Remedial Biology Five Kingdom Classification

Remedial Biology
Compiled By-
VAIBHAV TRIPATHI

Five Kingdom Classification
•Platyhelminthes
•PLATYS - FLAT
•HELMINTHES - WORMS

•Platyhelminthes
• Divided into two major groups:
• Free-living (Planaria)
Parasitic (Tapeworm)

•Platyhelminthes
• Body Organization:-
• Head at the front of the body with nerve
centers.
• No locomotive organs
• Range in size
• Some microscopic free-living forms
• Parasitic forms over 20 meters long
• Show many advances over Cnidaria

•Platyhelminthes
• Body Organization:- Planaria
• Typical flatworms
• 5-25 mm in length
• Freshwater organisms
• Streams and ponds
• Beneath rocks, leaves, logs, etc.
• Planaria are carnivores
• Smaller animals
• Live on Dead organisms

•Platyhelminthes
• Simple digestive system
• Mouth
• Pharynx tube that can be extended through
the mouth
• Gastrovascular cavity With a primitive
intestine
• Extracellular and intracellular digestion (cells
lining intestine)

•Platyhelminthes
• Asexual Reproduction
• Fragmentation.
• Head separates and forms tails.
• Unbelievable potential
• for regeneration!!
• Tails CAN regenerate heads!!

•Platyhelminthes

•Platyhelminthes
• Tapeworms (parasites)
• Specialized adaptations for parasitic lifestyle
• Thick cuticle to protect against digestive
enzymes
• No mouth (they absorb nutrients through all
the body)
• Structures to allow parasite to attach to host.

•Platyhelminthes

•Platyhelminthes
• Sexual (Possible self fertilization)
• Each square making up the body is a
reproductive sac
• Approximately 100,000 fertilized eggs
• Each square will eventually break off and is
released in the feces of the host
• Capsule surrounding larva is digestible,
allowing the infection of a new host.

•Nematodes
• Cylindrical worms with no segments
• Nematodes are found in fresh water, sea water
and soil.
• Most of them are free-living but some are
parasitic and responsible for many diseases.
• (Pinworm, ascaris, filarialworm, hook worm,
round worm)
• No respiratory system.

•Nematodes

•Nematodes
• Because of their great size, abundance, and
cosmopolitan distribution, these nematodes
may well have been the first parasites known
to humans.
• Male ( 15 cm to 31 cm) and females (20 cm to
49 cm) are of different size.
• Elongate, cylindrical, bilaterally symmetrical
and tapered at both end.
• Dioecious

•Nematodes
• nematode consists of an outer tube(the body
wall) enveloping an inner tube(the digestive
tract).
• between the tubes is the fluid filled
pseudocoelom,
• in which the reproductive system and other
structures are found.

•Nematodes
• A nerve ring encircling the esophagus, from
which trunks radiated anteriorly and
posteriorly.

•Nematodes
• Life Cycle:-
• Stages in life cycle of nematodes include :
Egg Larvae
Adults

•Nematodes
• Life Cycle:-
• Under favorable conditions larvae undergo
four molts
• Two types of nematodes
• Soil-transmitted nematodes: Ascaris,
pinworm, whipworm, hookworm
• Bio-source nematodes: Filaria,

•Nematodes
• Life Cycle:-

•Nematodes
Ascaris Filarial worm
Hook worm

•Annelida (Little Ring)
• A phylum of coelomate and usually elongated
segmented invertebrates (e.g earthworm,
leeches)
• Creatures of this phylum are also known as
“segmented worm”

• Body Organization:
• Body is divided into segments that are
separated by septa (internal walls between
each segment).
• Their segments are complete i.e. externally
and internally as well
• The segments are known as MATAMERS.
• Some body segments may carry one or more
pairs of eyes, several pairs of antennae, and
other organs.

• They have bilaterally symmetrical body.
• They are triploblastic animals i.e. the body
develops from three layers
• Outer ectoderm
• Middle mesoderm
• Inner endoderm.

• These animals possess a true coelom (true
body cavity) , it lies between the layers of
mesoderm due to the presence of a true
coelom they are called COELOMATES .
• The entire coelom is divided
• into compartments due to
• the presence of septa.

