CIE Biology course PPT

1. UNIT 1
CLASSIFICATION

2. 1. CLASSIFICATION
• 1.1 CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING
ORGANISMS
• 1.2 CONCEPT AND USE OF A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
• 1.3 FEATURES OF ORGANISMS
• 1.4 DICHOTOMOUS KEYS

3. PLATYPUS
• 1788 British settlers arrived in Australia----fur,
webbed feet, beak
• 1799 Dr Shaw gave it a Latin name----Platypus(flat-
footed) anatinus(like a duck)
• 1799 German scientist gave the name----
Ornithorhynchus(nose like a bird) paradoxus(puzzling)
• Now it still has the name Platypus belong to
monotremes (单孔目动物)
• * The world's only monotremes are the platypus and
the echidna

4. 1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

5. 1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS
1.1 Eight Basic Characteristics of living organisms
• They Require Nutrition: to provide them with energy and raw materials,
nutrients include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals
• They Respirate: release energy from food by respiration
• They Excrete Their Waste: Carbon dioxide, urine
• They Respond to Their Surroundings: react to changes in their
surroundings
• They Move: move towards water, food, away from predators and poisons
• They Can Control Their Internal Conditions: temperature and water
content
• They Reproduce: produce offspring in order for species to survive
• They Grow and Develop: grow and develop into adult form

6. 1.2
CLASSIFICATION
• 1. State the organisms can be classified into
groups by the features that they share
• 2. Define species as a group of organisms that can
reproduce to produce fertile offspring
• 3. Define and describe the binomial system of
naming species as an internationally agreed
system in which the scientific name of an
organism is made up of two parts showing the
genus and species

7. 1.2 CLASSIFICATION
• Why: The reason for classifying living
things is to make it easier to study
them
• How:
1) Morphology 2) Anatomy 3) DNA
• Result: Kingdom; Phylum; Class; Order;
Family: Genus: Species
• Naming System: Binomial naming
system
• Genus name +Species name e.g
Canis+lupus C.lupus

8. 1.3 THE
KINGDOMS OF
LIVING
ORGANISMS
1. LIST THE FEATURES IN THE CELLS OF ALL LIVING
ORGANISMS, LIMITED TO CYTOPLASM, CELL MEMBRANE
AND DNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL
2. LIST THE MAIN FEATURES USED TO PLACE ANIMALS AND
PLANTS INTO THE APPROPRIATE KINGDOMS
3. LIST THE MAIN FEATURES USED TO PLACE ORGANISMS
INTO GROUPS WITHIN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

9. 1.3 EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS
• Eukaryotic Cell: Having a nucleus,
their cells contain a nucleus
surrounded by a membrane
• Prokaryotic Cell: have no nucleus,
no mitochondria(respiration) or
chloroplasts(photosynthesis)

10. 1.3 EUKARYOTIC
ORGANISMS----PLANTS (1)
• Plants are multicellular
organisms
• Plant cells contain nucleus

11. 1.3 EUKARYOTIC
ORGANISMS----PLANTS (2)
• Plant cells contain
chloroplasts
(photosynthesis)
• Plants cells contain
cellulose cell walls (tough
material; keep cell’s shape)

12. 1.3 EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS----PLANTS
(3)
• Plants store carbohydrates as starch or
sucrose
• E.g: Flowering plants ---- cereal (maize)
• E.g: Herbaceous legume ---- peas/beans

13. 1.3 EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS----ANIMALS
(1)
• They are multicellular organisms
• They often have nervous co-ordination (are
able to move)

14. 1.3 EUKARYOTIC
ORGANISMS----ANIMALS (2)
• Their cells do not contain
chloroplasts
• Their cells do not contain cell
walls
• They store carbohydrate as
glycogen
• E.g: mammal (human)
• E.g: insects (mosquito)

15. 1.3 EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS----FUNGI (1)
• They are multicellular or unicellular organisms
• They are not able to carry out photosynthesis
• They are organized into a mycelium made from hyphae
Yeast

