2. Key Concept 1.1
īļ Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations
in North America developed a wide variety of social,
political, and economic structures based in part on
interactions with the environment and each other
īļ I. As settlers migrated and settled across the vast
expanse of North America over time, they developed
quite different and increasingly complex societies by
adapting to and transforming their diverse
environments
3. Pre-Contact
īļ Land bridge from
Siberia to Alaska
īļ 10K+ years ago
īļ Migrated southward
from Arctic Circle
īļ Native population in
Americas in
1491==50-100 million
4.
5. Mayas
īļ Empire covered the Yucatan
Peninsula (modern-day
Guatemala, Belize, & parts of
Mexico)
īļ Rose to prominence by 6th
century AD
īļ Abandoned stone cities by 8th
century
īļ Reasoning for rapid decline is
still debated
īļ Written language, numerical
system (Zero!), accurate
calendar (2012 Apocalypse???),
expertise in astronomy,
magnificent temples & palaces
īļ Advanced agriculture
īļ Field rotation
īļ Grew mostly corn, but also
squash, pumpkins, sweet
potatoes, cucumbers, peppers,
tomatoes, tobacco, cacao
(Chocolate!), etc.
īļ Domesticated turkeys, dogs
(Huh!), ducks
īļ 3 months of farming could
produce enough food for a
family for a year
6. Aztecs (âMexicaâ)
īļ South-central region of
modern-day Mexico
īļ Rose to prominence in 13th
century AD
īļ Fell quickly after Cortez
arrived in 1519
īļ 240K Aztecs were killed
between 1519-1521
īļ Capital city of Tenochtitlan
(later Mexico City) had
population of up to 200K
īļ Religion involved human
sacrifices
īļ Advanced agriculture:
īļ Maize, beans, squashes,
potatoes, tomatoes, onions,
peppers, avocadoes, etc.
īļ Irrigation & intensive
cultivation
īļ Chinampas
īļ Gardens grown on lakes
īļ Hunting (bows & arrows) &
fishing (spears & nets)
īļ Domesticated turkeys &
dogs
7. Incas
īļ Located along west coast of South
America; Andes Mountains
īļ Largest empire of the 3
īļ Much territory acquired by force
īļ Arose in 13th century; prominence
by 15th century under leadership of
Pachacuti
īļ Royal palaces, temples, sewer
lines, elaborate water systems,
abundance of gold
īļ Conquered by Pizzarro in 1530s;
population also devastated by
small pox & other disease
īļ Rugged terrain made
farming difficult
īļ Terraced the land,
irrigation, road
system
īļ Corn, potatoes,
grains, cotton,
peanuts, cacao
īļ Region around Lake
Titicaca provided
much flat farmland;
became a fertile
breadbasket
īļ Domesticated llamas
& alpacas
10. North America
īļ Much smaller population
īļ 1-10 million
īļ Smaller, less
sophisticated societies
īļ More nomadic; corn
cultivation spread
northward slowly
īļ Hunting, gathering,
fishing
11. Pre-Contact Regions
īļ Your turn to talk!
īļ Get your charts out & be ready to share
īļ The PPT follows the same order as your chart
12. American Southwest
īļ Hohokam, Anasazi,
Pueblos
īļ Dry, desert
īļ Farming w/ irrigation
īļ Lived in caves & multi-
storied buildings
īļ Stone & adobe
structures
īļ Towns were centers of
trade & religious
activities
13. California
īļ Varied landscapes
īļ Mountains, desert,
enormous central
valley, coastline
īļ Shamans served as
both religious leaders
& healers
īļ Some tribes had rigid
caste systems & some
groups kept slaves
īļ Limited farming; mostly
hunting, gathering
(nuts, esp. acorns), &
fishing/whaling
īļ Basket-making
14. Eastern Woodlands
īļ Appalachian Mtns. &
Great Lakes dominate
the region
īļ Numerous major rivers
īļ Spoke Algonquian, to a
lesser extent Iroquoian
languages
īļ Hunting, gathering, &
fishing
īļ Around 1000 AD started
to farm
īļ Maize, squash, beans,
pumpkins
īļ Slash & burn
īļ Used up soil quickly &
moved
īļ Lived in longhouses &
wigwams
īļ Iroquois League founded
by 15th century
15. Great Basin
īļ Between Rockies &
Sierra Nevada Mtns.
