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Teacher Notes MODULE 23.pptx
1.
American History An Era
of Social Change Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 1 President John F. Kennedy’s efforts to confront the Soviet Union and address social ills are cut short by his assassination. President Lyndon B. Johnson spearheads civil rights legislation and declares a “war on poverty.”
2.
American History ESSENTIAL QUESTION An
Era of Social Change Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 2 LESSON 1 LESSON 2 Johnson and the Great Society LESSON 3 Culture and Counterculture How are significant and lasting social changes created? LESSON 4 Environmental Activism Kennedy and the New Frontier LESSON 3
3.
American History Copyright ©
by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 3 Kennedy and the New Frontier Lesson 1 John F. Kennedy brought energy, initiative, and important new ideas to the presidency.
4.
American History Copyright ©
by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 4 Kennedy and the New Frontier Lesson 1 The Election of 1960 • Americans fear U.S. falling behind Soviets militarily; losing Cold War • Democratic nominee for president—Massachusetts senator John Kennedy • Republican opponent—Vice-President Richard M. Nixon • Candidates share similar positions on policy issues • Two factors give Kennedy edge; television and civil rights issue The Televised Debate Affects Votes • John F. Kennedy discusses Catholicism openly, allays public worries • First televised presidential debate between Kennedy, Richard Nixon • Nixon is foreign policy expert • Kennedy coached by TV producers, comes across better than Nixon Kennedy and Civil Rights • JFK takes stand on arrest of Martin Luther King, Jr; wins black vote
5.
American History Lesson 1 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 5 The Camelot Years • Kennedy wins presidency in close election • Kennedy White House known as Camelot for its grace, elegance, wit The Kennedy Mystique • Kennedy White House invites many artists and celebrities • The press loves Kennedy’s charm • Critics argue his smooth style lacks substance • First Lady admired for her elegance; constant articles about family The Best and the Brightest • JFK’s advisers called “the best and the brightest” • Brother Robert Kennedy named attorney general
6.
American History Lesson 1 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 6 The Promise of Progress • Kennedy sets out to transform his broad vision of progress; New Frontier—policies of the Kennedy administration Early Challenges • JFK faces Republican-Southern Democrat coalition • Lacks skill to get policies passed • Also lacks mandate—clear voter support for his agenda Stimulating the Economy • By 1960, U.S. in recession; 6% unemployment • JFK administration pushes for deficit spending to stimulate growth • Gets 20% increase for defense; money for unemployment problems Continued…
7.
American History Lesson 1 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 7 The Promise of Progress (continued) Addressing Poverty Abroad • Peace Corps—volunteers assist developing nations; great success • Alliance for Progress—economic, technical assistance to Latin America — in part meant to deter spread of communism in Latin America Confronting Domestic Problems • Many Americans suffer at home—poverty, racial discrimination, segregation • 1963, JFK begins to work on poverty, racial injustice, civil rights • Kennedy presents Congress with civil rights bill and proposal to cut taxes
8.
American History Lesson 1 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 8 Tragedy in Dallas • Fall 1963—Kennedy losing popularity because of civil rights advocacy; most still supported Four Days in November • November 22, 1963, JFK shot, killed riding in motorcade in Dallas • Jack Ruby shoots alleged assassin Lee Harvey Oswald • Vice president Lyndon Johnson succeeds JFK Unanswered Questions • Warren Commission investigates, concludes Oswald acted alone • 1979 reinvestigation concludes Oswald part of conspiracy
9.
American History Copyright ©
by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 9 Johnson and the Great Society Lesson 2 The demand for reform helps create a new awareness of social problems, especially on matters of civil rights and the effects of poverty.
10.
American History Copyright ©
by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 10 Johnson and the Great Society Lesson 2 LBJ’s Path to Power • Lyndon B. Johnson, or LBJ, succeeds to presidency with legendary ambition and drive From the Texas Hills to Capitol Hill • Fourth-generation Texan, Johnson grew up in Texas Hill Country • 1937—LBJ wins a special election to fill vacant U.S. House of Representatives seat • As Congressman, Lyndon Baines Johnson mentored, helped by FDR • 1948, LBJ narrowly wins Senate seat A Master Politician • 1955, LBJ becomes Senate majority leader • “LBJ treatment”—ability to persuade senators to support his bills • Gets Civil Rights Act of 1957 passed—voting rights measure • LBJ helps Kennedy win key Southern states in presidential election
11.
