The scientific name of Animals is “Animalia”. The animal kingdom is also called as “ Metazoa” or “fauna”.
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Animals are multicellular and heterotrophic organisms without cell wall and chlorophyll. The method of arranging organism into groups on the basis of similarities and differences is called classification. Taxonomy is the science of classification which makes the study of wide variety of organisms easier.
The scientific name of Animals is “Animalia”. The animal kingdom is also called as “ Metazoa” or “fauna”.
For more Educational Needz Click here <> http://www.edubilla.com/
Animals are multicellular and heterotrophic organisms without cell wall and chlorophyll. The method of arranging organism into groups on the basis of similarities and differences is called classification. Taxonomy is the science of classification which makes the study of wide variety of organisms easier.
This describes about the patterns of organization of animals. which is based on the ways of animal organization: symmetry, tissue organization, embryological development, and body cavity development
1. UNIT 4: BIODIVERSITY OF
ANIMALS:
INVERTEBRATES
( Campbell and Reece, 2010:
Chapter 32 and 33)
2. Welcome to Your Kingdom
• The animal kingdom extends far beyond
humans and other animals we may
encounter
• 1.3 million living species of animals have
been identified
• Invertebrates (animals that lack a
backbone) account for 95% of known
animal species.
3. EARLY EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMALS
Most animals reproduce sexually, with the
diploid stage usually dominating the life
cycle
After a sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote
undergoes rapid cell division called
cleavage
Cleavage leads to formation of a blastula
The blastula undergoes gastrulation,
forming a gastrula with different layers of
embryonic tissues.
5. EARLY EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMALS
Fig. 32-2-1
Zygote
Cleavage
Eight-cell stage
Fig. 32-2-2
ygote
Cleavage
Eight-cell stage
Cleavage
Blastula
Cross section
of blastula
Blastocoel
6. EARLY EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMALS
Fig. 32-2-1
Zygote
Cleavage
Eight-cell stage
Fig. 32-2-2
ygote
Cleavage
Eight-cell stage
Cleavage
Blastula
Cross section
of blastula
Blastocoel
Fig. 32-2-3
Zygote
Cleavage
Eight-cell stage
Cleavage
Blastula
Cross section
of blastula
Blastocoel
Gastrulation
Blastopore
Gastrula
Archenteron
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Blastocoel
7. • Many animals have at least one
larval stage.
• A larva is sexually immature and
morphologically distinct from the
adult; it eventually undergoes
metamorphosis.
8. 2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
BODY PLAN AND GROUPING
OF ANIMALS IN PHYLA
• Zoologists sometimes categorize animals
according to a body plan.
• A body plan is a set of morphological
and developmental traits, integrated into
a functional whole living animal.
10. A. SYMMETRY
• Animals can be categorized
according to the symmetry of their
bodies, or lack of it
• Some animals have radial symmetry
• Two-sided symmetry is called
bilateral symmetry
14. C. TISSUES
• Animal body plans also vary
according to the organization of the
animal’s tissues
• Tissues are collections of specialized
cells
• During development, three germ
layers give rise to the tissues and
organs of the animal embryo
15. • Ectoderm is the germ
layer covering the
embryo’s surface
• Endoderm is the
innermost germ layer and
lines the developing
digestive tube, called the
archenteron
• Mesoderm: middle layer
of some body plans
GERM LAYERS ARE:
16. • Diploblastic animals have
ectoderm and endoderm
• Triploblastic animals have an
ectoderm, endoderm and intervening
mesoderm layer.
17. D. BODY CAVITIES
• Most triploblastic animals possess a body
cavity
• A true body cavity is called a coelom and is
derived from mesoderm
• Coelomates are animals that possess a true
coelom
• A pseudocoelom is a body cavity derived from
the mesoderm and endoderm
• Triploblastic animals that possess a
pseudocoelom are called pseudocoelomates
• Triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity are
called acoelomates
18.
