ePsf AoflQ m x ? sf] ;d'xsf] cfof]hgf , g]b/N of08; n]k|f]l; l/lnk m lj/f6gu/sf] cfly{s ;xof]u df / /fli6o ckf + u dxf; + 3 g]kfn k"jf{~rn If]lqo sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] ;dGjo df df]/ + u lhN nfsf] n]6f + u , afx'lg ,de m f/] ,ynfxf, b'nf/L , x/}rf, ef}8fxf, dxf b]jf, 6s'jf, cfd uf5 L / 8fO{lgofdf @ lbg] g]t[Tj ljsf; tflnd ;D k G g ePsf] lyof] . g]t[Tj ljsf; tflnd sf] ;xlhs/0f /fli6« o ckf + u dxf; + 3 lj/f6gu/sf ;xh stf{x?n] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . sfo{s|d sf] klxnf] lbg cf}krf/Ls lsl;dn] ;'?jft ul/Psf] lyof]] .k|To]s uflj;df pb3f6g z];g
  • 39. 39 ;dfKt eP kl5 dfq tflndsf] ;'?jft ul/Psf] lyof] tflndsf] pb3f6g zqsf] cWoIftf ;DalGwt uf =lj = ; sf l8 =lk = c f ] = cWo Ifx? n] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] To:t} uflj;sf cGo d'Vo d'Vo k|ltlglwx? / ljleGg /fhgLlts bn sf k|ltlglwn] dGtJo /fVg' ePsf] lyof] . sfo { q m d n ] ; d ] 6 ] s f d ' V o d ' V o ljif o a : t ' x ? M kl x n f ] lb g M != ckf+ utf, ckf+ utf ; DjlGw cjwf/0ff / ckf+ utf ; DjlGw /fli6|o tyf cGt/fli6|o ;Gb e { #= ckf+ utf ; DjlGw jt{dfg cleofg - ;+/rgf, ;+ u 7 g , ;+ hf n , sfd, st{Jo / sfo{ If ] q_ $= l8 = lk= cf] / le= l8= P d = l; Ps hfgsf/L tyf sfd / st{Jox? %= ckf+ utf ePsf JolQ m x ? n ] kfpg' kg ] { ;]jf ;'ljwfx? bf ] ; | f ] lb g M != g ]t [ Tj eg ]sf ] s] xf] @ = g ]t [ Tj df x'g' kg ] { u'0fx? #= c;n g ]t [ Tjsf ljz]iftfx? $= ;fdfh Ls k/Lrfn g %= jx'klIfo ; d Gjo / ;xsfo{ Ps hfgsf/L / cEof; df;e]nf tyf cled'lvs/0f sfo{qm d
  • 40. 40 /fli6« o ckf + u dxf; + 3 – g ] kf n k"jf~rn If]lqo sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] ;dGjo tyf uflj; :t/Lo ckf + u tf ePsf AoflQ m x ? sf] ;d'xsf] cfof]hgf / g]b/N of08; n]k|f];L l/lnk m lj/f6gu/sf] cfly{s ;xof]u df df]/Ë lhN nfsf] !! j6f uflj;x?df ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] !( cf} + cGt/ fli6|o lbj;sf] ;Gb e{ df Ps Ps df;e] nf tyf cle d'lvs/0f sfo{q m d ;D k G g ePsf] 5 .p Q m df; e]nf sfo{q m d ;DalG wt uflj;sf l8lkcf] x?s} ; + of] h s Tj df uf =lj = ; = :t/sf ljleGg /fhg}lts bn sf k|ltlglwx?, ;fdfh L s ljsf; ;+u k|To o If ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;+3 ; + : yfsf k| ltlglwx?, :yflgo ;/sf/L tyd u}/ ;/sf/L ; + : yfsf k|ltlglwx? ;lxt ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m tyf plgx?sf cleefjsx?sf] ;xefu Ltf df ;D k G g ePsf] lyof] . p Q m sfo{q m d d f l8lkcf]sf k|ltlglwx?n] ;xeflux? nfO{ ckf Ëtfsf] xs, clwsf/ / ;]jf ;'ljwfjf/] ;r]t kf/]sf lyP . l8=lk=cf] / le=l8=Pd =;L = u7gM
  • 41. 41 /fli6o ckf + u dxf; + 3 g]kfn k"jf{~rn If]lqo sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] cfof]h gf / g]b/Nof08; n]k|f];L l/lnk m lj/f6gu/sf] cfly{s ;xof]u df df]/ + u lhN nfsf] kf]vl/of, d e m f/] / efltu ~ 5 uflj;df ckf + u tf ePsf AoflQ m x ? sf] ;d'x / u|fld0f ckf + u tf Joj:yfkg tyf ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ePsf] 5 . ;d'x u7g ug'{ cufj} p Q m uflj;x? df ;d'x u7g af/] To; uflj;sf ckf + u tf ePsf AoflQ m x ? dfk m {t ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx? ;Fu cgf}krfl/s ?k df e]63f6 / 5n k m n ul/Psf] lyof] h;n] ubf{ u7g x'g] lbg Jofks ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] hg;x eflutf h'6fO{Psf] lyof] . ;d'x u7g x'g' k'j{ ;xh stf{af6 ;xeflux?nf O{ l8 =lk = c f ] / le =l8 = P d = ; L u7g ug'{sf] cf}lrTo jf/] k|sf; kfl/Psf] lyof] . ;f]lx cg'?k bf] > f ] r/0fdf l8lkcf] / lel8Pdl; u7g u/LPsf] lyof] .
