immigration, push-pull factors, second great awakening, reform movements

1. A New Spirit of Change

2. A New Spirit of Change
• Immigrants settled in the United States
• American literature and art developed
• Reform movements had a major impact on the
nation

4. Why People Migrated
• Emigrants: people who leave a country
• Immigrants: people who settle in a new country
• During mid-1800s, most immigrants came from
Europe
• People immigrated because of push-pull factors

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7. Why People Migrated
• Push factors: conditions that push people out of
their native lands
– Population growth
– Agricultural changes, landlords force tenants off land
– Crop failures, farmers unable to pay debts, families go
hungry
– Industrial Revolution puts many artisans out of work
– Religious and political turmoil causes religious
persecution

8. Why People Migrated
• Pull factors: conditions that pull people toward a
new place
– Freedom
– Economic opportunity
– Abundant land

9. Germans Pursue Economic Opportunity
• Many Germans immigrated to Wisconsin where
they found a good climate for growing oats
• In Texas they founded the town of
Fredericksburg
• Worked as bakers, butchers, shoemakers, and
carpenters in cities

10. Germans Pursue Economic Opportunity
• Germans were the
largest immigrant group
of 1800s, they had a
large influence on U.S.
culture

12. The Irish Flee Hunger
• Most Irish immigrants were Catholic
• They immigrated in early 1800s to escape
poverty and British mistreatment
• In 1845, disease attacked Ireland’s potato crop
Monoculture and the Irish
Potato Famine

13. The Irish Flee Hunger
• Famine (a severe food shortage) forced many to
emigrate
• In the U.S., the Irish became city-dwellers

14. The Irish Flee Hunger
• Many settled in urban areas because of an
increasing demand for low-skill factory labor
• Workers also encouraged urbanization by
moving closer to manufacturing centers

16. The Irish Flee Hunger
• They had few skills and took jobs in factories
and municipal (government) services
• They competed with free African-Americans in
cities for backbreaking work that no one else
wanted

17. Nativism
• Anti-immigrant movements rise
• Nativism: policy to preserve the interests of the
native-born against immigrants
– Against outside influences

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19. Second Great Awakening
• Religious motivations for immigrants to come to
America
– Renewal of religious faith in the 1790s and 1800s
– Spread revivals and an awakening of spiritual reform
– Revivalist preachers traveled around the frontier and
east coast hosting revival meetings

20. Second Great Awakening
• Religious motivations for reform
movements in America
– Led to changes in how people were
treated
– Led to the development of art, music,
and literature
– Highlighted growing social and
regional differences

21. Romanticism and Transcendentalism
• Romanticism
– Artistic, literary, and intellectual movement
– Deepened appreciation of the beauties of nature
– Emotion over reason, senses over intellect

22. Romanticism and Transcendentalism
• Transcendentalism
– Grew from Romanticism
– Believed that the spiritual world more important
than physical world
– Sought truth through feeling and intuition

23. Art and the American Way of Life
• More Americans were educated and had the
financial ability to purchase and participate in
the fine arts
– Art
– Literature
– Music

24. Art
• Hudson River School (New York) artists drew
American landscapes to reflect themes of
America in the 19th
century
– Focus on man’s connection with nature

25. Art
• John James Audubon drew American wildlife
– His accurate drawings and notes on American birds
made significant contributions to ornithology (study
of birds) and inspired many naturalists

26. Art
• Albert Bierstadt’s River Landscape
– Depicted sweeping landscapes of journeys to the
American West

27. Literature
• Writer Ralph Waldo Emerson stressed self-
examination and nature
– His essay, Nature, was read by Transcendentalists
– Mentor and friend of Henry David Thoreau

28. Literature
• Henry David Thoreau
– Wrote about his life in the woods in his book Walden

29. Literature
• Thoreau believed in following your
individual conscience
• He also peacefully refused to obey
unjust laws and used civil
disobedience to non-violently
protest

30. Literature
• Edgar Allan Poe was a Romantic movement
author and poet
– Tales of mystery and the macabre (disturbing)
– Terrifying tales influence horror stories today

31. Literature
• Nathaniel Hawthorne was a
Romantic movement novelist
– His book, The Scarlet Letter
involved love, guilt, and revenge

32. Literature
• Herman Melville was a
Romantic movement writer
and poet
– His book, Moby Dick, told the
tale of a ship captain seeking
revenge on a white whale who
destroyed his ship

33. Literature
• James Fenimore Cooper was a
prolific Romantic movement
novelist
– His book The Last of the Mohicans
was a historical novel taking
place during the Seven Years’
War (French and Indian War)