īļ Very arid
īļ People were highly
nomadic
īļ Hunting, fishing,
gathering
īļ Deer, rabbits,
antelope, seeds, nuts,
insects
īļ Extensive trade
network reached the
Pacific
īļ Minimal housing in
warmer months;
windbreaks & shade
īļ Conical huts in colder
months
16. Great Plains
īļ Enormous area; 1.5
million sq. mi.
īļ Flat topography
īļ Frigid air in winter,
scorching heat in
summer
īļ Dramatic weather
events; blizzards &
tornadoes
īļ Hunting & gathering
īļ Bison, antelope, elk,
deer, etc.
īļ Pemmican
īļ Seeds, nuts, berries,
wild onions
īļ Villages/sedentary life
appeared in region about
2500 yrs. ago
īļ Grew corn, extensive
trade, buried dead in
mounds
17. Pacific Northwest
īļ Cool, wet climate;
defined by water
īļ Plankhouses/longhouses
īļ Hunting, fishing, &
gathering
īļ Nuts, roots, berries
īļ Salmon
īļ Totem poles & other
woodworking
īļ Canoes
īļ Caste systems based on
accumulation of wealth
īļ Potlatches
īļ Isolation due to
mountains
īļ Combined w/
abundance of natural
resources, this led to
limited trade
18. Key Concept 1.2
īļ European overseas expansion resulted in the Columbian
Exchange, a series of interaction and adaptations among
societies across the Atlantic.
īļ I. The arrival of Europeans in the Western Hemisphere in the
15th & 16th centuries triggered extensive demographic and
social changes on both sides of the Atlantic.
īļ II. European expansion into the Western Hemisphere
caused intense social/religious, political, and economic
competition in Europe and the promotion of empire building.
19. European Exploration
īļ Vikings reached
North America by
1000 AD
īļ Voyages had little
lasting impact;
little reason for
others to follow
īļ Why did European
exploration take
off in the 15th &
16th centuries?
20. Reasons to Explore
īļ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) are over;
Renaissance begins
īļ Cultural movement
īļ Promoted creative thinking &
individualism
īļ Started in 14th century
īļ Improvements in Technology
īļ Printing press
īļ Gutenberg, 1450
īļ Europeans started to use gunpowder,
sailing compass, sextant, bigger &
faster ships
īļ Religious Conflict
īļ Reformation, 1517
īļ Catholics & Protestants hoped to
spread their religion
īļ Commerce
īļ Europeâs population had
rebounded since Black Death
in 1340s
īļ Seeking land, new trade
routes, & new products
īļ Inspired by Marco Polo
īļ Nationalism
īļ Strong monarchs, centralized
nation-states
īļ Spain, France, England, &
Portugal went from small
territories into powerful
nation-states
īļ Looking to spread
power/build empire
īļ Looking to increase wealth
21. Prince Henry & Portugal
īļ Portugal became naval power in 15th century
īļ Hoped to establish presence in west Africa & find
gold
īļ Discovered three important sets of islands
īļ Canaries, Azores, Madeira
īļ Est. slave trade
īļ Bartholomeu Dias sailed around Cape of Good
Hope in 1486
īļ Vasco da Gama reached India in 1497-1498
22.