16. 1.3 EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS----FUNGI (2)
• Their cells have walls made of chitin
• They feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material
absorption organic products ---- saprotrophic nutrition
• They store carbohydrate as glycogen
• E.g: Mucor
• E.g: Yeast

17. 1.3 EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS----PROTOCTISTS
• They are single-celled organisms
• Amoeba----like animal cell
• Chlorella----like plant cell, has
chlorophyll
• Pathogenic example:
Plasmodium causing malaria

18. 1.3 PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMS----
BACTERIA
• They are microscopic single-celled organisms
• They have a cell wall/cell
membrane/cytoplasm/plasmid
• They lack a nucleus but contain a circular
chromosome of DNA
• Some bacteria carry out photosynthesis but
most feed off living or dead organisms
• E.g Lactobacillus bulgaricus (Yoghurt from
milk)

19. 1.3 PATHOGEN
May include fungi, bacteria, protoctists, viruses
Fungi: Candida(假丝酵母菌）---- vaginitis
Bacteria: Plasmodium----Malaria
Protoctists: Trypanosoma（锥虫）----Trypanosomosis（锥虫病）

20. 1.4 VIRUSES
• They are not living organisms
• They are smaller than bacteria
• They are parasitic and reproduce only inside
living cells
• They infect every type of living organism
• They have no cellular structure but protein coat
+ DNA or RNA
• E.g Influenza virus causes flu; HIV virus causes
AIDS

21. 1.5 CLASSIFYING ANIMALS — PHYLUM VERTEBRATES
• Class Fish
• Characteristics:
• Vertebrates with scaly skin
• Have gills
• Have fins

22. 1.5 CLASSIFYING ANIMALS — PHYLUM VERTEBRATES
• Class amphibians
• Characteristics:
• Vertebrates with moist, scale-less
skin
• Eggs laid in water, larva lives in
water
• Adult often lives on land
• Larva has gills, adult has lungs

23. 1.5 CLASSIFYING ANIMALS — PHYLUM VERTEBRATES
• Class reptiles
• Characteristics:
• Vertebrates with scaly skin
• Lay eggs with rubbery shells

24. 1.5 CLASSIFYING ANIMALS — PHYLUM
VERTEBRATES
• Class birds
• Characteristics
• Vertebrates with feathers
• Forelimbs have become wings
• Lay eggs with hard shells
• Endothermic
• Have beak
• Heart has four chambers

25. 1.5 CLASSIFYING ANIMALS — PHYLUM
VERTEBRATES
• Class mammals
• Characteristics:
• Vertebrate with hair
• Have a placenta
• Young feed on milk from mammary glands
• Endothermic
• Have a diaphragm
• Heart has four chambers
• Have different types of teeth

26. 1.5 CLASSIFYING ANIMALS –
PHYLUM ARTHROPODS
• Insects
• Characteristics
• Arthropods with three pairs of
jointed legs
• Two pairs of wings
• Breathe through tracheae
• Body divided into head, thorax
and abdomen

27. 1.5 CLASSIFYING ANIMALS – PHYLUM
ARTHROPODS
• Crustaceans
• Characteristics:
• Arthropods with more than four pairs of
jointed legs
• Not millipedes or centipedes
• Breathe through gills

28. 1.5 CLASSIFYING ANIMALS – PHYLUM
ARTHROPODS
• Arachnids
• Characteristics:
• Arthropods with four pairs of jointed legs
• Breathe through gills called book lungs

29. 1.5 CLASSIFYING ANIMALS
– PHYLUM ARTHROPODS
• Myriapods
• Characteristics
• Body consists of many
segments
• Each segment has jointed
legs

30. 1.6 CLASSIFYING PLANTS
• Ferns
• Characteristics
• Plants with roots, stems,
leaves
• Have leaves called fronds
• Don’t produce flowers
• Reproduce by spores

31. 1.6 CLASSIFYING PLANTS
• Flowering plants
• Characteristics
• Plants with roots, stems, leaves
• Reproduce sexually by means of
flowers and seeds
• Seeds are produced inside the
ovary in the flower