Teacher Notes MODULE 24.pptx

American History
Civil Rights
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
1
Activism, new legislation, and the Supreme Court advance equal rights for African
Americans. But disagreements among civil rights groups lead to a violent period for the
civil rights movement.

American History
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Civil Rights
2
Taking on Segregation
LESSON 1
LESSON 2 The Triumphs of a Crusade
LESSON 3 Challenges and Changes in the Movement
LESSON 4 Hispanic and Native Americans Seek Equality
LESSON 5 Women Fight for Equality
Why should all Americans have equal rights and opportunities?
LESSON 6 The Struggle Continues

American History
3
LESSON 1
Activism and a series of Supreme Court decisions advance equal rights for African
Americans in the 1950s and 1960s.

American History
4
LESSON 1
The Segregation System
• Civil Rights Act of 1875 act outlawed segregation
• In 1883, all-white Supreme Court declares Act unconstitutional
Plessy v. Ferguson
• 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson ruling: separate but equal constitutional
• Many states pass Jim Crow laws separating the races
• Facilities for blacks always inferior to those for whites
Segregation Continues into the 20th Century
• After Civil War, African Americans go north to escape racism
• North: housing in all-black areas, whites resent job competition
Continued…

American History
Lesson 1
5
The Segregation System (continued)
A Developing Civil Rights Movement
• WWII creates job opportunities for African Americans
• FDR ends government, war industries discrimination
• Need for fighting men makes armed forces end discriminatory policies
• Returning black veterans fight for civil rights at home; Columbia Race Riots

American History
6
LESSON 1
Challenging Segregation in Court
• NAACP leads desegregation campaign
• 1934–1938, Charles Hamilton Houston heads NAACP legal campaign
The NAACP Legal Strategy
• Focuses on most glaring inequalities of segregated public education
• Places team of law students under Thurgood Marshall
• — win 29 out of 32 cases argued before Supreme Court
Brown v. Board of Education
• Marshall’s greatest victory is Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
• In 1954 case, Court unanimously strikes down school segregation

American History
7
LESSON 1
Reaction to the Brown Decision
• Some state officials vow to fight, obstruct segregation
Resistance to School Desegregation
• Within 1 year, over 500 school districts desegregate
• Some districts, state officials, pro-white groups actively resist
• Court hands Brown II, orders desegregation at “all deliberate speed”
• Eisenhower refuses to enforce compliance; considers it impossible
Crisis in Little Rock
• Since 1948, Arkansas integrating state university, private groups
• Gov. Orval Faubus has National Guard turn away black students
• Elizabeth Eckford faces abusive crowd when she tries to enter school
• Eisenhower has Nat. Guard, paratroopers supervise school attendance
• African-American students harassed by whites at school all year
• Gov. Faubus shuts down Central High to stop integration
Continued…

American History
Lesson 1
8
The Segregation System (continued)
Civil Rights Act of 1957
• 1957 Civil Rights Act—federal government power over schools, voting
• Dixiecrats unite to oppose segregation in Congress; run Strom Thurmond for president

American History
9
LESSON 1
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
• African American activists begin to take direct action to end segregation
Boycotting Segregation
• 1955, NAACP officer Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up seat on bus
• Montgomery Improvement Association formed, organizes bus boycott
• Elect 26-year-old Baptist pastor Martin Luther King, Jr., leader
Walking for Justice
• African Americans file lawsuit, boycott buses, use carpools, walk
• Get support from black community, outside groups, sympathetic whites
• 1956, Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation

American History
10
LESSON 1
The Movement Spreads
• Montgomery Bus Boycott proves the power of nonviolent protest
Changing the World with Soul Force
• King calls his brand of nonviolent resistance “soul force”
– civil disobedience, massive demonstrations
• King remains nonviolent in face of violence after Brown decision
From the Grassroots Up
• 1957, King, others found Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
• By 1960, African-American students think pace of change too slow
– Join Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Continued…

American History
Lesson 1
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The Movement Spreads (continued)
Demonstrating for Freedom
• SNCC adopts nonviolence, but calls for more confrontational strategy
• Influenced by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to use sit-ins:
– refuse to leave segregated lunch counter until served
• First sit-in at Greensboro, NC, Woolworth’s shown nationwide on TV
• In spite of abuse, arrests, movement grows, spreads to North
• Late 1960, lunch counters desegregated in 48 cities in 11 states

American History
12
The Triumphs of a Crusade
LESSON 2
Civil rights activists break through racial barriers. Their activism prompts landmark
legislation.

