Teacher Notes MODULE 21.pptx

American History
The Cold War
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
1
The Cold War and the danger of nuclear war define international affairs,
especially after the Korean War. Fear of communism in the U.S. leads to
accusations against innocent citizens.

American History
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
The Cold War
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The Origins of the Cold War
LESSON 1
LESSON 2 The Cold War Heats Up
LESSON 3 The Cold War at Home
LESSON 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge
LESSON 5 Mounting Tensions in the Sixties
Did anyone win the Cold War?
LESSON 6 The End of the Cold War

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LESSON 1
The United States and the Soviet Union emerge from World War II as two
“superpowers” with vastly different political and economic systems.

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LESSON 1
Former Allies Clash
• Following WWII, the U.S. and Soviet Union emerge as world’s two superpowers.
• Former allies become bitter rivals
Political and Economic Differences
• U.S.: democracy governed by the people; USSR: communist, totalitarian government
– communist party removed czar by force
– U.S. doesn’t recognize Communist government for 16 years
• Economically ideological opposites; USSR has state controlled economy, U.S. free enterprise
Continued…

American History
Lesson 1
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Former Allies Clash (continued)
Wartime Tensions
• U.S. suspicious of Stalin because he had been Hitler’s ally
• Stalin resents that U.S. delayed attacking Germany and hid atom bomb
• Stalin does not allow free, multiparty elections in Poland as promised
– bans democratic parties in countries under Soviet control
– arrests non-Communist leaders
• Harry Truman wants access to raw material and markets in Eastern Europe for growing U.S.
economy
Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe
• Soviet Union also has great economic, military strength
• Unlike U.S., Soviet Union suffered heavy devastation on own soil
• Installs communist rule in satellite nations, countries it dominates
• 1946, Stalin announces war between communism, capitalism inevitable
• Europe divided by “iron curtain” into two political and economically different regions
Continued…

American History
Lesson 1
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Former Allies Clash (continued)
Conflict in the United Nations
• 1945, United Nations established as new peacekeeping body
• UN becomes arena where U.S., U.S.S.R. compete
– Structure of UN feeds tensions; General Assembly and Security Council
– Security Council veto used to block discussion, creates stalemate

American History
7
LESSON 1
New Foreign Policies
• Conflict and tension between U.S. and USSR turns into Cold War
• Cold War lasts from 1945 to 1991
United States Establishes a Policy of Containment
• U.S. policy of containment—measures to prevent spread of communism
• Western Europe first region to receive U.S. financial aid
• Later, U.S. sends financial aid and military troops to Asia, Africa, and Latin America
• U.S. intervenes many times in conflicts to support anti-communist forces around the world
United States Creates and Intelligence Community
• National Security Act creates two new intelligence agencies
– National Security Agency to identify potential threats
– Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) gathers intelligence and performs covert
operations in foreign countries

American History
8
LESSON 1
Efforts to Rebuild Europe
• WWII leaves much of Europe in ruins; leads to political and economic instability
The Truman Doctrine
• U.S. replaces British aid to Greece, Turkey; reduce communist threat
• Truman Doctrine—support against armed minorities, outsiders
The Marshall Plan
• Post-war Western Europe in chaos
– factories destroyed; millions of refugees
– 1946–1947, harsh weather makes problems worse
• 1947, Sec. of State George Marshall proposes U.S. aid to nations in need
• Marshall Plan revives 16 nations; even offers aid to USSR and its allies
– Soviets refuse
– aid helps U.S. build strong ties to Western Europe

American History
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LESSON 1
Superpowers Struggle over Germany
• U.S. and USSR clash over German reunification; Germany divided in 4 zones
• Britain, France, and U.S. combine their zones; West Berlin surrounded by Soviet zone
• 1948, Stalin closes all access to West Berlin, only enough food and fuel for 5 weeks
The Berlin Airlift
• Berlin airlift—Britain, U.S. fly food, supplies into West Berlin
• 1949, Stalin lifts blockade
• Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), including West Berlin, German Democratic
Republic (East Germany), including East Berlin, are formed
The NATO Alliance
• Fear of Soviet aggression leads to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
• European nations, U.S., Canada pledge mutual military support
• Peacetime military alliance and Cold War end policy of U.S. isolationism.
• 1952, Greece and Turkey join NATO; 1955, West Germany joins

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10
The Cold War Heats Up
LESSON 2
After World War II, China becomes a communist nation and Korea is split into a
communist north and a democratic south.

