70. Stroke means “ rapidly developed clinical signs of focal (global) disturbance of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death, with no appearance cause other than a vascular origin. ”
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74. Figure 99-2 A, CT scan taken 2 hours, 50 minutes after large right middle cerebral artery occlusion. There are subtle, ultra-early ischemic changes, including loss of the gray-white interface (arrows) and subtle evidence of sulcal effacement. B, CT scan of same patient approximately 8 hours after symptom onset shows acute hypodensity (arrows) and more prominent sulcal effacement.
85. Non-lobar hemorrhage หมายถึง intracerebral hemorrhage ที่ basal ganglia mostly at putamen, thalamus,cerebellum,brainstem mostly at pons
86. Figure 99-1 The CT slice with the largest area of hemorrhage is identified. The largest diameter of the hemorrhage on this slice is measured in centimeters (A). The largest diameter 90 degrees to A on the same slice is measured (B). C is the approximate number of 10-mm slices on which the intracerebral hemorrhage was seen. The volume of the hemorrhage equals A multiplied by B, multiplied by C, divided by 2 (ABC/2).
87.
88. ผู้ป่วย nonlobar hemorrhage ข้อบ่งชี้ในการปรึกษาประสาทศัลยแพทย์ คือ coma score less than 13 , volume more than 30 cc. , midlineshift more than 0.5 cm. ยกเว้น ผู้ป่วย cerebellar hemorrhage ควรปรึกษาประสาทศัลยแพทย์ทุกราย
89. การคำนวณปริมาตรก้อนเลือด = 0.524 . x .y. z มิลลิลิตร ( X,Y,Z = ความยาวของเส้นผ่าศูนย์กลางของก้อนเลือดในแนวแกน X,Y,Z หน่วยเป็น เซนติเมตร )
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92. Pre test DDx of isolated CN III palsy 1.Uncal brain herniation 2.Pcom aneurysm rupture 3.CN III neuritis
109. Clinical risk of head- injured patients 1.Secondary expanding lesions ICP Transtentorial brain herniation 2.Operation after transtentorial herniation with Severe brain stem compression make poor results 3.EDH and SDH common occur within 6 hr. 4.ICH may delayed after 24 hr
110. Common pitfalls Inaccurate GCS Score Drunken patients Not worse but not full GCS Neglect open wounds Operation within 6 hr hematomas at other sites may develop
111. Common pitfalls (cont.) Progression of extra cerebral hematoma within 6 hr and intracerebral hematoma may delayed to 24 hr Misdiagnosis of brain death in GCS=3 with operable hematoma Waiting for consent
112. 20 year old male MC rider collision with Taxi Unconscious ,try intubation by EMS but failed ½ Hr. to ER GCS E2 M6 V3 1 Hr to CT brain 1 Hr to OR
113. Pre op condition BP 180/100 P 100 GCS E2 M5 V3 Pupils RT 5mm sluggish RTL Lt 3mm. Sluggish RTL Lt Hemiparesis Grade II
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116. Male 38 year old ขับสามล้อเครื่องชนแท๊กซี่ BP 140/80 P 80 R 20 GCS E3 M6 V4 Pupils 3mm RTL both
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118. Male 41y ขับสามล้อเครื่องชนแท๊กซี่ แรกรับรู้ตัวดี ไม่สลบ ให้คำแนะนำ กลับบ้านได้ 12 ชั่วโมงต่อมาปวดศรีษะมาก พูดสับสน BP 150/90 P 80 R20 GCS E4 M 6 V4
123. Male 21 year old ถูกตีที่ศีรษะไม่รู้สึกตัว ½ Hr to ER BP 130/70 P60 R20 GCS E1 M3 V1 Pupils R2mm L 3mm RTL ½ Hr to CT GCS E1 M3 V1 Pupils R2mm L 5mm Fixed
128. 57y.old male Passenger on a car collision with a truck Initial GCS =E3,M6,V3 Pupil 3mm. RTL both Periorbital swelling & ecchymosis Bloody rhinorrhea No other sinificant injury
142. 32 y old male GCS =15 Suture scalp wound and discharge ½ Hr readmission with GCS E1 M5 V1 Pupil 5mm fixed Rt Lt hemiparesis Suddenly change to GCS E1 M2 Vt 1 Hr CT scan at center outside hospital
146. Sudden change to GCS 3 and pupils fixed dilated both Diagnosis of brain death 6 hr later improved to GCS E1 M3 Vt after mannitol infusion Pupils Rt 3mm sluggish react to light Lt 5mm fixed Operated but not recovered
147. CASE 2 ผู้ป่วยชายไทย อายุ 15 ปี ขี่ MC ชนรถเก๋ง 10 MIN. PTA PE : BP 110/70 , P 70 , R 20 GCS = E 3 M 5 V 1 Pupils 3 mm. Sluggish RTL both Rt Hemiparesis grade II
150. 45 y old man MC rider collision with MC First seen at a private hospital BP 150/100 P 100 GCS E2 M5 V3 Pupils 3mm RTL both 1 hr refer to Lerdsin hospital GCS E2 M4 Vt pupils 3mm RTL both
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152. BP 155/60 P 50 BP130/70 P60 Conservative treatment GCS E4 M5 Vt Rt hemiparesis
160. 47y.old Male Acute confusional state Headache with vomitting for 3wk Diagnosis to migrain at ER two times History of minor head injury admitted for 3days at2 months ago Misdiagnosis as brain tumor by CT
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172. 27y old male Severe headache for 1wk Diplopia for 3days History of minor head injury 1mo ago CT brain showing bilateral SDH The first physician advice conservative treatment then the patient came to Lerdsin hospital
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174. 17y.old female Sudden headache then unconscious PE at ER : BP 130/90 P80 R20 GCS=E1M3V1 Pupils Rt 5mm Lt 2mm sluggish RTL CT not available in hospital Then exploratory craniotomy was performed immediately