American History
13
LESSON 2
Riding for Freedom
• Freedom riders brutally beaten by Alabama mobs; one bus firebombed
New Volunteers
• Bus companies refuse to continue carrying CORE freedom riders
• SNCC volunteers replace CORE riders; are violently stopped
• Robert Kennedy pressures bus company to continue transporting riders
Arrival of Federal Marshals
• Alabama officials promises protection; mob still attacks riders
• Newspapers throughout nation denounce beatings
• JFK sends 400 U.S. marshals to protect riders
• Attorney general, Interstate Commerce Commission act to ban segregation in all interstate travel
facilities

American History
14
LESSON 2
Standing Firm
• Civil rights activists turn their attention to southern schools
Integrating Ole Miss
• 1962, federal court rules James Meredith may enroll at Ole Miss
• Governor Ross Barnett refuses to let Meredith register
• JFK orders federal marshals to escort Meredith to registrar’s office
• Barnett makes radio appeal; thousands of white demonstrators riot
• Federal officials accompany Meredith to classes, protect his parents
Heading into Birmingham
• April 1963, SCLC demonstrate to desegregate Birmingham
• King arrested, writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail”
• TV news show police attacking child marchers—fire hoses, dogs, clubs
• Continued protests, economic boycott, bad press end segregation
Continued…

American History
Lesson 2
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Standing Firm (continued)
Kennedy Takes a Stand
• June 1963, JFK sends troops to force Gov. Wallace to desegregate University of Alabama
• NAACP’s Medgar Evers murdered; hung juries lead to killer’s release

American History
16
LESSON 2
Marching to Washington
• President Kennedy sends a civil rights bill to Congress for approval
• To help get the bill passed, civil rights leaders call on Americans to march on Washington, DC
The Dream of Equality
• August 1963, over 250,000 people converge on Washington
• Speakers demand immediate passage of civil rights bill
• King gives “I Have a Dream” speech
More Violence
• September, 4 Birmingham girls killed when bomb thrown into church
• LBJ signs Civil Rights Act of 1964
– prohibits discrimination because of race, religion, gender
– Creates the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate workplace
discrimination
• Law tested by opponents, upheld by Supreme Court

American History
17
LESSON 2
Fighting for Voting Rights
• Freedom Summer—CORE, SNCC project to register blacks to vote in Mississippi
Freedom Summer
• Project staffed mostly by white, college students
• Volunteers beaten, killed; businesses, homes, churches burned
A New Political Party
• Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party formed to get seat in Mississippi Democratic Party
• Fannie Lou Hamer—voice of MFDP at National Convention—wins support
• LBJ fears losing Southern white vote, pressures leaders to compromise
• MFDP and SNCC supporters feel betrayed
Continued…

American History
Lesson 2
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Fighting for Voting Rights (continued)
The Selma Campaign
• 1965, voting rights demonstrator killed in Selma, AL
• King leads 600 protest marchers; TV shows police violently stop them
• Second march, with federal protection, swells to 25,000 people
Extending Voting Rights
• Congress finally passes Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Stops literacy tests, allows federal officials to enroll voters
• Triples black voter enrollment in South
The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
• 1964, South Dakota becomes 38th state to ratify Twenty-fourth Amendment
– makes poll tax unconstitutional

American History
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Challenges and Changes in the Movement
LESSON 3
Disagreements among civil rights groups and the rise of black nationalism create a
violent period in the fight for civil rights.

