The document classifies the five kingdoms of living organisms: Monera, Protista, Mycota, Plantae, and Animalia. It then provides details about the characteristics, structures, nutrition, reproduction, and economic importance of bacteria in the kingdom Monera. Specifically, it outlines the different types of bacteria, how they obtain nutrition through photosynthesis or consuming other organisms, and how they reproduce through binary fission or budding. It also lists bacteria's roles in industry, medicine, and ecological systems as well as some harmful effects.

1. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING
ORGANISMS

2. 5 Kingdoms of classification:
• Kingdom Monera
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Mycota
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia

3. Kingdom Monera:
• Habitat
• Structure:
i. Cell wall
ii. Plasma membrane
iii. Cytoplasm
iv. Flagella

4. –Categories of bacteria:
• Rod shaped Bacillus
• Spherical Coccus
• Spiral Spirillum

5. • Nutrition:
I. Autotrophic bacteria:
a) Photosynthetic bacteria.
b) Chemosynthetic bacteria.
II. Heterotrophic bacteria:
a) Symbiotic bacteria.
b) Saprophytic bacteria.
c) Parasitic bacteria.

6. • Reproduction:
i. Fragmentation
ii. Budding

7. • Binary fission:

8. Economical importance of
Bacteria
i. Maintenance of ecological system
ii. Nature’s scavengers
iii. Nitrogen fixation
iv. Increasing the soil fertility
v. Cellulose digestion
vi. Vitamin synthesis
vii. Role of bacteria in industry
viii.Role of bacteria in medicines

9. Harmful aspects of
bacteria
Cause infectious diseases
Responsible for the decay of foods
Cause food poisoning
Decreases the soil fertility

10. Kingdom Protista
• Habitat
• Structure • Reproduction
– Asexual:
• Spore formation
• Fission
– Sexual
• Nutrition:
– Autotrophic
– Heterotrophic
• Saprophytes
• Predators
• Parasites

11. Diatoms

12. • Structure of diatoms

13. • Slime mold

14. • Nutrition: photosynthetic
• Reproduction:
– Asexual reproduction
• Binary fission
– Sexual reproduction
• Zygote formation

15. Economic importance:
• Used as a cleaning agent.
• Contribute to both carbon cycle and food
chain.
• Produce about a quarter of oxygen in the
atmosphere.
• World’s major group of producers.
• Environmental indicators.
• As fossils, transforms into petroleum.

16. KINGDOM MYCOTA
• Habitat
• structure

17. Hypha

18. • Nutrition:
–Absorptive
–Saprophyte
–Parasite
• Reproduction:
–Fission
–Fragmentation
–Budding

19. • Sporangia

20. • Asexual reproduction:
– Zoospores
– Aplanospores

21. – Conodia

22. • Sexual reproduction:
-- Zygospores
– Ascospores

23. • Basidiospores

24. YEAST
• Genus: saccharomyces
• Saccharomyces cerevesiae – brewer’s yeast
• Habitat
• Structure:
– Cellwall made up of β-glucan, chitin, yeast gum

25. Structure of yeast cell

26. • Nutrition:
–Chemoorganotrophs
• Reproduction:
–Vegetative:
• Budding
• Fission
–Sexual:
• Ascospores functions as copulating
gametangia.
• Formation of diploid zygote cell.

27. • In bakery, in the preparation of bread.
• In the production of alcohol, by fermentation.
• Dried yeast cell contains 40-50% proteins.
• Rich sources of vitamin B complex.
Economic importance:

29. spongescoelenterates

30. Symmetry
• Bilateral symmetry
• Radial symmetry

31. Phyla to be studied.................
1. Phylum Porifera
2. Phylum Coelenterata
3. Phylum Platyhelminthes
4. Phylum Aschelmenthes
5. Phylum Annelida
6. Phylum Arthropoda
7. Phylum Mollusca
8. Phylum Echinodermata

32. 1. Phylum Porifera
Commonly known as
‘sponges’.

33. Characteristics:
• Habitat: Aquatic
• Structure:
– Sessile organisms
– Cellular grade of organization
– Spicules

34. • Structure:

36. • Nutrition:
– Heterotrophic
– Carnivorous: capture crustaceans.
– Intracellular digestion by “choanocytes”

37. • Reproduction:
– Asexual reproduction:
• Gemmules

38. – Sexual reproduction:
• Ova and spermatozoa

39. • Regeneration

40. • They are used in the production of medicines.
• They act protective shelter for animals.
• Skeleton of some sponges are used as
decorative pieces.
• Dried, fibrous skeleton is used for the purpose
of………………
– Bathing, polishing, washing, scrubbing
Economic importance:

41. Phylum Coelenterata

42. • Habitat: Aquatic
• Structure:
• Habitat: Aquatic
• Structure:

44. whip
cytoplasm
lid
poison
CORAL ANIMAL
CNIDOBLAST

45. • Nutrition:
– Digestion is either extra cellular or intra cellular.
– Get food either from water or attacking on prey.
• Reproduction:
– Asexual:
»External budding
– Sexual:
»By the production of gametes

46. • They are consumed as food.
• They are source of food for fishes, molluscs
and other crustaceans.
• Used in jewelry industry.
• Used for decorative purposes.
Economic importance:

47. Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES

48. • Habitat:
– Free living aquatic
– Parasitic
– Swim with the help of cilia

49. • Structure:
– Triploblastic
– Body structure

50. – Organ grade of organization
– Bilateral symmetry
– Excretory system is represented by flame cells
– Nervous system is primitive
– Respiratory system and circulatory system are
absent

51. • Digestive system:
– Digestion may be intracellular or extracellular.
– In endoparasites, digestive system is absent
– Parasites absorb the food from the host.
Heterotrophs consume small worms, crustaceans
and dead animals.