• The alimentary canal is complete elongated
and tube
like structure.
• It extends from the mouth to the anus.
• Food first moves through the crop, where it is
stored
• Then it moves through the gizzard where it is
ground into smaller pieces.

• The excretion is by convoluted tube like organ
called nephredia.
• In each segment a pair or more nephredia are
present.

• The locomotion of the body is by small hair
like structure ,called SETAE . They are found
along the segments in pair.

• They have closed type circulatory system i.e.
the blood flows in blood vessels .
• The blood is red due to the presence of
“haemoglobin”.
• The major blood vessels are dorsal and
ventral blood vessels.
• The number of heart is two or more.

• There is no special respiratory organ
• The respiration takes place through ,the moist
skin through diffusion.
• Nervous system is consist of a brain and
double nerve cord , with a ganglion in each
segment.

• Ecological role:
• Parasitic
• Food source
• Aerate soil
• Breakdown material

•Arthropoda (Joint Foot)
• Insects, crustaceans (crabs), arachnids
(spiders) etc
• Over 900 000 species
• Found in every habitat on earth
• Arthropods make up over 82% of all living
things

• Segmented body
• Head – Contains mouth parts, sense organs,
antenna
• Thorax – Attachment of appendages
• Cephalothorax = head & thorax fused
• Abdomen – Organs, few appendages

• Exoskeleton = Protection
• Hard covering outside of ectoderm
• Made from chitin (protein)
• Protects organs
• Prevents water loss (waxy cuticle)
• Site of muscle attachment
• Shed old exoskeleton and secrete a larger one

• Jointed Appendages = Locomotion, feeding,
reproduction
• Uniramous (single branch)
• eg. Insects
• Biramous (two branches)
• eg. Crustaceans

• Body Type: Bilateral Symmetry
• Body Organization: Triploblastic (3 layers)
• Body Cavity: Coelom

• Digestive System
• Complete – Mouth and anus separate
• Specialized mouthparts
1. Chelicera – Piercing, sucking

2. Mandible – Biting, chewing
• Insects that have piercing and sucking
mouthparts are called BUGS while
• BEETLES are insects distinguished as those
having forewings modified into hard wing
cases that cover and protect the hind wings
and abdomen.

• Excretory System
• Anus
• Malpighian Tubules (terrestrial)
• Nitrogenous wastes crystalized
• and combined with feces
• Excretion needs base of antennae

• Respiration
• Aquatic - Gills
• Terrestrial – Book lungs (arachnids)
• Trachea/Spiracles (insects)

• Circulatory System
• Open circulation – Blood pumped by heart to
sinuses around tissues
• Haemolymph that contains haemocyanin, a
copper-based oxygen-carrying protein
• Blue colour due to copper

• Nervous System
• Brain
• Ventral nerve cord
• Specialized sensory organs
• Antenna
• Compound eyes & ocelli
• Olfactory organs

• Reproduction
• Sexual – Dioecious
• Internal fertilization (terrestrial, some aquatic)
or external fertilization (some aquatic)
• Asexual – Some species are able to
regenerate lost limbs
• Undergo metamorphosis
• Complete: egg – larva – pupa – adult

•

•Echinodermata (Spiny Skin)
• Name means “spiny skin”
• Sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins etc.
• All marine
• All found on the bottom of the sea

• Unique Features:-
• Echinoderms can REGENERATE
• Eg: sea cucumbers can eject a portion of gut
in response to predators and regenerate when
safe
• Water vascular system (described earlier) is
unique to echinoderms; varies water pressure
to control tube feet
• Crinoids and some brittle stars = passive
filter-feeders, absorbing suspended particles

• sea urchins = grazers
• sea cucumbers = deposit feeders
• starfish = active hunters
• Autonomy = The spontaneous
• Self amputation of an appendage when the
organism is injured or under attack.
• The autotomized part is usually regenerated.