American History
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LESSON 3
African Americans Seek Greater Equality
• By 1965, civil rights groups begin to drift apart over direction of leadership
Northern Segregation
• De facto segregation exists by practice, custom; problem in North
• De jure segregation is segregation required by law
• WWII black migration to Northern cities results in “white flight”
• 1960s, most urban blacks live in slums; landlords ignore ordinances
• Black unemployment twice as high as white
• Many blacks angry at treatment received from white police forces
Continued…

American History
Lesson 3
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African Americans Seek Greater Equality (continued)
Urban Violence Erupts
• Mid-1960s, numerous clashes between white authority, black civilians
– many result in riots; people killed, property destroyed
– 1967, riots in more than 100 cities
• Many whites baffled by African-American rage
• Blacks want, need equal opportunity in jobs, housing, education
– change happening too slowly
– money for War on Poverty, Great Society redirected to Vietnam War

American History
22
LESSON 3
New Leaders Voice Discontent
• Malcolm X urges followers to take control of communities, livelihoods, culture
African American Solidarity
• Nation of Islam, Black Muslims, advocate blacks separate from whites
– believe whites cause of black problems
• Malcolm X advocates armed self-defense
– frightens whites, moderate blacks
– attention resented by other Black Muslims
Ballots or Bullets?
• Pilgrimage to Mecca changes Malcolm X’s attitude toward whites
• Malcolm X prefers to use political system for change; ballots first
• Splits with Black Muslims; is killed in 1965 while giving speech
Continued…

American History
Lesson 3
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New Leaders Voice Discontent (continued)
Black Power
• CORE, SNCC become more militant; SCLC pursues traditional tactics
• Stokely Carmichael, head of SNCC, calls for Black Power:
– African Americans control own lives, communities, without whites
Black Panthers
• Black Panthers fight police brutality, want black self-sufficiency
• Preach ideas of Mao Zedong; have violent confrontations with police
• Provide social services in ghettos, win popular support

American History
24
Hispanics and Native Americans Seek Equality
LESSON 4
Hispanic Americans and Native Americans confront injustices in the 1960s.

American History
25
LESSON 4
The Hispanic American Presence Grows
• 1960s Latino population grows from 3 million to 9 million
• Mexican Americans largest group, mostly in Southwest, California
• 1960, almost 900,000 Puerto Ricans settle in U.S., mostly in NYC
• Cubans flee communism, form communities in NYC, Miami, NJ
• Central Americans, Colombians come to escape civil war, poverty
• Many Latinos encounter prejudice, discrimination in jobs, housing

American History
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LESSON 4
Hispanic Americans Fight for Change
• 1960s, Hispanic Americans demand equal opportunity and respect for their cultural and heritage
The Farm Worker Movement
• César Chávez and Dolores Huerta help form United Farm Workers Organizing Committee
• 1965, grape growers do not recognize union; Chávez sets up boycott
• 1970, grape grows give in; Dolores Huerta negotiates contract
Cultural Pride
• Puerto Ricans, Chicanos demand cultural recognition, better schools
• 1968, Bilingual Education Act funds bilingual, cultural programs
• Crusade for Justice founded by Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales
– Promote Mexican American nationalism
• Brown Berets organize walkouts in East LA high schools
Continued…

American History
Lesson 4
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Hispanic Americans Fight for Change (continued)
Political Power
• Latinos organize, help elect Latino candidates from major parties
• 1970, La Raza Unida (RUP) works on independent, Latino political movement
– runs Latino candidates, wins in local races
– Changes Texas politics, gives Latinos more of a voice
– Late 1970s, RUP falls apart as political party
• Reies Tijerina raids government courthouse in NM over farmers’ rights
Continued…