American History
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LESSON 2
China Becomes a Communist Country
• Chinese Communists battle nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek
• 1937, two sides unite to oppose Japanese invasion
China Under Chiang
• U.S. supports Chiang, but his government is inefficient, corrupt
• Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work to get peasant support
• Peasants flock to Red Army; by 1945, communists control northern China
Renewed Civil War
• Following WWII, Chinese civil war erupts once again
• U.S. supports nationalists who oppose communism
• 1944–47, U.S. sends money and military equipment to aid Nationalists
• Aid not enough to overcome weak leadership and corrupt government
• 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan, set up Republic of China
• Communists establish People’s Republic of China in mainland, not recognized by U.S.
Continued…

American History
Lesson 2
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China Becomes a Communist Country (continued)
America Reacts to the Communist Takeover
• U.S. public stunned by Communist takeover of China
• Republicans and Democrats in Congress blame Truman for not sending enough aid
• Truman administration blames weak leadership of Chiang
– wanted to avoid a war in Asia
• Conservatives reject excuses, claim U.S. government full of Communist agents

American History
13
LESSON 2
The Korean War
• 38th parallel (38º N latitude) divides Japanese surrender in Korea
• North of 38th parallel surrenders to U.S.S.R.; south to U.S.
Two Nations
• 1948, Republic of Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea founded
– Seoul, capitol of South Korea; Pyongyang capitol of North Korea
– leaders want to reunite, but disagree about government
North Korea Attacks South Korea
• 1950, North Korea invades South, begins Korean War
• South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion; Security Council approves
– USSR absent over issue of Taiwan
– Congress never declares war, U.S. involved as part of UN “police action”
• MacArthur put in command of South Korean, U.S., UN forces

American History
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LESSON 2
The United States Fights in Korea
• North Korea drives south, captures Seoul
• UN, South Korean troops forced into small defensive zone
MacArthur’s Counterattack
• 1950, MacArthur attacks North Koreans from 2 sides, pushes into north
– about half of North Korean troops surrender
– the rest escape over 38th parallel; UN forces pursue to Yalu River, Chinese border
The Chinese Fight Back
• China warns UN forces to stay away from Yalu River, Chinese border
• 1950, China sends troops to help North Korea; push south, capture Seoul
• Fighting continues for 2 more years
Continued…

American History
Lesson 2
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The United States Fights in Korea (continued)
MacArthur Recommends Attacking China
• MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman rejects request
• Soviet Union, China have mutual-assistance pact; could set off WWIII
• UN, South Korea retake Seoul, advance north to 38th parallel
MacArthur Versus Truman
• MacArthur continues to push for invasion of China; Truman fires him
• Public outraged over hero’s dismissal
• Congressional committee investigation concludes Truman right
Conflict Ends in Stalemate
• 1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire
• 1953 armistice: Korea still divided; demilitarized zone established
• Lack of success, high human, financial costs help elect Eisenhower
• U.S. begins to station more troops in Asia to deter spread of communism

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16
The Cold War at Home
LESSON 3
During the late 1940s and early 1950s, fear of communism leads to reckless charges
against innocent citizens.

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LESSON 3
Fear of Communist Influence
• Communist takeover of Eastern Europe, China fuel fear of its spread
• About 80,000 in U.S. Communist Party; some fear may be loyal to Soviet Union
Loyalty Review Board
• Truman accused of being soft on Communism
– critics fear communists hold high government positions
• Truman sets up Federal Employee Loyalty Program
– Loyalty Review Board to investigate government employees
– FBI initially involved in background checks
• 1947–1951 loyalty boards investigate 3.2 million
– dismiss 212; 2,900 resign to avoid investigation
Continued…

American History
Lesson 3
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Fear of Communist Influence (continued)
The House Un-American Activities Committee
• House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigates Communist ties
– investigates Communist influence in movie industry
– 1947, subpoena 43 film industry witnesses, most friendly to the committee
– Hollywood Ten refuse to testify, sent to prison
• Hollywood blacklist—people with Communist ties, cannot get work
The McCarran Act
• All Communist organization must register with the government
• Unlawful to plan action that might lead to totalitarianism
• Truman vetoes, says violates free thought; Congress overrides veto
The Venona Project
• Venona Project predecessor of National Security Agency (NSA)
• Decode messages from Soviet intelligence agencies
– confirm 349 U.S. residents have secret relationships with USSR

