Teacher Notes MODULE 8

1. American History
Reform Movements
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
1
A religious revival sparks reform movements, including calls to outlaw slavery. Factory laborers begin
to demand better working conditions. A women’s rights movement forms.

2. American History
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Reform Movements
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
2
LESSON 1
LESSON 2 Slavery and Abolition
LESSON 3 Women and Reform
What inspires people to try to improve their society?
LESSON 4 The Changing Workplace
Religion Sparks Reform
LESSON 3
LESSON 3
LESSON 3

3. American History
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
3
Religion Sparks Reform
Lesson 1
A renewal of religious sentiment—known as the Second Great Awakening—inspires a
host of reform movements.

4. American History
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
4
Religion Sparks Reform
Lesson 1
The Second Great Awakening
• Second Great Awakening—religious movement, sweeps U.S. after 1790
• Individual responsible for own salvation, can improve self, society
Religion and the Individual
• Early 1800s—religious ideas promote individualism, responsibility
• Some Christians believe moral duty to help others; call for reform of unjust practices
• Large gatherings; some preachers get 20,000 or more at outdoor camps
Revivalism
• Revival—gathering to awaken religious faith; lasts 4 to 5 days
• Revivalism greatly increases church membership
• Preacher Charles Finney inspires emotional religious faith
Continued…

5. American History
Lesson 1
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
5
The Second Great Awakening (continued)
The African-American Church
• Camp meetings, Baptist, Methodist churches open to blacks and whites
• Southern slaves interpret Christian message as promise of freedom
• In East, free African Americans have own churches
• African Methodist Episcopal Church—political, cultural, social place
• African-American church organizes first national convention (1830)

6. American History
Lesson 1
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
6
Transcendentalism and Reforms
• Transcendentalists, Unitarians seek ways to improve American society away from mainstream
Christian churches
Transcendentalism
• Ralph Waldo Emerson leads group practicing transcendentalism
—literary and philosophical movement
—emphasizes simple life
—truth found in nature, emotion, imagination
• Henry David Thoreau puts self-reliance into practice, writes Walden
• Thoreau urges civil disobedience, peaceful refusal to obey laws
Unitarianism
• Unitarians stress reason, appeals to conscience in religion
• Agree with revivalists: individual, social reform important

7. American History
Lesson 1
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
7
Americans Form Ideal Communities
• Utopian communities—experimental groups, try to create perfect place
• In 1841, transcendentalist George Ripley establishes Brook Farm
• Most utopias last only a few years
• Shakers share goods, believe men and women equal, refuse to fight
• Do not marry or have children; need converts, adoption to survive

8. American History
Lesson 1
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
8
School and Prison Reform
• Mid-19th century—Social reformers focus attention on schools and other institutions
Improving Education
• In early 1800s, school not compulsory, not divided by grade
• Pennsylvania establishes tax-supported public school system in 1834
• Horace Mann establishes teacher training, curriculum reforms
• By 1850s, all states have publicly funded elementary schools
Reforming Asylums and Prisons
• Dorothea Dix gets 10 states to improve conditions for mentally ill
• Reformers stress rehabilitation to obtain useful position in society

9. American History
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
9
Slavery and Abolition
Lesson 2
Slavery becomes an explosive issue, as more Americans join reformers working to end it.

10. American History
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
10
Slavery and Abolition
Lesson 2
Abolitionists Speak Out
• 1820s over 100 antislavery societies advocate resettlement in Africa
• Most free blacks consider themselves American; few emigrate
• Whites join blacks calling for abolition, outlawing of slavery
William Lloyd Garrison
• William Lloyd Garrison—radical white abolitionist; founds:
—New England Anti-Slavery Society
—American Anti-Slavery Society
• The Liberator calls for immediate emancipation—freeing of slaves
Continued…

11. American History
Lesson 2
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
11
Abolitionists Speak Out (continued)
David Walker
• David Walker—free black resident of Boston; militant abolitionist
• Advises blacks to fight for freedom, not wait to get it
• Warns whites that racial war is inevitable unless black American rights are acknowledged
• Northerners condemn Walker’s words as dangerous
• Southerners put a price on his head; block circulation of is writings
Frederick Douglass
• As a slave, Frederick Douglass taught to read, write by owner’s wife
• Douglass escapes; asked to lecture for Anti-Slavery Society
• Douglass’s The North Star: abolition through political action