34. Literature
• Walt Whitman wrote
unrhymed poems that
praised common people
– His book of poems, Leaves of
Grass, outlined his philosophy
on life and humanity
– Considered the Father of
American Free Verse

35. Literature
• Emily Dickinson wrote poems about God,
nature, love, death, and immortality
– She had an unconventional style for capitalization
and punctuation
– 1,800 of her poems were published after her death

36. Literature
• Born Samuel Clemens, Mark Twain, was an
author and humorist
– The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was a novel
reflecting the food and language unique to pre-Civil
War Southern culture

37. Music
• Spirituals, created and sung by enslaved African
Americans, provided protest to the assimilation
of white American culture
– Slaves were forbidden from speaking their native
languages and expressing religious faith

38. Music
• Battle Hymn of the Republic, lyrics by Julia Ward
Howe
– Written at the beginning of the Civil War, it used
music from the abolitionist song “John Brown’s
Body” to become a patriotic anthem for the Union

39. Music
• Dixie, lyrics by Daniel Decateur Emmett
– Written at the beginning of the Civil War, it became
an anthem of the Confederacy

40. Temperance Movement
• The American Temperance
Society worked at stopping
the consumption of alcohol
• Some states passed laws
that made it illegal to sell
alcohol

41. Temperance Movement
• Heavy drinking was common in the early 1800s
• Temperance speakers got a million people to
promise to give up alcohol

42. Temperance Movement
• Business owners supported temperance, they
wanted sober workers
• By 1855, 13 states passed laws to ban alcohol,
but most were repealed

43. Labor Movement
• Women mill workers
started a labor union
• Labor union: workers who
ban together for better
working conditions
• Women went on strike (stop
working) until they received
better working conditions

44. Labor Movement
• It was both the women in
the Labor Movement and
in the Women’s Rights
Movement that helped
shorten the workday to ten
hours

45. Improving Education
• Horace Mann was the head of the first State
Board of Education in the U.S.
• A few Northern cities started public high
schools

46. Improving Education
• Churches and other groups started many
colleges though women could not attend most
• It was also illegal to teach an enslaved person to
read in the South

47. Caring for the Disabled
• Dorothea Dix pushed reform for the disabled
– Built new hospitals for the mentally ill, the deaf, and
the blind

48. Prison Reform
• Prison reformers pushed for
– Separate jails for women, men, and children
– Rehabilitation of adult prisoners

49. Abolitionist Movement
• A movement to end
slavery, beginning in the
late 1700s
– The first step was the
outlawing of slavery
north of Pennsylvania
– Demanded a law ending
slavery in the South

50. Abolitionist Movement
• William Lloyd Garrison published an abolitionist
newspaper, The Liberator
• Sisters Sarah and Angelina Grimké lectured
against slavery

51. Abolitionist Movement
• Frederick Douglass informed others about his
early life in slavery
– Published The North Star, an abolitionist newspaper
– Completed lecture tours to buy his own freedom

52. Abolitionist Movement
• Harriet Tubman was a
famous conductor on the
Underground Railroad
– Conductor: someone who
led runaways to freedom
– She escaped slavery (1849),
and made 19 journeys to free
enslaved people
– Her enemies offered a
reward for her capture, but
she was never caught

53. Abolitionist Movement
• Underground Railroad: above-ground escape
routes from the South to the North
• Runaway slaves traveled on foot, and took
wagons, boats, and trains to freedom

54. Abolitionist Movement
• Henry Brown escaped slavery by being packed
in a box and shipped North
• Runaways usually traveled by night and hid by
day in places called stations

56. Abolitionist Movement
• Sojourner Truth fled enslavement and lived with
Quakers who freed her
– Won a court battle to recover her son
– Spoke for abolition

57. Women’s Rights Movement
• Sojourner Truth spoke for
women’s rights too
• Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth
Cady Stanton attended an
anti-slavery convention
– They were not allowed to
speak because they were
women
• In the 1800s, women had few
legal or political rights

58. Women’s Rights Movement
• Stanton and Mott held a meeting in Seneca Falls,
New York (Seneca Falls Convention for
Women’s Rights)

59. Women’s Rights Movement
• Seneca Falls Convention for Women’s Rights
– The “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions”,
written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was modeled
after the Declaration of Independence and stated
that men and women were equal
– Listed resolutions for women’s rights including
suffrage (the right to vote)

60. Women’s Rights Movement
• Susan B. Anthony built the women’s rights
movement into a national organization
– Anthony, Cady Stanton, and Mott were instrumental
in working for women’s rights by authoring a variety
of publications
– By 1865, 29 states had laws that gave women
property and wage rights

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