American History
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LESSON 3
Spy Cases Stun the Nation
• Two major spy cases help fuel the Communist hysteria
Alger Hiss
• Alger Hiss accused of spying for Soviet Union; convicted of perjury
• Congressman Richard Nixon gains fame for pursuing charges
The Rosenbergs
• 1949, Soviets explode atomic bomb sooner than expected
• Physicist Klaus Fuchs admits giving information about U.S. bomb
• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, minor Communist Party activists, implicated
• Rosenbergs sentenced to death; Supreme Court upholds conviction

American History
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LESSON 3
McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt”
• Senator Joseph McCarthy a strong anti-Communist activist
• 1950, Ineffective legislator; needs issue to win reelection
McCarthy’s Tactics
• McCarthyism—attacking suspected Communists without evidence
• McCarthy claims Communists in State Department
• Investigations spread through government, universities, unions, businesses
• Few Republicans speak out; think he has winning strategy for 1952
• Citizens wary of speaking out for fear of being labeled a Communist
Other Anti-Communist Measures
• States, towns forbid speech favoring violent overthrow of government
– violating free speech protections
• Millions forced to take loyalty oaths, are investigated
Continued…

American History
Lesson 3
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McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt” (continued)
McCarthy’s Downfall
• 1954, McCarthy accuses members of U.S. Army
• Televised hearings show him bullying witnesses
• Loses public support; Senate condemns him for improper conduct

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Two Nations Live on the Edge
LESSON 4
During the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union come to the brink of nuclear
war.

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LESSON 4
Brinksmanship Rules U.S. Policy
• 1949, Soviets explode first atomic bomb
• U.S., Truman decide whether to develop a more powerful bomb
Race for the H-Bomb
• H-bomb—hydrogen bomb—nuclear weapon more powerful than atom bomb
• 1952, U.S. explodes first H-bomb; 1953, Soviets explode one
The Arms Race
• Two superpowers are evenly matched; leads to arms race
– build huge stockpiles of weapons and work to keep up technologically
• Dwight D. Eisenhower focus on keeping lead in arms race;
– discourage Soviets from nuclear war; mutually assured destruction
• Secretary of state John Foster Dulles proposes brinkmanship policy:
– willingness to risk nuclear war to prevent spread of communism
• Nuclear threat unlike any before: millions can die; nation prepares
Continued…

American History
Lesson 4
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Brinksmanship Rules U.S. Policy (continued)
The Military-Industrial Complex
• Arms race changes U.S. economy; defense industry starts to dominate economy
• Eisenhower concerned that defense spending out of hand

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LESSON 4
The Cold War Spreads Around the World
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) uses spies to gather information
• CIA conducts covert operations to weaken or overthrow unfriendly governments
Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America
• CIA helps oust Iranian prime minister, reinstate Shah
• CIA helps depose Guatemala’s president; army leader becomes dictator
Intervention in Africa and Asia
• 1940s and 1950s, U.S. offers aid to countries fighting for independence
– many of these countries choose not to align with either U.S. or Soviets
• Other countries eager to join Western alliance, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
Continued…

American History
Lesson 4
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The Cold War Spreads Around the World (continued)
The Warsaw Pact
• U.S.-Soviet relations thaw after Stalin’s death in 1953
• West Germany’s entry into NATO scares Soviets
• Soviets form Warsaw Pact—military alliance with 7 Eastern European countries
– pact firmly under Soviet control
The Suez War
• Gamal Abdel-Nasser plays U.S. against Soviets over Aswan Dam
• Dulles withdraws loan offer; Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal
• Israel, Britain, France send troops; UN intervenes
• Fighting stops; Egypt keeps canal; others withdraw
• Soviet prestige in Middle East rises because of support for Egypt
• Eisenhower Doctrine—U.S. will defend Middle East against communists
Continued…

American History
Lesson 4
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The Cold War Spreads Around the World (continued)
The Hungarian Uprising
• 1956, Hungarians revolt, call for democratic government
• Imre Nagy, Communist leader, forms government, promises elections
• Soviet army fights Hungarians in streets; overthrow Nagy
• U.S. does not help Soviet satellite; Soviets veto action by UN
Continued…

American History
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LESSON 4
The Cold War Takes to the Skies
• Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new Soviet leader; favors:
– peaceful coexistence and economic, scientific competition
The Space Race
• October 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite
• Shocked Americans pour money into own space program
– 1958, after failed attempt, U.S. launches first satellite
A U-2 Is Shot Down
• Eisenhower meets Soviets in Geneva, proposes “open skies” policy
– Soviets reject proposal
– “spirit of Geneva” seen as step to peace
• CIA makes secret high-altitude flights with U-2 to spy on Soviets
• Eisenhower wants flights discontinued before Krushchev summit
• Francis Gary Powers shot down on last flight over Soviet territory
Continued…

American History
Lesson 4
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The Cold War Takes to the Skies (continued)
Renewed Confrontation
• Eisenhower first denies, then concedes U-2 was spying
• Agrees to stop flights, refuses to apologize as Khrushchev demands
• Summit cancelled; U-2 incident renews tension between superpowers
Continued…

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Mounting Tensions in the Sixties
LESSON 5
The Kennedy administration faces some of the most dangerous Soviet confrontations in
American history.

