4. Epidemiology
• Older adults still participate in
sports and continue to drive
their own automobiles.
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
5. Epidemiology
• Older adults not only live longer, they live
independently and remain more active.
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
6. Epidemiology
• By 2050, 39% of trauma patients will be 65
years and older.
• The population over
the age of 65 by the
year 2040 is increasing
trauma in older
adult is also increasing.
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
9. • The injuries result in
complications and major
disability longer stays
consumption of more resource
• Trauma patients >80 years of age, minor trauma
can result in a major disability.
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
10. Effect of aging
Organ Functional change
Cardiac Catecholamine
Atherosclerosis of coronary vessels
Pulmonary Elastic recoil
Cough reflex
Renal Loss of renal mass
Glomerular filtration rate
Sensitivity to ADH
Musculoskeletal Loss of body mass
Osteoporosis
Changes in joint & cartilage
Endocrine Production and response to thyroxin
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
11. Outcome?
Elderly Patient with Trauma
• Preexisting conditions
• Age
• Severity of injury
• Complications
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
12. Mechanisms of Injury
• Falls; low-energy trauma (LET) events.
–Syncope
–Alcohol & medications
–Change in postural stability
–Poor visual acuity
Lacerations TBIs
Hip
Fractures
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
13. Mechanisms of injury
• Motor vehicle collisions;
–Driving
Sternal
fractures
Rib fractures
Lower cervical
injuries
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
14. Mechanisms of injury
• Pedestrian-related collisions;
–Kyphosis
–Inability to walk quickly
–Reduced reaction time
–Decreased hearing
–Loss of visual acuity & peripheral vision
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
15. Trauma in elderly patients evaluated
in a hospital ED in Konya
• 568 patients ≥ 65 years admitted to ED
• LE fall 67%, RTA 14%, HE fall 12%, others 7%.
• The most sites of injuries are lower extremity,
thorax, upper extremity, head
• 66% were hospitalized, 5% died
Clinical Interventions in Aging, 2014
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
16. Injury mechanisms, patterns
and outcomes of older polytrauma patients
• 25,304 polytrauma between 2009 and 2014, older
patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 16
represented 47.8%.
• Trauma mechanism in the older patients was a
bicycle accident, LE fall.
• Serious head injuries were seen more often in the
older patients.
• The older polytrauma hospital mortality was
doubled than the younger adult
PLOS, 2018
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
17. Trauma Severity
ISS Score Severity
0-9 Minor
10-15 Moderate
16- 24 Serious
> 25 Severe to Critical
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
18. ISS; Injury Severity Score
Region Injury Description AIS Square Top Three
Head & Neck Cerebral Contusion 3 9
Face No Injury 0
Chest Flail Chest 4 16
Abdomen Minor Contusion of Liver
Complex Rupture Spleen
2
5 25
Extremity Fractured femur 3
External No Injury 0
ISS 50
AIS Score Injury
1 Minor
2 Moderate
3 Serious
4 Severe
5 Critical
6 Survivable
ISS
0-9 Minor
10-15 Moderate
16-24 Serious
25-49 Severe
50-74 Critical
75 Maximum
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
19. Injury part Injury detail AIS score
Rib fracture Multiple ribs fracture 2
One rib 1
Two ribs 2
> 3 ribs 3
Flail chest 3-5 ribs 3
> 5 ribs 4
Bilateral 5
AIS Score Injury
1 Minor
2 Moderate
3 Serious
4 Severe
5 Critical
6 Survivable
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
20. TRISS score
Trauma Score-Injury Severity Score
• TRISS determines the probability of survival
(Ps) of trauma patient from the RTS and ISS
using the following formulae:
Ps = 1
(1+e-b)
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
21. b = b0+b1(RTS)+b2(ISS)+b3(ageIndex)
AgeIndex = 0 if the patient is below 54 years
= 1 if 55 years and over
Blunt Penetrating
b0 -0.4499 -2.5355
b1 0.8085 0.9934
b2 -0.0835 -0.0651
b3 -1.7430 -1.1360
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
24. 1. ได้รับการดูแลที่เหมาะสม
Trauma initial assessment
Trauma life support
Trauma monitoring & documentation
อายุ > 50 ปี จะมีโอกาสเสียชีวิต
มากกว่าผู้ที่มีอายุ < 30 ปี 2.2 เท่า
(Merz, et al., 2011; Lichtveld et al., 2008)
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
25. 2. ไม่เกิดการบาดเจ็บซ้้าซ้อน
Time to initial
assessment
(ภายใน 4 นาที)
Time to
treatments
(ภายใน 30 นาที)
Total time
spent in ER
(ไม่เกิน 2 ชม.)