12. American History
Lesson 2
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
12
Free African Americans
• Throughout United States, some African Americans living free
—former slaves freed by owners or saved money to buy freedom
—others win freedom as reward for military service
• 1830s—free black communities exist in every region of the nation
Free Blacks in the South
• Lives not always easy—state laws deny basic rights
• Southern free blacks work as day laborers, artisans
• Some become very successful; buy slaves of their own
Free Blacks in the North
• Northern blacks have more rights than southern; can vote, move from place to place
• Some children attend school; African Free School in NY opens in 1787
• Many northern African Americans become social and political leaders
• Still face discrimination, lose rights in some areas
• Black citizens band together to form social organizations and antislavery societies
Continued…

13. American History
Lesson 2
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
13
Free African Americans (continued)
Free Blacks in the West
• Many African Americans join migration west; free blacks hope to escape discrimination
• Some purchase land, establish communities
• 1860—more than 4,000 African Americans live in California
• Discrimination finds free blacks in the west; new laws pass limiting rights; freedom slowly disappears

14. American History
Lesson 2
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
14
Life Under Slavery
• Population increases from 1810 (1.2 million) to 1830 (2 million)
• 18th century, most slaves recent arrivals, work on small farms
• By 1830, majority are American, work on plantations or large farms
Rural Slavery
• On plantations, men, women, children work dawn to dusk in fields
• Slaves are whipped, have little time for food, no breaks for rest
Urban Slavery
• Demand in southern cities for skilled black slaves
• Enslaved blacks can hire themselves out as artisans
• Slave owners hire out their workers to factory owners
• Treatment of slaves in cities less cruel than on plantations
Continued…

15. American History
Lesson 2
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
15
Life Under Slavery (continued)
Slave Revolts
• Most extreme form of resistance to slavery is armed rebellion
• Nat Turner, preacher, leads slave rebellion; about 60 whites killed
• Turner, followers, innocent are captured; 200 killed in retaliation
• African captives aboard Spanish ship Amistad rebel against crew; demand return to Africa
• Captives arrested; face mutiny and murder charges
• U.S. Supreme Court finds Amistad rebels innocent; return to Africa in 1842
• Southern slave owners note that their slaves are lawful property; not subject to court’s decision

16. American History
Lesson 2
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
16
Slave Owners Defend Slavery
• People argue that the only way to prevent further slave revolt is through emancipation
• Others choose to tighten restrictions on all African Americans
Virginia Debate
• Virginia legislature debates abolition; motion not passed
• Ends the debate on slavery in antebellum (pre-Civil War) South
Backlash from Revolts
• Southern states create slave codes to tighten limits on blacks
• Free African Americans as well as slaves lose rights
Continued…

17. American History
Lesson 2
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
17
Slave Owners Defend Slavery (continued)
Proslavery Defenses
• Slavery advocates use Bible, myth of happy slave as defense
• Southern congressmen secure adoption of gag rule
—limits or prevents debate
—used on issue of slavery
—deprives citizens of right to be heard

18. American History
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
18
Women and Reform
Lesson 3
Women reformers expand their efforts from movements such as abolition and
temperance to include women’s rights.

19. American History
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
19
Women and Reform
Lesson 3
Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s
• Women have limited options in early 19th century
• Most Americans believe women to be inferior to men
• Tradition demands women restrict their lives after marriage to the home, family
• Young women take factory jobs during Industrial Revolution
• Single white women earn half of men’s pay for doing same job
• Married women must give wages, property to husband
• Women have few legal rights; cannot vote, sit on juries
—do not have guardianship of own children

20. American History
Lesson 3
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
20
Women Mobilize for Reform
• Women actively participate in important reform movements of 19th century
• Disapproving men often shut women out of meetings
• Some women begin to expand efforts to seek equal rights
Continued…
Women Abolitionists
• Middle-class white women inspired by religion join reform movements
• Sarah and Angelina Grimké— work for abolition
- daughters of Southern slave owner
• Some men support women reformers; others denounce them
Working for Temperance
• Many women in temperance movement—prohibit drinking alcohol
• Widespread use of alcohol in early 19th century
• American Temperance Society founded 1826; 6,000 local groups by 1833

21. American History
Lesson 3
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
21
Women Mobilize for Reform (continued)
Education for Women
• Until 1820s, few opportunities for girls past elementary school
• Academic schools for women become available:
—1821, Emma Willard opens Troy Female Seminary
—1837, Mary Lyon founds Mount Holyoke Female Seminary
—1837, Oberlin College admits 4 women; first coeducational college
• African-American girls have few opportunities to get good education
Women and Health Reform
• Elizabeth Blackwell, doctor, opens clinic for women, children
• Catharine Beecher’s national survey finds most women unhealthy
• Amelia Bloomer rebels, designs loose pants; popular with other women

22. American History
Lesson 3
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
22
The Women’s Rights Movement Emerges
• Mid-19th century reform movements increase opportunity for women to act outside the home
Seneca Falls
• Reform encourages women’s movement, give opportunities outside home
• 1848, Stanton, Mott hold Seneca Falls Convention for women’s rights
• “Declaration of Sentiments” modeled on Declaration of Independence
• Attendees approve all but one resolution of Declaration unanimously:
—men and women are equal
—urge women to participate in public issues
—narrowly pass women’s suffrage
• Former Northern slave Sojourner Truth travels country preaching
• Later argues for abolition, women’s rights

23. American History
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
23
The Changing Workplace
Lesson 4
A growing industrial work force faces problems arising from manufacturing under
the factory system.