23. Christopher Columbus
īļ Italian born
īļ Hoped to reach Asia by going West
īļ Could not gain support from Portugal, asked Isabella &
Ferdinand of Spain
īļ 3 ships set off from Canary Islands
īļ Landed in Bahamas on October 12, 1492; moved on to
Cuba (thought it was China)
īļ Returned to Spain w/ native slaves; called them Indians
24. Christopher Columbus
īļ Made 3 more trips
īļ Found little gold, few spices, no easy route to China &
India
īļ Died in obscurity in 1506
īļ America named after another Italian explorer, Amerigo
Vespucci
īļ However, he Columbus changed the world:
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE (Guns, Germs, Steel)
īļ Additionally, Spain focused more resources on exploration
īļ Vasco de Balboa crossed the isthmus of Panama (1st
Euro to see the Pacific) & Ferdinand Magellanâs crew
circled the globe
31. The Conquistadores
īļ America moves from obstacle in way to East & instead a
destination
īļ Spain claimed the entire New World, except for Brazil
īļ Cortes conquers Aztecs in Mexico
īļ Small pox
īļ Pizarro conquers Incas
īļ Coronado & De Sotoâs expeditions (see map on p. 14)
īļ Conquistadores oppressed natives & decimated their
populations
32.
33. Spanish Empire
īļ Phase 1âDiscovery & Exploration
īļ Looked to get rich
īļ Gold & Silver
īļ Spain became richest nation in the world
īļ Biggest empire in world history by 1600
īļ Largely peopled by natives though
īļ Phase 2âConquest
īļ Phase 3âColonization
īļ Agriculture/Land
īļ Missions/Catholic Church
īļ St. Augustine, FLâ1565
34. Spanish Empire
īļ Juan de Onate & 500 men est. New Mexico
īļ Land taken from Pueblos
īļ Santa Fe est. in 1609
īļ Set up encomienda system
īļ License to extract labor & tribute from Pueblos
īļ Suppose to protect & Christianize Indians
īļ Often led to enslavement
īļ Mines, farm work
īļ Decimated native population
īļ Led to slaves from Africa
35. Spanish Empire
īļ By 1680, New Mexico=2K Spaniards & 30K
Pueblos
īļ No luck w/ gold; cattle & sheep instead
īļ Attacks from neighboring Apaches & Navajos
īļ Pueblo Revolt led by Pope
īļ Killed hundreds of Spaniards (21 priests)
īļ Captured Santa Fe & drove Spanish from region
īļ Spanish would recapture territory in 1690s
36. Spanish Empire
īļ Few families; mostly
soldiers & explorers
īļ Intermarriage w/ Indians
& African slaves
īļ Rigid class system
īļ Dominated by pure-
blooded Spaniards
īļ How to treat natives?
īļ Were they human or
sub-human?
īļ Slaves or morally equal
37. Las Casas
Dominican Priest
īļ Indians were âtruly men,â not
to be âtreated as dumb
beastsâ
īļ âIt has been Spainâs practice
in every land they have
discovered to stage a
massacre.â
īļ âStrange crueltiesâ carried
out by âChristiansâ
īļ Indians have been âtotally
deprived of their freedom &
were put in the harshest,
fiercest, most terrible
servitude & captivity.â
īļ Recommended use of
African slaves
Sepulveda
Historian of the Spanish Crown
īļ âBarbariansâ
īļ âInferior to the Spanish
as children to adultsâ
īļ âHalf-menâ
īļ âDo not possess any
learning at all.â
īļ âThey have been born
to slavery & not to civic
& liberal life.â
38. Spanish Empire
īļ 1542âSpanish Crown commands that Indians no
longer be enslaved
īļ 1550âCrown abolishes encomienda system
īļ It allowed settlers authority over conquered Indian
lands & right to extract forced labor
īļ Replaced w/ repartimiento (partition or distribution)
system
īļ Indians were legally free & entitled to wages, but still
had to perform fixed amount of labor each year
īļ Still many abuses by Spanish landlords & priests
39. The Black Legend
īļ Britain, France & other Euro nations attempted to
demonize the Spanish empire
īļ Cruelty, intolerance
īļ Based on Las Casas writing
īļ Often fueled by Protestant writers
īļ Used as reasoning to attack Spanish ships, forts,
etc.
40. Key Concept 1.3
īļ Contacts among American Indians, Africans, &
Europeans challenged the worldviews of each
group.
