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DOMAIN-KINGDOM-PHYLUM.pptx
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- 3. The Three Domains All organisms belong to one of three domains, depending on their characteristics. A domain is the most inclusive (broadest) taxonomic category. A single domain can contain one or more kingdoms. • Archaea • Eubacteria • Eukaryota (Eukarya) 3
- 4. The Three Domains Archaea: very primitive forms of bacteria Eubacteria : more advanced forms of bacteria Eukaryota: all life forms with eukaryotic cells 4
- 5. Domain Archaea • known as “ancient bacteria”; they are the most primitive type of organisms • they thrive in the most extreme environments on Earth; they are often referred to as “extremophiles” • found in hot springs, very salty water, swamps, and the intestines of cows 5
- 6. 6 Domain Archaea • they are unicellular, prokaryotic and some are autotrophic and others heterotrophic • They are different from bacteria in the structure and chemical makeup of their cells.
- 7. 7
- 8. Domain Eubacteria • They are found everywhere on Earth except extreme environments. • They are unicellular, prokaryotic, some are autotrophic and others are heterotrophic. 8
- 9. Domain Eukaryota Eukarya consists of organisms whose cells have a nucleus. It's also the only domain that contains multicellular and visible organisms, like people, animals, plants and trees. 9
- 10. 10 Living Things Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya Word Bank •Prokaryote •Eukaryote •Cell wall •Unicellular only •Unicellular or Multicellular •Has a nucleus •No nucleus •Found everywhere •Found in extreme environments •Includes four Kingdoms
- 11. 6 Kingdoms of Life
- 12. • The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is basedon 3 factors: – 1. Cell Type (prokaryoticor eukaryotic) – 2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular) – 3. Feeding Type (autotrophor heterotroph)
- 13. 1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
- 14. Prokaryotes – Bacteria! • DO NOT HAVE: •An organized nucleus •Structuredorganelles
- 15. Prokaryotes – Typical Bacteria Basic Structure • DNA – strands floatingin cytoplasm/small rings called plasmids • Ribosomes- RNA/protein synthesis sites • Cytoplasm-water based • Cell membrane & Wall
- 17. Eukaryotes • DO HAVE: • Nucleus organizedwith a membrane • other organelles
- 19. 2nd criteria for KingdomDivisions: Cell Number •Unicellular- single celled organism– protozoans, bacteria, some algae •Multicellular- many celled organism– cells start to specialize/differentiate
- 20. • Unicellular • Multicellular
- 21. 3rd Criteria for KingdomDivisions Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food –Autotroph or Producer Make their own food –Heterotrophor Consumer Musteat other organisms to survive Includes decomposers – those that eat deadmatter!
- 22. There usedto be only 5 kingdoms 1. Moneran 2. Protista 3. Fungi 4. Plantae 5. Animalia This kingdomhas nowbeen divided into2 – archaebacteria & eubacteria
- 23. 6 Kingdoms • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
- 24. Kingdom Cell Type Cell # FeedingType Archaebacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Autotroph Eubacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Both Protista Eukaryote Most Unicellular Both Fungi Eukaryote both Heterotroph Plantae Eukaryote Multicellular Autotroph Animalia Eukaryote Multicellular Heterotroph Cell Wall Yes Yes Yes& NO Yes Yes NO
- 25. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Ancient bacteria- – Live in very harsh environments – extremophiles
- 26. Kingdom Eubacteria • It is the eubacteria that most people are talking about when they say bacteria, because they live in more neutral conditions.
- 27. Bacteria • Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes
- 28. Bacterial Shapes • Bacteria come in 3 mainshapes – Rod or Stick (bacilli) – Sphere (cocci) – Helical or spiral (borrelia)
- 29. Bacterial Locomotion • Some bacteria have flagella or cilia for movement • Some secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs
- 30. Bacterial Nutrition • Some bacteria are autotrophs andcan photosynthesize • Some bacteria are heterotrophs
- 31. Kingdom Protista • Protists include many widely rangingmicrobes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae.