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LESSON 5
A New Military Policy
• President John F. Kennedy felt Eisenhower had not done enough about Soviet threat
• Soviets more technologically advanced; gaining political allies in Asia, Africa, Latin America
Military Strategy Redefined
• JFK believes must redefine nation’s nuclear strategy
• Flexible response—fight conventional wars, keep nuclear arms balanced
• JFK increases defense spending in three areas:
– strengthens conventional forces
– creates army Special Forces (Green Berets)
– triples nuclear capabilities
Continued…

American History
Lesson 5
32
A New Military Policy (continued)
Containment in Vietnam
• Kennedy supported South Vietnam against communist North Vietnam
– want to contain spread of communism, domino theory
– financial aid, military advisers train South Vietnamese troops
• 1963, Lyndon Baines Johnson continues Kennedy policies
– conflict escalates, Johnson sends U.S. troops

American History
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LESSON 5
Crisis Over Cuba
• Revolutionary leader Fidel Castro declares himself communist
– welcomes Soviet aid; Eisenhower cuts off diplomatic relations
The Cuban Revolution
• 1959, Castro wins control; seizes U.S. properties, breaks up commercial farms
– American sugar companies appeal to U.S. government for help
– Congress bans Cuban sugar
• Supporters impressed by Castro standing up to U.S.
• Critics see Castro as tyrant, dictator; 10% of Cuban population goes into exile, mostly to U.S
The Bay of Pigs
• Cuban exiles, CIA plan invasion to topple Castro
• Plans go wrong; exile forces killed, taken prisoner
• JFK pays ransom in food, medicine for survivors; mission is public embarrassment
Continued…

American History
Lesson 5
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Crisis Over Cuba (continued)
The Cuban Missile Crisis
• 1962, Nikita Khrushchev sends weapons to Cuba, including nuclear missiles
• JFK warns Soviets that missile attack will trigger war on USSR
• Soviets avoid confrontation at sea; reach agreement with U.S.
Kennedy and Khrushchev Take the Heat
• Khrushchev’s prestige severely damaged in USSR
• JFK criticized for brinkmanship, also for not ousting Castro
• Cuban exiles switch to GOP; Castro bans flights to and from Miami
• Agreement allows Cubans to join relatives in U.S.; hundreds of thousands leave Cuba

American History
35
LESSON 5
U.S.–Soviet Tensions
• Kennedy’s one goal: to prove to Khrushchev that he is determined to contain communism
The Berlin Crisis
• By 1961 20% of East Germans flee to West Berlin; economic drain on East
• Khrushchev wants to close access roads to West Berlin; JFK refuses
• Soviets isolate West Berlin from East Germany with Berlin Wall
Efforts to Ease Tensions
• Khrushchev, Kennedy conscious of danger of quick decisions
• Establish hot line—direct phone between White House, Kremlin
• Limited Test Ban Treaty bans nuclear tests in atmosphere
• By 1964, other countries have nuclear weapons
– Increased fear of nuclear war
– 60 countries sign Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

American History
36
LESSON 5
The Space Race Continues
• April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin is first man in space
• Soon after, U.S. puts man in space, uses satellite communications
• July 1969 U.S astronaut Neil Armstrong is first man to walk on moon
• University science programs grow; new industries, technologies arise

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37
The End of the Cold War
LESSON 6
Changes in foreign policy beginning with the Nixon administration gradually led to an
easing of U.S.–Soviet tensions and an end to the Cold War.

