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E learning repro sys
- 2. 23 Unit1 Main function: propagation of the species To achieve this goal: must ensure 1. Sexual maturation 2.Produce gametes (n). Male and female structures are homologues: derived from common developmental tissues The Reproductive SystemsThe Reproductive Systems
- 3. 23 Unit1
- 4. 23 Unit1 Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System • Organs: testes, ducts, glands & supporting structures • Ducts: epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts & urethra • Glands: seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands • Supporting structures include scrotum & penis
- 6. 23 Unit1 ScrotumScrotum • Pouch that supports the testes • Septum separates into separate sections for each testis • Sperm requires temperatures 2-3o C below body temperature • allows raising and lowering testes to adjust temperature
- 7. 23 Unit1 TestesTestes • Paired oval glands • Develop on embryo’s posterior wall and descend into scrotum Starts in 7th month • Where spermatogenesis (formation & production of sperm cells) occur
- 9. 23 Unit1 Spermatozoa StructureSpermatozoa Structure • ~300 million /day Life time ~ 48 hrs in female tract • Structure: Head, middle, tail • tail- flagellum = motility • Middle - mitochondria = energy • Head-chromosomes + acrosomal cap • acrosome-enzymes-> penetrating egg
- 11. 23 Unit1 • Female typically produces and releases a single oocyte monthly. • Male produces 100,000,000 of (sperm) daily. male gametes are stored for a short time if they are not expelled from the body within that period, they are resorbed
- 12. 23 Unit1 Androgen EffectsAndrogen Effects • Prenatal- male pattern of development: Male ducts, descent of testes, external genitals & brain regions • Puberty: enlargement of organs, secondary characteristics: Muscular & skeletal growth, hair patterns, thickening of skin • Sexual function: sexual behavior, spermatogenesis & libido • Stimulation of anabolism: stimulate protein synthesis & muscle & bone growth
- 13. 23 Unit1 Accessory GlandsAccessory Glands • Seminal vesicles- seminal fluid- Fructose -sperm ATP production + alkalinity (neutralize acid in tracts) + prostaglandins-activation of sperm • Prostate- surrounds upper urethra Increases volume + adds antibiotics • Bulbourethral glands: More alkalinity + mucus fluid
- 14. 23 Unit1 PenisPenis • Contains urethra- root, body & glans penis Passage for semen & urine • Root- attached portion • Body- 3 cylindrical masses erectile Dorsal – Corpora Cavernosa Penis Midventral- Corpus Spongiosum penis- contains urethra • Glans penis has external urethral oriface • Uncircumcised glans covered by prepuce
- 15. 23 Unit1 Female Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive System • Ovaries: paired organs- produce secondary oocytes ova (after fertilization) Hormones: progesterone & estrogens From same embryonic tissue as testes • uterine (fallopian) tubes & uterus • cervix & vagina • External organs (collectively called vulva or pudendum)
- 16. Figure 23.6
- 17. 23 Unit1 OogenesisOogenesis • Production or formation of egg cells • Begins before birth- Oocytes not continually produced • Meiosis I- start before birth
- 18. 23 Unit1 Uterine TubesUterine Tubes • Two tubes- extend laterally from uterus • End in fringe Fimbriae • Fimbriae sweep secondary oocyte into tube • Oocyte moved by cilia lining wall • Zygote reaches uterus in ~7 days
- 19. 23 Unit1 UterusUterus • Parts: • Fundus -Dome-shaped area above tubes= • Body – tapering central portion • Cervix- narrow opening into vagina • Uterine cavity- interior of body
- 20. 23 Unit1 The Uterus Serves FourThe Uterus Serves Four FunctionsFunctions • Site for implantation. pre-embryo implants into the inner uterine wall and becomes connected to the uterine lining • Supports, protects, and nourishes the developing embryo/fetus forms a vascular connection with the mother’s uterine wall that later develops into the placenta • Ejects the fetus at birth after maternal oxytocin levels increase to initiate the uterine contractions of labor. • Site for menstruation. if an oocyte is not fertilized or after a baby is expelled, the muscular wall of the uterus contracts and sheds its inner lining as menstruation
- 21. 23 Unit1 VaginaVagina • extends from exterior to cervix • Fornix- recess surrounds cervix • Acid environment- prevents bacterial growth • Smooth muscular layer- adjusts for intercourse or birth • Thin membrane fold can cover vaginal orifice = hymen