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
26. 3. ได้รับการดูแลที่มีคุณภาพ
•TRISS > 0.75 = 0%
•TRISS determines the probability of
survival (Ps) of trauma patient from
the RTS and ISS
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
27. ATLS
• Preparation
– Multiple casualties
– Mass Casualties
• Primary survey (ABCDE)
– A : Airway maintenance and Cervical spine
protection
– B : Breathing and Ventilation
– C : Circulation and Hemorrhagic control
– D : Disability ( Neurologic evaluation)
– E : Exposure / Environmental control
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
28. Primary survey
• Airway with C-spine protection
• Breathing
• Circulation
• Disability
Resuscitation
• ECG, Pulse Oximetry, IV, Lab
• Identified life threatening injuries
• Gastric, urethral cath.
Secondary survey
• Head to toe exam
• AMPLE history
• Imaging
Definitive care
• Surgery
• Splinting
• Medications
• Consultants
• Transfer
Tertiary survey
• Repeat primary and secondary
survey within 24 hrs
• Problems list identification
Management in ED
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
29. Triage
ทางเดินหายใจอุดกั้น ?
ลักษณะการหายใจ ?
ชีพจร ?
A Airway
B Breathing
C Circulation
Emergent จะเสียชีวิตถ้าไม่รีบช่วยเหลือ
Urgent ถ้าช่วยเหลือช้า อาจเสียชีวิตได้ใน 30 นาที
Non urgent ถ้าช่วยเหลือช้ากว่า 2 ชม. เกิดอันตรายได้
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
41. Unstable trauma patient
Altered physiology
GCS ≤14
Pulse <60
or >120 BPM
SBP <90 mmHg
after 2 L fluid
challenge
SBP >190 mmHg
RR <12
or >24 BPM
SaO2 < 90%
Temp <33C
Altered physical
findings
Paralysis
Inability to talk
Labored
respiration
Severe pain
External
hemorrhage site
combative
Altered anatomic
findings
Severe
deformities
Penetrating
wound from
head to
popliteal fossa
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
42. Primary survey
A = Airway & Alertness
–Open & clearing the airway
A
Assess
Gag reflex
Dentures
Neurologic; Stroke
Interventions
May be on anticoagulant
therapy, use caution
Padding bony areas
on the spine board
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
43. Primary survey
B = Breathing & ventilation
B
Assess
Work of breathing
Leaving dentures
Arthritis & osteoporosis
Interventions
Bag-mask ventilation
Use care during intubation
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
44. Primary survey
C = Circulation & control of hemorrhage
C
Assess
HR
V/S, Urinary output
Physiologic response
Interventions
Small fluid bolus
Early administration of PRC
Pressure dressing & Vit. K
Monitor base deficit
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
45. Primary survey
D = Disability
Assess
Neurological status
Causes of altered mental
status; hypoglycemia,
hypoxia, anxiety, dementia
Interventions
Maintain cerebral perfusion
pressure
Early CT brain in the resuscitation
Monitoring signs of increased ICP
D
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
46. Primary survey
E = Exposure and environment control
E
Assess
Risk for hypothermia
Hx location of the trauma
Interventions
Regulate temperature
the trauma room
Warm blanket
Administer warm IVF
Closed monitor temperature
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
47. Resuscitation adjuncts
• Full set of V/S.
• Repeat RR., PR. F
Standard
Care
CVP
between
8–12
mmHg.
MAP over
65 mmHg.
Urine
output at
least 0.5
ml/kg/h.
Safety Goal Therapy
Standard Care
O2 saturation
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
49. Resuscitation adjuncts
• H: History.
–Comorbidities
–Medication
• H: Head-to-toe assessment
– Urinary catheter consideration
• I: Inspect posterior surfaces
H
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
I
50. Reevaluation and
post resuscitation care
• V/S
• Pain
• Injuries
• Effectiveness of interventions
Definite care or transport
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
51. Discharge
• Discharge diagnosis
• Medications
• Documentation
• Directions of wound care
• Instructions for diet
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
52. Discharge
• Daily Living & Exercise
• Contact information
• Results of the hospitalization
• Home health visit
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
53. Mortality
in severely injured elderly patients
• 108 patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 16
between July 2002 and December 2011.
• No differences were found in vital parameters
measured at the accident scene or trauma room.
• Only 17.1% of patients presenting an ISS > 25 survived.
• Predictors for mortality were: ISS > 25, GCS < 9, PTT >
32.4 seconds, prothrombin ratio < 70%, AIS head > 3,
and Hb < 12 g/dl.
Trauma, Resuscitation & Emergency Medicine, 2014
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
54. Trauma in elderly patients:
a study of prevalence, comorbidities,
and gender difference
• 4,554 geriatric ≥ 65 years, the most common was
head injury, fractures of lower and upper limbs.
• Hospitalization mainly involved patients over 80.
• Falls and injuries in geriatric age are more frequent
in women than in men.
• Female preponderance in the prevalence of
fractures.
G Chir, 2018
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th
55. Treating geriatric patients:
5 tips for EMTs and paramedic
• Expect age-related changes
• Pay extra attention to medications
• Don’t stop at the chief complaint
• Be alert for elder abuse and depression
• Have the courage to care
EMS1.com, 2017
Krongdai.un@bdms.co.th