īļ I. European overseas
expansion & sustained
contacts w/ Africans &
American Indians
dramatically altered
European views of social,
political, & economic
relationships among &
between white &
nonwhite peoples.
īļ II. Native & Africans in the
Americas strove to
maintain their political &
cultural autonomy in the
face of European
challenges to their
independence & core
beliefs.
41. African & America
īļ Africans=over ÂŊ of all new
arrivals to NW from 1500-
1800
īļ Most from west coast
īļ Viewed by Euros as
uncivilized
īļ ButâĻhad elaborate
economic, political, & familial
relationships
īļ Mostly matrilineal
īļ Mostly sedentary/farming
īļ Ancestor worship
īļ Elderly people often held
positions of power
īļ Africans had slaves (usually
temporary)
īļ Slaves being traded away from
W. Africa started by 8th c.
īļ Portugal popularized trade in 15th
c.
īļ 100K+ slaves to Portugal &
Spain between 1450 & 1500
īļ African kingdoms battled in order
to capture slaves & make profit
42.
43. The English
īļ 1497âJohn Cabot (of Italy)âReached northeast N.
America (Newfoundland)
īļ Sponsored by Henry VII
īļ NW Passage?
īļ Limited exploration by England until Queen Elizabeth I in
1570s & 1580s
īļ Economic strife
īļ Enclosure movement (farming to wool), limited land, high
unemployment, rising population, & limited food supply
īļ Rising class of merchants
īļ Mercantilismânation was principal actor in the economy
44. The English
īļ Colonization viewed as a way to:
īļ Create new market
īļ Alleviate poverty & overcrowding
īļ New resources
īļ Religious reasons
īļ Protestant Reformation 1517; King Henry VIII est. Anglican
Church in 1529 (1509-1547)
īļ âBloody Maryâ restores Catholicism, persecutes Protestants
(1553-1558)
īļ Back to Protestantism w/ Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
īļ Catholics vs. Protestants
īļ Puritans, Separatists
45. The English
īļ Experimented w/ colonization in England, 1560s &
1570s
īļ Treated Irish as âsavagesâ & âbeastsâ
īļ Hoped to suppress & isolate native Irish
īļ English must remain separate from natives
īļ Separate society; âpureâ English culture
46. The English
īļ âSea Dogsââpiratesâ
attacked Spanish ships
īļ Francis Drake
īļ Phillip II of Spain
launched attack on
England in 1588
īļ Spanish Armada was
defeated by Brits
īļ Lost more ships in
stormy weather while
returning
īļ Cleared way for
increased English
exploration
47. The English
īļ 1583âSir Humphrey
Gilbertâclaimed
Newfoundland
īļ 1585 & 1587âSir Walter
Raleigh--failed attempts
to colonize Roanoke
īļ Virginia Dare
īļ âCROATOANââThe
âLost Colonyâ
48. The French
īļ 1524âGiovanni de Verrazano (of Italy)âeast coast, NY
harbor
īļ 1534-1542--Jacques CartierâSt. Lawrence River
īļ NW Passage?
īļ 1608--Samuel de Champlainâ1st permanent settlement,
Quebec on St. Lawrence River
īļ âFather of New Franceâ
īļ 1673âLouis Jolliet & Fr. Jacques Marquetteâexplored
upper Mississippi River
īļ 1682âRobert de Las SalleâMississippi River basin,
named it Louisiana
49. The French
īļ Few in population, but strong influence
īļ Far in to interior of N. America
īļ Fur trading & trapping
īļ Jesuit missionaries
īļ Adapting native ways, inter-marriage
īļ Allies w/ Algonquins, enemies w/ Iroquois
50. The Dutch
īļ 1609âHenry Hudson (of England)âHudson River
& New Amsterdam
īļ NW Passage?
īļ 1624âDutch West India Co. est. permanent
settlements along Hudson, Delaware, &
Connecticut Rivers
īļ Population was diverse, but small