52. • Reproduction:
– Asexual reproduction
• Transverse fission
– Sexual reproduction
• Members are bisexual

53. Planaria: free living flatworm
Liver fluke: parasite in the liver of sheep
Tapeworm: parasite in the intestine

54. PHYLUM
ASCHELMINTHES

55. • Habitat:
– Aquatic
– Land:
• In humus rich soil
• In deciduous forests
• Temperate grasslands

56. • Structure:
– Bilaterally symmetrical.
– Triploblastic.
– Cylindrical and
segmented.
– The body wall has a
covering of cuticle.

57. – The body is essentially a tube within a tube.

58. – Digestive system
– There is no respiratory and circulatory system
– A peripheral nervous system is present

59. • Males are generally
smaller than females and
have naturally curved tail.

60. • Nutrition:
– Feed on bacteria and other
soft bodied animals.
– Parasites rely on host.
• Reproduction:
– Unisexual organisms.
– Only sexual reproduction

61. • Economic importance:
– They destroy insect pests
• Harmful aspect:
– Cause diseases in plants,
animals, humans

62. PHYLUM ANNELIDA
• Commonly called “segmented worms”.

63. • Habitat:
– In lands as well as water.
– They prefer moist, damp, water logged areas.
• Structure:
– Long, cylindrical and segmented body.
– Bilaterally symmetrically.
– Triploblastic.

64. • Structure:
– Body is covered with thin layer of cuticle.
– Digestive system is well developed.
– Presence of coelom which separates alimentary
canal with body wall.

65. – Nervous system is present.
– Respiratory system:
• In aquatic annelids, thin walled gills
• In terrestrial annelids, respiratory system is absent.

66. – Nephridia: segmented organ for excretion.

67. – Locomotion:
• Parapodia in aquatic animals.
• Setae in terrestrial annelids.

68. • Nutrition:
– They may be active or passive hunters or
scavengers or filter feeders or direct deposit
feeders.
• Reproduction:
– Sexual
• Bisexual
– Asexual
• Fission
• Budding
• Fragmentation

69. • Form food for other animals.
• Earth worms help in adding nutrients to the
soil which are called “ farmer’s friend”
• Earth worms also generate vermicompost.
Economic importance:

70. Phylum

71. • Habitat:
– Terrestrial and aquatic
• Structure:
– Triploblastic
– Bilaterally symmetrical
– Coelomate animals
– Body is covered with chitinous
cuticle

72. • Possess compound eyes
• Head is well developed
• The body is segmented
• Presence of a pair of appendages

73. • Digestive system
• Open type of circulatory system
• Respiration by…..
– Gills
– Book lungs or by trachea

74. • Excretory system is represented by green
glands, malphigian tubules.
• Nervous system is represented by nervous
system which is present above the esophagus
and ventral nerve chord.
• Members are unisexual.

75. • The only group of Invertebrates which can
have wings and can fly.
• Moulting:

76. • Nutrition:
– Carnivorous
– Herbivorous
– Detritus feeders
– Parasites
– There is a presence of paired appendages around
the mouth.
– Catch the prey with poison

77. • Reproduction:
– Sexual
– Exhibit sexual dimorphism
– oviparous

78. • Economical importance:
– Used as food.
– Silk moth produces silk
– They help in cross pollination.
• Harmful aspects:
– Locusts destroy food crops
– Termites destroy buildings
– Spider, bedbugs, lice are harmful to us
– They spread diseases such as….
• Malaria, dengue fever, etc.

79. PHYLUM
MOLLUSCA

80. • Habitat:
– Terrestrial or aquatic
• Structure:
– Soft bodied coelomate animals
– The coelom is reduced and there is a presence of
haemocoel
– Open type of circulatory system
– Body is triploblastic
– Bilaterally symmetrical
– unsegmented

81. • There is distinct head, muscular foot and
visceral hump
• The body is protected by calcareous shell

82. • Nutrition:
– Herbivorous
– Carnivorous
– Scavengers
– Ciliary feeders
– Parasites
– In the beginning, digestion is
extracellular and later it
becomes intracellular

83. • Reproduction:
– Sexual reproduction
• They are oviparous
• Fertilized egg develops
into a swimming larva
called “veliger”

84. • Economic importance:
– Source of food
– Provide luxury goods such as
pearls
– Used as currency in primitive
societies
• Harmful aspects:
– They can bite or sting humans
– Agricultural pests

85. Phylum echinodermata

86. • Habitat:
– They are the only group of
animals that are exclusively
marine
• Structure:
– Triploblastic
– Radially symmetrical
coelomate animals
– Body has pentaradial
arrangement
– Water vascular system

87. • Locomotion takes
place by “tube feet”
• Simple digestive system
• The body is hard with
a number of spines.
• Nervous system is primitive
• The body is hard with
spines

88. • Nutrition:
– Passive filter feeders
– Active hunters
– Extract organic matter from mud
• Reproduction:
– Asexual
• Fission

89. – Sexual
• External fertilization
• Internal fertilization
• The most common larva is bipinneria
• Later larva undergo
metamorphism

90. • Economic importance:
–Used as food
–Calcareous shells are used as
a source of lime
–For the decoration purpose