• 5 Arms have more because of regeneration
• Mutable collagenous tissue
• Connected ossicles can maintain different
positions without much effort

• Body Cavity (Coelom) present
• Perivisceral coelom – large, fluid-filled cavity
where major organs, digestive tube and sex
organs are suspended
• Water Vascular System - network of hydraulic
canals unique to echinoderms that branches
into extensions (tube feet), which function in
locomotion, feeding and gas exchange

• Body Symmetry
• Evolved from animals with bilateral symmetry
• Adult echinoderms possess radial symmetry
• All echinoderms exhibit fivefold radial
• Symmetry in portions of their body at some
stage of life (5 parts around central axis),
• Even if they have secondary bilateral
symmetry

• DO NOT possess an exoskeleton
• A thin outermost skin covers a mesodermal
endoskeleton made of tiny calcified plates
and spines - forms rigid support contained
within tissues of the organism
• Skeleton composed of skeletal plates called
ossicles
• Ossicles = small bones
• In some species, such as the sea urchin,

• Most sea stars and brittle stars can flex their
‘arms’ = skeleton has gaps, flexible plate
junctures.

• Locomotion/Musculature
• Utilize water vascular system and tube feet
• Water in from madreporite, pumped into
ampulla by radial canal
• Ampulla contracts, water to podia
• Podia contracts, water to ampulla
• Podia bend, shorten allows movement
• (vacuum and suction)

• Locomotion/Musculature

• Gas Exchange
• Asteroids, crinoids: dermal gills (thin
epidermis)
• Urchins: infolds of body wall (bursae) opening
to outside
• Sand dollars: modified podia on top
(petaloids)
• which are thin-walled and flaplike.
• Holothurians: highly branched hindgut called

• Circulatory System
• Mostly in peri-visceral coelom, enhanced by
water vascular system and hemal system.
• Hemal system: series of canals and spaces
mostly in coelomic channels. Fluid movement
by cilia.
• Used to distribute nutrients.
• No respiratory system.

• Digestive System
• Complete digestive system (tubular gut),
mouth to anus. (bottom to top)
• Crinoidia: filter-feed, use cilia
• Asteroidea: Cardiac (evert), pyloric stomach,
digestive glands
• Urchins: “Aristotle’s lantern” (masticatory
apparatus)
• Holothurians: suspension/deposit feeders,

• Excretory System
• NO true excretory system
• Main opening of a sponge used only to
• EXPEL WASTE
• Anus leads directly from stomach/digestive
tract

• Nervous System
• Decentralized central nerve ring surrounds
gut, connect radial nerves.
• Radial nerves run under each arm, coordinate
movement, etc.
• Do not have “brains,” but some have
• ganglia along radial nerves

• Ecological roles:-
• Food source
• Predator – control populations
• Recycle nutrients
• anticancer
• antiviral

•Hemichordata
• Geographical distribution:
• Worldwide or cosmopolitan.
• Habitat: Marine, live in shallow waters
generally but few go deeper upto 15000 feet,
lives inside U-tubes(tubicolous).
• Habit: Adapted for burrowing life in sandy
bottoms. It burrow slowly by soft proboscis.

•Hemichordata

•Hemichordata
• B.gigas is
• The largest Species,
• Found in Brazil.
• Measures to 2.5m.
• Balanoglossus is used as
• fish-bait by local
• fishermen.

•Hemichordata
• It is also called
• Tongue worm due to the resemblance of the
proboscis &
• genital wings to Ox tongue.
• Measures to 2.5m.
• Balanoglossus is used as fish-bait by local
• fishermen.

•Hemichordata
• Balanoglossus secretes iodoform like foul
smelling compound as a defense mechanism

•Hemichordata
• Since Balanoglossus is a tubicolous animal, it
feeds by filter-feeding mechanism.
• As the water enters the tube from the anterior
opening.
• It opens its mouth situated in the collar and
takes up the food particles, and filters out the
unwanted.
• The same water gushes through the gill pores
to provide necessary oxygen for respiration.