19. E. PROTOSTOME AND
DEUTEROSTOME DEVELOPMENT
• Based on early development, many
animals can be categorized as having
protostome development or
deuterostome development
• These two types of developments differ in
regard to:
• Different cleavage
• Different coelom formation
• Fate of the blastopore
20. CLEAVAGE
• In protostome development, cleavage is
spiral and determinate
• In deuterostome development, cleavage
is radial and indeterminate
• With indeterminate cleavage, each cell in
the early stages of cleavage retains the
capacity to develop into a complete
embryo
21.
22. COELOM FORMATION
• In protostome development, the
splitting of solid masses of mesoderm
forms the coelom.
• In deuterostome development, the
mesoderm buds from the wall of the
archenteron to form the coelom.
23.
24. FATE OF THE BLASTOPORE
• The blastopore forms during
gastrulation and connects the
archenteron to the exterior of the
gastrula
• In protostome development, the
blastopore becomes the mouth
• In deuterostome development, the
blastopore becomes the anus
25.
26.
27. 3. SYNOPTIC CLASSIFICATION OF
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
Kingdom: Animalia
Branch 1: Mesozoa (fish parasites)
Branch 2: Parazoa (cellular)
Phylum: Porifera (sponges)
Branch 3: Eumetazoa (multicellular)
33. Phylum: Porifera (sponges)
• Sedentary animals (fixed in one
position)
• They live in both fresh and marine
waters
• Cellular level of development
• Lack true tissues and organs
• Asymmetrical
34. Phylum:Cnidaria (Hydra, sea anemones)
• True tissue – Eumetazoa
• Both sessile and motile forms including jellies,
corals, and hydras
• Diploblastic body plan
• Radial symmetry
• The basic body plan of a cnidarian is a sac with
a central digestive compartment, the
gastrovascular cavity
• A single opening functions as mouth and anus
35. • Carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey
• The tentacles are armed with cnidocytes,
unique cells that function in defense and
capture of prey
• Nematocysts are specialized organelles
within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread.
36. Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flat worms)
• Live in marine, freshwater, and damp
terrestrial habitats.
• Triploblastic development
• Acoelomates
• Flattened dorsoventrally and have a
gastrovascular cavity
• Gas exchange takes place across the surface
• Protonephridia regulate the osmotic balance
37. Phylum: Nematoda (round worms)
• Found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in
moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and
tissues of animals
• They have an alimentary canal, but lack a
circulatory system
• Sexual Reproduction
• Internal fertilization
• Some species are parasites of plants and
animals.
39. Phylum: Arthropoda (crabs, insects)
• Found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere
The arthropod body plan consists of a
segmented body,
hard exoskeleton (made of layers of protein
and the polysaccharide chitin
jointed appendages
• The body is completely covered by the cuticle
• When it grows, it molts its exoskeleton.
• Includes: insects, crabs, spiders, millipedes,
centipedes, mites…
41. Phylum: Mollusca (slugs, snails)
• Includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams,
and octopuses and squids
• Most are marine, some inhabit fresh water and
some are terrestrial
• Soft bodied animals, but most are protected by
a hard shell.
42. Phylum: Echinodermata
(sea stars, sea urchins)
• Shared characteristics define deuterostomes
(Chordates and Echinoderms)
–Radial cleavage
–Formation of the mouth at the end of the
embryo opposite the blastopore
• Echinoderms have a unique water vascular
system, a network of hydraulic canals
branching into tube feet that function in
locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange
44. Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)
• Phylum Chordata consists of two subphyla of
invertebrates as well as hagfishes and
vertebrates
• Vertebrates are a subphylum within the
phylum Chordata
• Chordates are bilaterian animals that belong
to the Deuterostomia.
• All chordates share a set of derived characters
• Some species have some of these traits only
during embryonic development
45. Four key characteristics of
chordates–Notochord
–Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
–Pharyngeal slits or clefts
–Muscular, post-anal tail