- 32. Kingdom Protista • There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists • Some are beneficial • Some protists can cause diseases in humans, suchas:
- 33. Disease Protist Vector (carrier) Symptoms Details Amebic dysentery Ameba histolytica water diarrhea can get from tap water in some places Giardaisis (beaver fever) Giardia water diarrhea, vomiting don't drink water from streams African Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma Tse tse fly uncontrolled sleepiness, confusion Only found in isolated areas lives in blood Malaria Plasmodium Anopheles mosquito fever, chills, death can be treated with quinine lives in blood results in millions deaths per year Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma cats fetal death or brain damage pregnant women should avoid cat litter
- 34. Protists Disease • Amebic dysentery Amebahistolytica
- 35. Protists Disease • Giardiasis (beaver fever) Giardia
- 39. Protists Locomotion • 3 types of movement: –Pseudopod(false foot) –Flagella/cilia –Contractile vacuoles
- 40. Protists Nutrition • Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs
- 41. Kingdom Fungi • The KingdomFungi includes some of the most important organisms. • By breakingdown dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrientsthrough ecosystems.
- 42. Fungi • All fungi are eukaryotic • They may be unicellular or multicellular • All fungi have a cell wall Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular
- 43. Fungi • Fungi can be very helpful and delicious • Many antibacterial drugs are derived fromfungi Penicillin
- 44. Fungi • Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases: •Athlete'sFoot
- 45. Fungi • Ringworm
- 46. Kingdom Plantae • All plants are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, and… • they are autotrophs
- 47. • 4 important plant groups are the: Mosses(Bryophytes) Ferns (Pteridophytes) Conifers (Gymnosperms) FloweringPlants (Angiosperms) Non-vascular Vascular
- 48. • Nonvascular Plants - Mosses • the simplest of all land dwelling plants • lackan internal means for watertransportation • donot produce seeds or flowers - fertilizationdependson watermediumto get the sperm to the egg. • lacka woody tissue necessary for support aroundtheir “stems” and so are usually relatively short
- 49. • Mosses
- 50. • Liverworts & Hornworts
- 51. • Vascular Plants •Internal transportation System • Xylem– watercarrying tubes • Phloem– sugar carrying tissues • enables plantsto evolve into larger specimens. •Produce Seeds – protects and nourishes an Embryo of the new plant
- 52. Gymnosperms – Conifers (pine cones) – Oldest vascular plants
- 54. Kingdom Animalia All animals are: -Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall - Heterotrophs -Capable of movement at some point in their lives.
- 55. 1. Asymmetrical Asymmetrical animals (sponges) have no general body plan or axis of symmetrythat divides the body intomirror- image halves. Criteria for Classification within the Animal Kgdm Body Symmetry
- 56. 2. Radial Symmetry Animals(such as coral and jelly fish) have body parts organized about a central axis and tend to be cylindrical in shape.
- 57. 3. Bilateral Symmetry Bilaterally symmetrical animals (such as humans and fish) haveonly a single plane of symmetrythat produces mirror halves.
- 58. 2nd Criteria for Animal Classification • Skeletal Characteristics – Invertebrates havea hard external skeleton made of chitinknown as an exoskeleton – Vertebrates havea hard internal skeletonmade of bone or cartilage
- 60. • Kingdom – Phylum Major phylums of animals are… • Subphylum – Class » Order » Family » Genus » species
- 62. • Cnidarians: Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers. . . Their stinger is called a nematocyst
- 63. • Nematocyst
- 64. Another Cnidarian – the Hydra • Hydra can reproduce asexually by “budding” • A “bud” is a CLONE of its parent
- 65. • Mollusks – Octopi, squid
- 66. • Mollusks – Clams, oysters
- 67. • Mollusks – Snails, slugs
- 68. • Platyhelminthes (flat worms) – Tapeworms & Liver Fluke& Planaria Human liver fluke
- 69. Flatworms –PLANARIA • Hermaphrodites – fertilize their own sex cellsinternally – zygotes are released intowaterto hatch –Planaria – capable of regeneration being studied to understand stemcells ability to differentiate.
- 70. • Annelids (segmented worms) – Worms & leeches
- 71. • Echinoderms – Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
- 72. • Arthropods – Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS!
- 73. • Phylum: Chordates – The Chordata is the animal phylumwithwhich everyone is most familiar Subphylum: Vertebrates (backbone) – Bilateral symmetry – Endoskeletons – Closed circulatory systems – Nervous systems with complex brains – Efficient respiratory systems