American History
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LESSON 4
Native Americans Struggle for Equality
• Many Native Americans cling to their culture, refuse assimilation
Native Americans Seek Greater Autonomy
• Native Americans poorest group, most unemployment, health problems
• Termination policy relocates, does not solve problems
• 1961, Native Americans call for economic opportunities on reservations
• 1968, LBJ establishes National Council on Indian Opportunity
Voices of Protest
• American Indian Movement (AIM)—Native American rights organization
– 1968, AIM begins as self-defense group against police brutality
– demand restoration of lands, burial grounds, fishing/timber rights
Continued…

American History
Lesson 4
29
Native Americans Struggle for Equality (continued)
Confronting the Government
• 1972 AIM leads march in D.C.; protest treaty violations:
– seek restoration of land
– seek end of Bureau of Indian Affairs
– occupy it BIA, destroy property
• 1973 AIM, Sioux seize Wounded Knee; violent confrontation with FBI
Native American Victories
• 1947, Frank Harrison challenges voting restrictions; wins
– state supreme court strikes provision in Arizona constitution
• 1965, Voting Rights Act strengthens protections for all minorities, including Native Americans
• 1970s laws give tribes more control over own affairs, education
• 1970s–80s courts recognize tribal lands, give financial compensation

American History
30
Women Fight for Equality
LESSON 5
Through protests and marches, women confront social and economic barriers in
American society.

American History
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LESSON 5
A New Women’s Movement Arises
• The women’s movement reawakens in the 1960s
• Feminism—the belief that women and men should have economic, political, social equality
Women in the Workplace
• 1960, birth control pill helps women postpone children, start careers
– 1963, women are about 30% of workforce
• Women shut out of jobs considered “men’s work”
• Jobs available to women pay poorly
• JFK’s Presidential Commission on the Status of Women finds:
– women paid far less than men for doing same job
– women seldom promoted to management positions
• 1963, Equal Pay Act signed
Continued…

American History
Lesson 5
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A New Women’s Movement Arises (continued)
Women and Activism
• In civil rights, antiwar movements men discriminate against women
• Consciousness-raising groups show women pattern of sexism in society
The Women’s Movement Emerges
• Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique shows women’s dissatisfaction
– bestseller, helps galvanize women across country

American History
33
LESSON 5
The Movement Experiences Gains and Losses
• Women made gains, but failed to ensure women’s equality in the Constitution
The Creation of NOW
• Civil rights laws, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) help women
• 1966, National Organization for Women (NOW) founded
– Presses for day-care centers, more vigorous enforcement by EEOC
A Diverse Movement
• Militant groups like New York Radical Women stage demonstrations
• Gloria Steinem helps found National Women’s Political Caucus, Ms. Magazine
Continued…

American History
Lesson 5
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The Movement Experiences Gains and Losses (continued)
Legal and Social Gains
• Gender-based distinctions questioned—like use of husband’s last name
• Title IX, bans gender discrimination in any education program, activity that gets federal funding
– 1979, women outnumber men at colleges
– increases funding for women’s athletics
• 1972, pilot training open to women in army, navy; first female cadets at West Point
Roe v. Wade
• Feminist support of woman’s right to an abortion is controversial; health issue
• Roe v. Wade: women have right to an abortion in first 3 months
The Equal Rights Amendment
• 1972, Congress passes Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
• Phyllis Schlafly with religious, political groups launch Stop-ERA
– think will lead to drafting women, end of child support
Continued…

American History
Lesson 5
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The Movement Experiences Gains and Losses (continued)
The New Right Emerges
• Conservatives build “pro-family” movement, later called New Right
• Focus on social, cultural, moral problems; build grassroots support
• Debate family-centered issues with feminists
• 1982, ERA misses ratification deadline, defeated

American History
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The Struggle Continues
LESSON 6
In the decades that followed the civil rights and equal rights movements, groups and
individuals continued to pursue equal rights for all Americans.