American History Lesson 2 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 11 Johnson’s Domestic Agenda • Johnson urges Congress to pass Kennedy’s civil rights and tax-cut bills Continuing Kennedy’s Programs • 1964 tax cut spurs economic growth; lowers federal deficit • 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination, allows enforcement The War on Poverty • LBJ declares “war on poverty” • Economic Opportunity Act: education, training, small business loans • Includes Job Corps, VISTA, Head Start, Community Action Program Continued…
12.
American History Lesson 2 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 12 Johnson’s Domestic Agenda (continued) The 1964 Election • Republicans nominate Senator Barry Goldwater • Goldwater: government should not deal with social, economic problems • Threatens to bomb North Vietnam, advocates intervention • LBJ says will not send troops to Vietnam; wins by landslide • Democrats big majority; Southern Democrats not needed to pass bills
13.
American History Lesson 2 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 13 Building the Great Society • May 1964—Johnson sums up vision for American in a phrase: Great Society—LBJ’s legislation to end poverty, discrimination A Plan for Change • LBJ wants to change America • Great Society will offer programs to improve social welfare • Johnson gets Congress to pass 206 of his bills Education • Elementary and Secondary Education Act funds school materials Healthcare • Medicare—low-cost medical, hospital insurance for senior citizens • Medicaid—health insurance for welfare recipients Continued…
14.
American History Lesson 2 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 14 Building the Great Society (continued) Continued… Housing • Legislation shifts political power from rural to urban areas • Money set aside for public housing; low-, moderate-income homes • Dept. of Housing and Urban Development created • Robert Weaver is first African American in cabinet, HUD secretary Immigration • Existing immigration quotas discriminate against non-Western Europeans • Immigration Act of 1965 ends quotas based on nationality
15.
American History Lesson 2 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 15 Building the Great Society (continued) The Environment • Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring exposes dangers of pesticides • Water Quality Act of 1965 requires states to clean up rivers • LBJ orders government to search out worst chemical polluters Consumer Protection • Laws set standards for consumer labels, auto safety, food safety
16.
American History Lesson 2 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 16 Reforms of the Warren Court • Warren Court—Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren • Rejects loyalty oaths, affirms free speech, church-state separation Congressional Reapportionment • Reapportionment—way states redraw election districts by population • Court rules districts must have approximately equal population • Leads to shift in political power from rural to urban areas Rights of the Accused • Warren Court rulings expand rights of people accused of crimes: — illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court — courts must provide legal counsel to poor — suspect must be read rights before questioning • Some praise protection of right to a fair trial • Others think rulings handicap police investigations
17.
American History Lesson 2 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 17 Impact of the Great Society • Post-WW II, LBJ extends federal power more than all other presidents • Poverty drops from 21% of population in 1962 to 11% in 1973 • Massive tax cut spurs economy; Great Society contributes to deficit • Debate over finances, effectiveness of programs, government role
18.
American History Copyright ©
by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 18 Culture and Counterculture Lesson 3 The ideals and lifestyle of the counterculture challenge the traditional views of Americans.
19.
American History Copyright ©
by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 19 Culture and Counterculture Lesson 3 The Counterculture • Counterculture—white, middle-class youths reject traditional America • Attitude creates generation gap; older generation does not understand beliefs of young people “Tune In, Turn On, Drop Out” • Members of counterculture called hippies • Feel society and its materialism, technology, war is meaningless • Idealistic youth leave school, work, home — want to create idyllic communities of peace, love, harmony Continued…
20.