24. American History
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
24
The Changing Workplace
Lesson 4
Industry Changes Work
Continued…
• Change results after production moves from the home to the factory
—families split
—new communities form
—traditional relationships transform between employers and employees
• Textile industry pioneers new manufacturing techniques
Rural Manufacturing
• Cottage industry—manufacturers supply materials, goods made in homes
• Entrepreneurs like Francis Cabot Lowell open weaving factories in MA
• by 1830s Lowell and partners have 8 factories, 6,000 employees

25. American History
Lesson 4
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
25
Industry Changes Work (continued)
Early Factories
• Early 1800s, artisans produce items people cannot make themselves:
—master—highly experienced artisan
—journeyman—skilled worker employed by master
—apprentice—young worker learning craft
• Factories revolutionize industry: cost of household items drops
• With machines, unskilled workers replace artisans

26. American History
Lesson 4
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
26
Farm Worker to Factory Worker
• Work force of mostly unmarried farm girls cluster in mill towns
• “Mill girls” live in boarding houses under strict rules, control of female supervisor
• 1828—Women make up nine-tenths of New England mill work force; most under the age of 30
The Lowell Mill
• Owners hire females who can be paid lower wages than men
• Factory pay better than alternatives—teaching, sewing, domestic work
• Most girls stay at Lowell only for a few years
• Mill girls take new ideas back to their homes
Continued…

27. American History
Lesson 4
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
27
Farm Worker to Factory Worker (continued)
Conditions at Lowell
• Work 12 hours in heat, dark, poor ventilation:
—cause discomfort, illness
• Conditions continue to deteriorate; 800 mill girls conduct a strike:
—work stoppage to force employer to respond to worker demands
Strikes at Lowell
• 1834, strike over pay cut; 1836, strike over higher board charges
• Company prevails both times, fires strike leaders
• 1845, Lowell Female Labor Reform Association founded

28. American History
Lesson 4
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
28
Workers Seek Better Conditions
• Artisans form unions; begin to ally selves with unskilled workers
• 1830s—unions for same trade unite to standardize wages, conditions, shorter workday
• 1834—organizations from 6 industries form National Trades’ Union
• Bankers, owners from associations; courts declare strikes illegal
• 1830s–1840s, 1–2% of workers organized, dozens of strikes
—employers use immigrants as strikebreakers
• 1842—Commonwealth v. Hunt case upholds workers’ right to strike
• 1860—barely 5,000 union members; 20,000 people in strikes
• Most common demand is shorter workday; states begin to institute ten-hour workdays
• Businesses continue to fight back against strikers; look to new labor source of immigrants

29. American History
Lesson 4
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
29
Immigrants Join the Work Force
• Business owners turn to immigrants to replace striking union members
• European immigration to the U.S. increases 1830–1860; most settle in North and West
Irish Immigration
• Irish immigrants settle in large Eastern cities
• Disliked because Catholic, poor; resented because work for low pay
• Americans begin to change views; see immigrants as a threat to way of life
German Immigration
• German immigrants cluster in upper Mississippi Valley, Ohio Valley
• Most were farmers in Europe; some become professionals, artisans, shopkeepers
• Push and pull factors drive German immigrants
—fleeing economic depression and overcrowding; jobs scarce
—escaping religious persecution, heavy taxes, forced military service, failed revolution
—some search for free land, success, American Dream
• Did not face as much persecution as Irish; not Catholic or poor, not competition for jobs
Continued…

30. American History
Lesson 4
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
30
Immigrants Join the Work Force (continued)
British Immigration
• Most seek new economic opportunities
• Already familiar with industrial equipment
• English immigrants could often choose jobs, command high wages
• Easier adjustment to life in United States; culture, speak the language, most Protestant
• Did not establish separate communities; mingle with American neighbors

31. American History
This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes.
Click the HOME or EXIT button.
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
31

32. American History
1. On the File menu, select Print
2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft
PowerPoint If the dialog box does not
include this pop-up, continue to step 4
3. In the Print what box, choose the
presentation format you want to print:
slides, notes, handouts, or outline
4. Click the Print button to print the
PowerPoint presentation
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
32
Print Slide Show