  • 42. 42 kf]vl/of uflj;df rog ePsf DPO / VDMC s f k|ltl g l w x ? s f ] gf d fjl n ckf+utf ePsf AolQmx/sf] u|fld0f ckf+utf Aoj:yfkg tyf ;dGjo :jf jnlDj ;d'x ;ldlt -DPO_ -VDMC_ kb gfd ckf+utf kb gfd cWoIf ;+of]hs /fd]Zj/ zf/Ll/s nfn dx D b zf/Ll/s d08n pkfWoI ;b:o f cjb'; ;Gtf/ zfl//Ls s}nfz k| = uf =lj = ; = k| d08n ltlglw ;lr j ;b:o hfu] Zj/ zf/Ll/s lgd{nf :jf:Yo ; + : yf d09 n b]jL d08n k|ltlglw sf]iffW ;b:o oIf jf]gL b]lj zf/Ll/s u + u f k| ljBfno k| d08n = d08n ltlglw ;x;lrj ;b:o /fwf b]jL jlx/f ufG w L k| ;dfh;]jL
  • 43. 43 d08n = d08n ;b:o ;b:o O; uf d jlx/f ;/:jtLb]jL ;dfh;]jL dlxnf cG;f/L d08n ;b:o ; t]t/L b]jL b"li6ljl Nnfxsf/ ;'of{gG b g] = s = k f = d f d08n xg d08n k|ltlglw ;b:o ; hnfn cG;f/ zfl/l/s Nnfxsf/ hulbz d=h = k mf] = g L -s"i7k| d08n ]kfn efj_ ;b:o ; /fd b]j ;':t Nnfxsf/ h}ggfy g] = ; = k fl6 d09 n dlg :ylt d08n ;b:o ; gL n d b]jL zfl//Ls Nnfxsf/ /fdwlg g] = s = k f = d09 n d08n Pdfn] ;b:o ; /fd;f]uf/s|f :j/ Nnfxsf/ ljgf]b 7fs'/ lk58f ju{
  • 44. 44 d08n af]nfO demf/] uflj;df rog ePsf DPO / VDMC sf k|ltl g l w x ? s f ] gf d fjl n ckf+utf ePsf AolQmx/sf] u|fld0f ckf+utf Aoj:yfkg tyf :jfjnlDj ;d'x ;dGjo ;ldlt -DPO_ -VDMC_ kb gfd ckf+utf cWoIf lbg]z s'df/ zf/Ll/s d08n pkfWoIf sd n /Llifb]j zfl//Ls ;lr j lw/]g s'df/ zf/Ll/s d08n sf]iffW oIf jhf]n xf:bf zf/Ll/s ;x;lrj glod cG;f/L zf/Ll/s ;b:o gG b nfn l; zfl//Ls +x ;b:o snfrG b z':t
  • 45. 45 d08n dlG:yLl t cleefjs ;b:o dlnof s'df/L zfl/l/s ;b:o d h b ] g g]zf zfl//Ls ;b:o ; zflGtb]lj zfl//Ls Nnfxsf/ /fdwlg g] = s = k f = d08n Pdfn] ;b:o ; Nnfxsf/ ljgf]b lk58f ju{ 7fs'/ ;d'bfo e|d0f tyf ;fd'bflos sfo{stf{x? ;+u e]63f6
  • 46. 46 ljz]if u/L ;d'bfo e|d0f tyf ;fd'bfo L s sfo{stf{ e]63f6 sfo{q m d ckf + u tf ePsf AoflQ m x ? sf] ;d'x tyf u|fld0f ckf + u tf Aofj:yfkg tyf ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ug'{ k'j{ cfjZos tof/Lsf nfu L df]/ + u lhN nfsf] kf]vl/of / d e m/] uflj;df ul/Psf] lyof] . h; df k|To If ?k df kf]vl/of / d e m f/] uflj;sf uflj;sf k|ltlglw ,:jf:Yo k|ltlglw, ljleGg ljBfnox?, :yflgo /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwx? ;lxt ljifout ljleGg ;fd'bflos sfo{stf{x? ; + u e]63f6 ul/Psf] lyof] . p Q m e]63f6 tyf 5nk m n d f ckf + u tf ;jfnsf] ;fy ;fy} ;d'x u7g sf] cf}lrTo nfO{ a'e mf p g ;k m n cEof; ul/Psf] lyof] . o;af6 ;d'x u7g sf nfu L hg;x eflutf h'6fpg ;xof]u ld N g' sf ;fy} ;d'bfo sf k|ltlglwx?sf] lh D d ]jf/L af]w ePsf] lyof] . ;dflxt lzIff sfof{Gjogdf gd'gf sfo{qm d M