American History Lesson 3 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 20 The Counterculture (continued) Hippie Culture • Era of rock ‘n’ roll, crazy clothing, sexual license, illegal drugs • Some hippies turn to Eastern religion, meditation • Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco becomes hippie capital Decline of the Movement • Urban communes turn seedy, dangerous • Some fall victim to drug addiction, mental breakdowns
21.
American History Lesson 3 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 21 A Changing Culture • Counterculture youth embrace a variety of new ideas in art and music Art • Pop art uses commercial, impersonal images from everyday life — imply that personal freedom lost to conformist lifestyle — movement led by Andy Warhol Rock Music • The Beatles most influential rock band, help make rock mainstream • Woodstock festival gathers many of most popular bands — over 400,000 attend Continued…
22.
American History Lesson 3 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 22 A Changing Culture (continued) Protest Songs • Hippies and other activists use music as a vehicle for political expression • Thousands unite in song; express rejection of mainstream society, outrage over Vietnam War, demand civil rights, Changing Attitudes • Attitudes toward sexual behavior become more casual, permissive • Mass culture addresses forbidden topics, like sex, explicit violence • Some think permissiveness is liberating; others sign of moral decay • Long term liberal attitudes about dress, lifestyle, behavior adopted
23.
American History Lesson 3 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 23 The Conservative Response • Late 1960s—many believe that the country is losing its sense of right and wrong Conservatives Attack the Counterculture • Conservatives alarmed at violence on campuses, cities • Consider counterculture values decadent • Some think counterculture irrational, favor senses, lack inhibitions
24.
American History Copyright ©
by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 24 Environmental Activism Lesson 4 During the 1970s, Americans strengthen their efforts to address the nation’s environmental problems.
25.
American History Copyright ©
by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 25 Environmental Activism Lesson 4 The Roots of Environmentalism • 1960s—widespread realization that pollution and overconsumption are damaging environment Rachel Carson and Silent Spring • Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring warns against use of pesticides — argues poisons kill food, harmless animals as well as pests • Becomes best seller; leads JFK to establish advisory committee — chemical companies claim book inaccurate, threaten suits • Carson starts national focus on environmental issues
26.
American History Lesson 4 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 26 Environmental Concerns in the 1970s • Nixon and Carter administrations confront environmental issues The First Earth Day • Earth Day—celebration highlighting environmental awareness • First observed 1970 by communities, thousands of schools, colleges The Government Takes Action • Nixon not an environmentalist—active protector of environment • Signs Clean Air Act, creates Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) — main government arm on environmental issues • 1970s, Congress passes 35 laws on conservation, clean up Continued…
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American History Lesson 4 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 27 Environmental Concerns in the 1970s (continued) Continued… Balancing Progress and Conservation in Alaska • Pipeline creates jobs, revenue, worries over wildlife, native people • Nixon gives millions of acres to native tribes for conservation, use • Carter sets aside 56 million acres as national monuments • 1980, Congress adds 104 million acres as protected areas The Debate over Nuclear Energy • Many think nuclear power good alternative to foreign oil • Opponents contend nuclear plants, waste potentially harmful
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American History Lesson 4 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 28 Environmental Concerns in the 1970s (continued) Three Mile Island • March 1979, reactor at Three Mile Island nuclear plant malfunctions • Low-level radiation escapes; 100,000 people evacuated from area • Incident rekindles debate over safety of nuclear power • Nuclear Regulatory Commission strengthens safety standards — also improves inspection procedures Love Canal • Environmental disaster in New York; long-buried chemicals begin seeping up through the ground • High rates of birth defects in community linked to chemical exposure • State of NY buys homes of residents; government cleans up mess
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American History Lesson 4 Copyright
© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 29 A Continuing Movement • Government, industry, and environmentalists must find balance between environmental protection and economic interests Private Conservation Groups • Membership grows for private, nonprofit organizations dedicated to preservation • Groups lobby for protective legislation • Environmental Defense Fund brings lawsuits that lead to ban of DDT, leaded gasoline • Radical groups form; Greenpeace, Environmental Life Force Economic Concerns • Struggle to balance environmental concerns with jobs and progress • Opponents protest loss of jobs, revenues
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