American History
38
LESSON 6
Nixon’s Foreign Policy Triumphs
• 1969, Richard Nixon becomes president; focuses on easing Cold War tension
– advances relationship with USSR, China
Kissinger and Realpolitik
• Henry Kissinger—national security adviser, later secretary of state
• Realpolitik—foreign policy based on power issues, not ideals, morals
• Realpolitik calls for U.S. to confront powerful nations, ignore weak
• Nixon, Kissinger follow policy of détente—easing Cold War tensions
Nixon Visits China
• 1971, Nixon’s visit to China a huge success; U.S., China agree to:
– cooperate over disputes; have scientific, cultural exchange
• Takes advantage of rift between China, Soviet Union
Continued…

American History
Lesson 6
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Nixon’s Foreign Policy Triumphs (continued)
Nixon Travels to Moscow
• 1972, Nixon visits Moscow; he, Brezhnev sign SALTI Treaty:
– Strategic Arms Limitation Talks limit missiles to 1972 levels
• Foreign policy triumphs, expected Vietnam peace help win reelection
Cold War Hotspots Under Nixon
• 1970, Chile elects Marxist Salvador Allende as president
• CIA funds opposition groups, including members of Chile’s military
– 1973, military coup, Allende killed
– General Pinochet becomes new president
• 1973, Nixon send military aid to Israel in conflict with Syria, Egypt
– Fears Israeli conflict might lead to war with Soviets
– Kissinger uses “shuttle diplomacy” to broker cease-fire

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40
LESSON 6
Ford Confronts the Cold War
• Nixon resign amid political scandal; Gerald Ford becomes president
Continuing Nixon’s Foreign Policies
• Ford continues negotiations with China, Soviet Union
• Signs Helsinki Accords—cooperation between Eastern, Western Europe
Ongoing Turmoil in Southeast Asia
• 1973, Vietnam cease-fire breaks down; Ford asks Congress for aid to South
– Congress refuses; South Vietnam surrenders in 1975
• Cambodia seizes U.S. merchant ship Mayagüez
– Ford uses big military response; most Americans approve
– critics: 41 die to rescue 39
Continued…

American History
Lesson 6
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Ford Confronts the Cold War (continued)
Crisis in Africa
• 1974, civil war in Angola
• Superpowers take sides; China, Soviets back one faction, U.S. backs two other factions
• Soviet-backed Marxist government takes control
– Congress unwilling to provide more aid; don’t want another foreign war

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42
LESSON 6
A New Direction Under Carter
• Human rights becomes guide principle of Jimmy Carter’s foreign policy
The Collapse of Détente
• Carter’s insistence on human rights strains relations with USSR
• SALT II talks delayed; Carter, Brezhnev finally sign June 1979
• SALT II meets sharp opposition in Senate
• December 1979, Soviets invade Afghanistan
The Soviet-Afghan War
• Muslim rebel group threatens to overthrow Communist Afghan government
– Soviets send troops, fight to a stalemate
• Carter: Soviet actions pose a serious threat to world peace
– lets SALT II die
– blocks exports of grain to USSR
– Boycotts 1980 Moscow Olympics

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43
LESSON 6
Reagan and the End of the Cold War
• Ronald Reagan wins presidency on platform of staunch opposition to communism
• Mikhail Gorbachev becomes general secretary of Soviet Communist Party
Reagan and Communism
• Rejects détente; wants to destroy communism, “evil empire”
• Defense budget almost doubles; hopes to bankrupt Soviets
• Reagan asks scientists for Strategic Defense Initiative, anti-missile defense system
• Critics: Reagan’s aggressive foreign policy could provoke nuclear war
Gorbachev Initiates Reform
• Soviet economy stressed; Reagan’s defense spending adds pressure
• Gorbachev adopts glasnost—allows criticism, some freedom of press
• Plans perestroika—some private enterprise, move to democracy
Continued…

American History
Lesson 6
44
Reagan and the End of the Cold War (continued)
Improved U.S.–Soviet Relations
• Gorbachev wants better relations with U.S. to cut USSR military spending
– 1985–1988, Reagan also willing to negotiate; leaders meet 4 times
• 1987, sign Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty
– 2,500 missiles destroyed
The Collapse of Communist Regimes
• Gorbachev reduces Soviet control of Eastern Europe, urges democracy
• 1989, Berlin Wall torn down; 1990, 2 Germanys reunited
• Czechoslovakia, Baltic states, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania democratic
• Ethnic civil war breaks out in Yugoslavia
Continued…

American History
Lesson 6
45
Reagan and the End of the Cold War (continued)
The Soviet Union Declines
• 1991, 14 republics declare independence; Gorbachev forced to resign
• Soviet Union dissolved, Commonwealth of Independent States forms
• President Bush pledges aid to Russia; Bush and Yeltsin declare end of Cold War
• 1993, START II signed; will cut U.S., Russian nuclear arsenals

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