  • 47. 47 ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] z}lIfs k + x 'r clej[l4sf nflu ;/sf/L tj/jf6 z'? u/LPsf] ;dflxt lzIffsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfT df;fy u/L df]/ +u df ;dflxt lzIff k'0f{?k df nfu' ug{ u/fpg cleofgsf] ?k df sfo{q m d ; + rfn g ug{ lh =lz = s f = df]/ + u n ] ljleGg ; + : yfx?sf] ;xsfo{df lhN nf ;dflxt lzIff sfo{of]h gf th'{df u/]sf] 5 . p Q m of]hgf d'tfljs df]/ + u lhN nfsf ;j} ljBfnox? nf O{ ;dflxt jgfpb} ;dflxt lzIff sfof{Gjog ug]{ /0fgLlt cg'?k lhN nfsf] ef}8fxf uf =lj = ; = sf cf7 ljBfno jf6 g d'gf sfo{q m d sf ;fy cleofg yfngL u/LPsf] 5 . ljBfno / cGo ; + 3 ; + : yfx?sf] ;xsfo{df lh =lz = s f = df]/ + u sf] g]t[Tjdf z'? ePsf] p Q m sfo{ cg';f/ ljBfnosf] !) xhf/ % ;o / g]b/N of08; n]k|f];L l/lnk m sf] /fli6|o ckf + u dxf; + 3 g]kfn If]lqo sfof{no lj/f6gu/ dfk m {t !@ xhf/ % ;o nuflg df g d'gf sfo{q m d yfngL ePsf] xf] . p Q m sfo{q m d d'tfljs ;j}
  • 48. 48 ljBfnox?n] slDt df ltg ltg j6f cfdf ;d'x u7g ug]{, cfdf e]nf ; + rf n g ug]{, cleefjs e]nf ; + rf n g ug]{, ljBfnox?sf] g + S ;f + s g ug]{, cltl/Q m s[ofsnfk ; + rf n g ug]{, ljBfno hfg gkf O{/x]s jfnjflnsfx?sf] klxrfg u/L ljBfno egf{ u/fpg], ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x/sf] tYof + s cWofjlws ug]{ nufotsf s[ofsnfk x? ; +rf n g e O{ ;s]sf 5g . o; jf6 ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] z}lIfs k + x 'r ; +u ; + u } ;j} jfnjflnsfx? nfeflGjt ePsf 5g . p Q m sfo{q m d x ? sf] ; +l If Kt ljj/0f lgD g cg';f/ ; + n U g u/LPsf] 5 . != jh ] 6 z f/ f+; M qm=; ljj/0f /sd = != ljBfno ;+u ;fem]bf/Ltfdf ;+rfng ug]{ lqmofsnfkx? !,)),)))=)) @= cGt/ ljBfno -uf=lj=;=_:t/Lo lqmofsnfk #%,)))=)) #= ;dflxt lzIff >f]t sIff cg'udg tyf cleefjs k/fdz{ sfo{qmd @$,)))=)) hDd f -P s n f v p g f G ; f 7 L xh f/ !, % ( , ) ) ) = ) ) df q_ @= lj: t [ t jh ] 6 ljj/ 0 f M @=!= lj B f n o n ] ;f e m ] b f / L d f ;+rf n g u g ] { s f o { q m d q lq m o f s n f k P s f nI b/ hD D f Nfu t Ao x f ] g ] { m O{ o f /s d lj B f bft [ cGo =; no ;+:y f =