- 22. 23 Unit1 • The vagina is thick-walled, fibromuscular tube forms the inferior-most region of the female reproductive tract measures about 10 centimeters in length in an adult female. • The vagina connects the uterus with the outside of the body anteroventrally functions as the birth canal. • Also the copulatory organ of the female • Serves as the passageway for menstruation and the baby when • giving birth (PARTURITION) in a normal delivery • The vaginal wall is heavily invested with both blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. • The vagina’s relatively thin, distensible wall consists of three tunics: an inner mucosa, a middle muscularis, and an outer adventitia
- 24. 23 Unit1 Perineum & vulvaPerineum & vulva • Perineum: Diamond-shaped area between thigh & buttocks of both males & females • Vulva or pudendum = external genitalia • Mons pubis- elevation of adipose tissue • labia majora- extends back from mons pubis Same fetal tissue as scrotum • Labia minora- internal to majora
- 25. 23 Unit1 Perineum & vulva (cont.)Perineum & vulva (cont.) • Clitoris- small cylindrical mass of erectile tissue & nerves Also contains prepuce & glans • Vestibule: between labia minora • External urethral orifice- anterior to vaginal orifice • Paraurethral glands- either side of urethra Same embryonic tissue as prostate Secretes mucus • Greater vestibular glands- adds to mucus Comparable to bulbourethral glands
- 27. 23 Unit1 Mammary GlandsMammary Glands • Modified sudoriferous glands • Nipple- pigmented projection with openings • Areola- surrounds nipple • Internally-15-20 lobes lobules alveoli = milk secreting glands Matures at puberty • Lactation = synthesis, secretion & ejection of milk
- 29. 23 Unit1 HormonesHormones • Estrogen: Development & maintenance of reproductive structures & secondary characteristics protein synthesis & growth Lower blood cholesterol level • Progesterone maintains myometrium for implantation • Relaxin= relaxes uterus- inhibits myometrium • Inhibin- inhibits FSH release
- 30. 23 Unit1 When a woman has stopped having monthly menstrual cycles for 1 year and is not pregnant, she is said to be in menopause. The age at onset typically is between 45 and 55 years follicles stop maturing, and significant amounts of estrogen and progesterone are no longer being secreted a woman’s endometrial lining does not grow, and she no longer has a menstrual period
- 31. 23 Unit1 Comparison of the Female andComparison of the Female and Male Reproductive SystemsMale Reproductive Systems • Primary sex organs called gonads. ovaries in females testes in males • Produce gametes which unite to form a new individual. Egg cell / ovum sperm • Gonads produce large amounts of sex hormones which affect maturation, development, and changes in the activity of the reproductive system organs. estrogen and progesterone in the female androgens (esp. testosterone) in the male
- 32. 23 Unit1 • Both have accessory reproductive organs duct systems • carry gametes away from the gonads • toward the site of fertilization in females • to the outside of the body in males • Fertilization occurs when male and female gametes meet: copulation, coitus, sexual intercourse Restores the diploid number (2n)
- 33. 23 Unit1 Birth Control MethodsBirth Control Methods • ARTIFICIAL 1. Surgery – cut or tie vasectomy in males - ductus deferens tubal ligation in female - uterine tubes 2. Chemical interference oral hormones, implants, injections, spermicide 3. Blocking physically IUD, condoms, diaphragm, cervical cap
- 34. 23 Unit1 • NATURAL body temperature cervical mucus calendar / rhythym coitus interruptus / withdrawal abstinence
- 35. 23 Unit1 2 Ways to having twins2 Ways to having twins IDENTICAL TWIN results from 1 ovum fertilized by 1 sperm cell that splits into 2 during fetal development FRATERNAL TWIN results from 2 ova fertilized by 2 sperm cells separately
- 36. 23 Unit1 AgingAging • Puberty- pulses of LH & FSH • Rise in sex steroids Growth & secondary characteristics start of female reproductive cycle • follicles become exhausted Menopause estrogen secretion declines lose feedback on pituitary high FSH & LH Decline in estrogen supported functions • In males- slower decline of function
- 37. 23 Unit1 • Thereafter, changes occur in many body structures, the reproductive organs mature, and gonads begin to produce gametes. • Gametes stop maturing in females in their 40s or 50s, and menopause occurs. • A reduction in hormone production that accompanies menopause causes some atrophy of the reproductive organs and the breasts. • The vaginal wall thickness decreases, as do glandular secretions for maintaining a lubricated and moist lining. • The uterus shrinks and atrophies, becoming much smaller than it was before puberty.