•Hemichordata
• Proboscis
• It contains heart vesicle, central sinus.
• coelom opens to exterior by proboscis pore.
• Collar
• It contains the mouth and collar coelom,
which open to dorsal surface through collar
pore.
• Trunk contains-pharynx, gonads or hepatic
region.
• Branchio-genital region contains: genital

•Hemichordata
• Fertilization is external and development
includes tornoria larva.

•Chordata
• Derived from Greek word
• chorde means string or cord
• ata means bearing
• 64832 species on record
• 32120 fishes
• 6771 amphibians
• 9320 reptiles
• 9026 birds
• 5750 Mammals

•Chordata
• GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Aquatic, terrestrial or aerial.
• All free living. no parasitic
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Presence of post anal tail
• Exoskeleton
• Triploblastic
• True coelom
• Cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton

•Chordata
• GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Pharyngeal gill slits at some stage, may/may
not be functional]
• Complete digestive system
• Closed blood vascular system
• Excretory system - proto/meso/metanephric
kidneys
• Disexual
• Dorsal and tubular nerve cord with CNS

•Chordata
• The notochord
• All chordate embryos have a notochord, a stiff
but flexible rod that provides internal support
• Remains throughout the life history of most
invertebrate chordates; present only in the
embryos of vertebrate chordates which
further develops into spinal cord in higher
class vertebrates.

•Chordata
• A strong but flexible rod called notochord.
• A nerve cord parallels the notochord and gut
which anterior ends develop into a brain.

•Chordata

•Chordata
• Chordate evolution is a history of innovations
that is built upon major invertebrate traits.
• They display many of the basic traits that first
evolved in the invertebrates.
• Each kind of organism—including humans—
is a mosaic of traits.
• Many traits are conserved from remote
ancestors,
• and others are unique to its branch on the
family tree.

•Chordata
• Chordate evolution is marked by physical and
behavioral specializations
• For example the forelimb of
• mammals has a wide range
• of structural variation,
• specialized by natural selection.

•Chordata
• Cyclostomata (circular mouth)
• Eel shaped
• Mouth round and suctorial.
• Without scales, jaws and lateral fins
• They are marine but migrate to freshwater for
spawning,
• After spawning, they within few days.
• Eg. Hagfish

•Chordata
• Gnathostomata
• True jaws
• Paired limbs
• Have two superclasses
• Pisces
• Tetrapoda

•Chordata
• Pisces
• Chondrichthyes
• Cartilaginous endoskeleton
• Placoid scales
• Gill slits not covered with operculum
• Pelvic claspers in males
• Some possess electric organs (torpedo).

•Chordata
• Pisces
• Osteichthyes
• Bony endoskeleton
• Cycloid/ ctenoid scales
• Gill slits covered with operculum
• Males without claspers

•Chordata
• Amphibia (dual life)
• A small genetic change could have transformed lobed
fins into limbs.
• Even a single mutation in one master gene can lead to
a big change in morphology.
• Vertebrates with four legs which were the first
tetrapods on land.
• Their body plan and reproductive mode are
somewhere in between the fishes and the reptiles.
• Most species are dependent on aquatic or moist
habitats to complete their life cycle.

•Chordata
• Amphibia (dual life)
• Aquatic larval stage
• Larva have gills
• Adults terrestrial
• Adults breathe through lungs
• Moist skin
• 3 chambered heart
• Eg. Salamander, frog

•Chordata
• Reptilla (to crawl or creep)
• Descendants of the surviving dinosaurs
vanished 65 mya due to mass extinction.
• Include lizards (most diverse), lay eggs
develop outside the body.
• Largest – monitor lizard (komodo dragon)
• ancestral lizard – snakes –modern snakes are
carnivores
• Most intelligent – crocodilians (e.g.
crocodiles, alligators) predators that lay eggs

•Chordata
• Reptilla (to crawl or creep)
• Terrestrial
• Dry skin
• Horny scales
• Heart incomplete 4 chambered
• Cold blooded
• Respiration by lungs

•Chordata
• Aves
• Flying vertebrate
• Covered with feathers
• Forelimbs modified into wings
• No teeth in beak
• Warm blooded

•Chordata
• Mammalia
• Body covered with hair
• Glandular skin
• Female with mammary glands
• Warm blooded

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