  • 49. 49 != ljBfno ;]jf If]q leq ljBfn * @))) !^,))) *,))) *,))) j];nfO[g ;e]{ o @ cfdf e]nf tyf cfdf ;d'x u7g 6f]n @$ !))) @$,))) !@,))) !@,))) = #= cleefjs e]nf ljBfn * @))) !^,))) *,))) *,))) o $= ljBfno :t/Lo cfrf/ ;+lxtf tof/ ljBfn * #))) @$,))) !@,))) !@,))) L o % ;dflxt ljBfno jftfj/0f ljsf; M = • ef}lts k'jf{wf/sf nflu @,)) !^,))) *,))) *,))) k/fdz{ / kxn ljBfn * ) • ;r]tgfsf nflu leQ]n]vg o @$,))) !@,))) !@,))) #,))) ^= ;dflxt sIff Aoj:yfkg sIff * $,))) #@,))) !^))) !^,))) & ckf+utf ;DjlGw sfo{/t ; ljBfn !^ !,))) !^,))) *,))) *,))) = +:yfx? / ljBfno cGt/s[of o *= cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ljBfn * #,))) @$,))) *,))) !^,))) o hDd f !, ) ) , ) ) ) @=@= lh=l z= s f ; d f l x t lzI f f n ] v f h f ] v f s ] G b | n ] ;+r f n g u g ] { sfo{ q m d q lq m o f s n f k P s f nI b/ hD D f Nff u t Ao x f ] g ] { m O{ o f /s d lh=l z b f t [ cGo =; =s f ;+:y f = != cGt/ ljBfno cg'ej cfbgk| k6s ! !),))) !),))) !),))) bfg tyf cGt/s[of @ Uff=lj=;= :t/Lo cltl/Qm k6s ! *,))) *,))) *,))) = lqmofsnfk #= cGt/ ljBfno cg'ej cfbg k| k6s ! !),))) !),))) !),)))
  • 50. 50 bfg e|d0f $= sfo{qmd cg'udg d'Nof+sg ! &,))) &,))) &,))) / k|ltj]bg hD D f f # %, ) ) ) @=@= ; d f l x t lzI f f >f ] t s I f f c g ' u d g ty f c l e e f j s k/ f d z { q lq m o f s n f k P s f nI b/ hD D f Nff u t Ao x f ] g ] { m O{ o f /s d lh=l z b f t [ cGo =; =s f ;+:y f = != >f]t sIff cg'udg tyf cleefjs >f]t ( @$)) @!,^)) @!,^)) k/fdz{ sIff @ >f]t sIff cg'udg tyf cleefjs ljBfn ! @$,) @$,)) @$,)) = k/fdz{ o ) hDd f M @$, ) )) cGo ljljw ultljlwx? M k/Lof]h gf ; + rfn g ePsf !! uf =lj = ; = df k/Lrfng df /x]sf ;d'xsf] cfof]h gf tyf dxf; + 3 sf] k|fljlws ;xof]u df uf =lj = ; = :t/df ckf + u tf ;DjlGw ;r]tLs/0f ub}{ ckf + u tf ePsf AolQ m x ? sf] ;xefu Ltf k|j4{g ug]{ pb] Z o sf ;fy ljleGg r/0fsf 5n k m n tyf cGt/s[ofx? ;D k G g u/ LPsf 5g . o; cg'?k l8lkcf] tyf lel8Pdl; j}7s, uf + p k/Lifbx?
  • 51. 51 df ;xefu Ltf hgfO{ ;jfn ;Djf]wg ug]{ lq m of s nf k, :jfjnlDj ;d'x u7g tyf k/Lrfng ug{ k'j{ tof/L j}7s, uf =lj = ; = s f ljleGg ;]jf k| bfosx? ;+u 5n k m n tyf cGt/s[of, ;dflxt lzIff k|j4{gsf nflu ljBf{y{L, ljBfno tyf cleefjs e]63f6 tyf ;dGjo h:tf s[ofsnfk x? l8lkcf]x? cfk m} n ] ;D kf b g u/]sf lyP . o;jf6 l8lkcf] x?sf] sfo{ Ifdtf ljsf; x'b} cfPsf] 5 eg] ;d'bfo ckf + u tf k|lt ;sf/fTd jGb} cfPsf] 5 . cfu d L lbg df o; k|sf/sf ultljlwx?sf] lg/Gt/tf lb + b } sfo{q m d x ? n f O [ :yflgo txd} Aoj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ u/L k/Lof]h gfsf] sfo{ If]q k/Ljt{g u b}{ cuf8L j9g cfjZos b]vL g 5 . ;dfKt