American History
37
LESSON 6
The Fight for Rights Continues
• 1960s–1970s, Minority groups make tremendous progress towards equality
African Americans
• By mid-1980s, many cities have African American mayors
• Numerous communities elect blacks to local, state office, Congress
• L. Douglas Wilder of Virginia is first African American governor since Reconstruction
• Reverend Jesse Jackson runs for Democratic presidential nomination
• Middle-class blacks hold professional, managerial positions
• Supreme Court limits affirmative action
• 1980s–1990s, reversal school integration; negative trends educational, economic achievement
Continued…

American History
Lesson 6
38
The Fight for Rights Continues (continued)
Changes in Poverty and Education
• Lack of educational opportunity fuels economic inequality
• Racial violence not as common, but still prevalent; LA riots, Ferguson, MO
• National Urban League, leadership and education programs for African Americans
• Social Media and Internet helping civil rights activists spread message of equality
Gains for Hispanic Americans
• Latinos fastest growing minority; some states elect Hispanic governors
• Reagan appoints Lauro Cavazos as secretary of education
• Bush names Dr. Antonia Coello Novello surgeon general
• From 1968 bilingual education available; mid-1980s opposition to bilingualism rising
• 2009, Sonia Sotomayor becomes first Hispanic Supreme Court justice
• Alarmed by increase in illegal immigration, some Americans call for better border security
– Congress continues to debate immigration reform
Continued…

American History
Lesson 6
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The Fight for Rights Continues (continued)
Native Americans Speak Out
• Reagan cuts aid to Native Americans for health, education, services
• Many tribes open casinos to bring in additional funds
An Expanding Asian American Population
• Asian Americans among fastest growing minorities
• Cited as “model minority, “ but also have high unemployment, poverty

American History
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LESSON 6
The Equal Rights Struggle
• ERA failure was a setback but did not end the women’s rights movement
Political Gains
• By 1983, women hold 13.5% of elected state offices; 24 seats in Congress
• 1984, Geraldine Ferraro, first female vice-presidential candidate
• 1992, increased number in Congress to 47, 6 members of Senate
• 1997, Madeleine Albright first female secretary of state
• 2007, Nancy Pelosi first female Speaker of House
Inequality
• Women earn less than men; 31% female heads of household poor
• Pay equity—pay reflects education, physical effort, responsibility
• Women seek pay equity, family benefits; some employers comply
– Reagan cuts budget for daycare, similar programs
• 2009, Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, protection against pay discrimination
• 2007, Women head only 10 Fortune 500 companies

American History
41
LESSON 6
Civil Rights for All
• Discrimination not limited to race, ethnicity, and gender
• Other groups seek equal protection under the law
LGBT Rights
• Stonewall riots mark the beginning of LGBT movement
– late 1980s new surge of activism, calls for end to discrimination
• Some states, communities outlaw discrimination
• “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (DADT) offers some protection to LGBT people in military
– 2011, DADT repealed, military open to LGBT soldiers
• 2015, Supreme Court makes it illegal for state to ban same-sex marriage
Rights for Americans with Disabilities
• Laws protect disabled children’s right to education, and protect against housing discrimination
• Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) protects right in employment, public services, public
accommodations, telecommunications
Continued…

American History
Lesson 6
42
Civil Rights for All (continued)
Students’ Civil Rights
• 1960s, students win protection against school sponsored prayer, First Amendment protection
• 1980s, 2007, Supreme Court limits students’ First Amendment protections
• Supreme Court limits students’ privacy right on campus, school atheltics
The Rights of New Immigrants
• 1980, Refugee Act makes it easier for immigrants fleeing political turmoil to enter U.S.
• 1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act, immigrants must prove immigration status
– increases patrols, U.S.-Mexico border
• News laws further limit immigration, activists want reforms to immigration policy
– path to citizenship; reunited with families
Continued…

American History
Lesson 6
43
Reagan and the End of the Cold War (continued)
The Soviet Union Declines
• 1991, 14 republics declare independence; Gorbachev forced to resign
• Soviet Union dissolved, Commonwealth of Independent States forms
• President Bush pledges aid to Russia; Bush and Yeltsin declare end of Cold War
• 1993, START II signed; will cut U.S., Russian nuclear arsenals

American History
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