By:M. Thiru murugan Unit – 10: Structure and functions of the female reproductive system Process of menstrual cycle, reproduction and menopause Structure and functions of breasts Structure and functions of the male reproductive system Reproductive health Reproductive system: The organs involved in producing offspring (a person's child or children). In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina. In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. The female reproductive system The female reproductive system plays many vital functions that ensure the continuation of the human race Located in the pelvic cavity Parts: It consist of External genitalia Internal genitalia External genitalia: Labia minora Labia majora Clitoris Vaginal orifice Internal genitalia: Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Vagina: A muscular tube, that extends from the cervix of the uterus to the outside of the body. During intercourse, the vagina receives the male’s penis and semen. Birth canal that the baby passes through in a normal delivery. Ovaries: Small almond-shaped glands that produce ova and the female sex hormones located on both sides of the uterus within the pelvic cavity. In charge of ovulation and producing the female sex hormones. The hormones are responsible for getting the lining of the uterus prepared for a fertilized ovum Uterus: Hollow organ (also called womb) Fetus (unborn baby) develops and grows. Contractions to the walls propels the baby during delivery through the birth canal in a normal delivery Parts: fundus, body & cervix The fundus is the broad curved upper area in which the fallopian tubes connect to the uterus; The body, the main part of the uterus, The cervix, extends downward and opens into the vagina. Uterus has 3 layers: The endometrium is the inner layer The myometrium is the middle layer The perimetrium is the outer layer Function of uterus: The uterus receives a fertilized egg and protects the fetus (baby) while it grows and develops. The uterus contracts to push the baby out of the body during birth. Every month, except when a woman is pregnant, the lining of the uterus grows and thickens in preparation for pregnancy. If the woman doesn’t get pregnant, the lining is shed through the cervix into the vagina and out of the body. This is called menstruation. The function of the female reproductive System: The female reproductive system produces ova (the female reproductive cell) Provides a location for fertilization Growth of a fetus Secretes female sex hormones The breast produce milk to nourish the newborn. Menstruation: Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman's monthly cycle. Every month, your body prepares for pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the uterus sheds its lining. The menstrual blood is partly blood and partly tissue from inside the uterus. It passes out of the body through the vagina. Menstrual cycle: Con

1. By:
M. Thiru murugan
The Reproductive
System

2. Unit – 10:
a) Structure and functions of the female reproductive system
b) Process of menstrual cycle, reproduction and menopause
c) Structure and functions of breasts
d) Structure and functions of the male reproductive system
e) Reproductive health

3. Reproductive system:
•The organs involved in producing offspring (a
person's child or children).
•In women, this system includes the ovaries, the
fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina.
•In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the
penis.

4. The female reproductive system
• The female reproductive system plays many
vital functions that ensure the continuation of
the human race
• Located in the pelvic cavity
Parts:
It consist of
• External genitalia
• Internal genitalia

5. External genitalia:
• Labia minora
• Labia majora
• Clitoris
• Vaginal orifice
Internal genitalia:
• Ovaries
• Fallopian tubes
• Uterus
• Vagina

6. Vagina:
• A muscular tube, that extends from the cervix of the uterus to the
outside of the body.
• During intercourse, the vagina receives the male’s penis and semen.
• Birth canal that the baby passes through in a normal delivery.
Ovaries:
• Small almond-shaped glands that produce ova and the female sex
hormones located on both sides of the uterus within the pelvic cavity.
• In charge of ovulation and producing the female sex hormones.
• The hormones are responsible for getting the lining of the uterus
prepared for a fertilized ovum

7. Uterus:
• Hollow organ (also called womb)
• Fetus (unborn baby) develops and grows.
• Contractions to the walls propels the baby
during delivery through the birth canal in a
normal delivery
Parts: fundus, body & cervix
• The fundus is the broad curved upper area in
which the fallopian tubes connect to the
uterus;
• The body, the main part of the uterus,
• The cervix, extends downward and opens into
the vagina.

8. Uterus has 3 layers:
• The endometrium is the inner layer
• The myometrium is the middle layer
• The perimetrium is the outer layer

9. Function of uterus:
• The uterus receives a fertilized egg and protects the fetus (baby) while it
grows and develops.
• The uterus contracts to push the baby out of the body during birth.
• Every month, except when a woman is pregnant, the lining of the uterus grows
and thickens in preparation for pregnancy.
• If the woman doesn’t get pregnant, the lining is shed through the cervix into
the vagina and out of the body. This is called menstruation.
Fallopian Tubes:
• Also called the uterine tubes or oviducts
• Propels the ovum from the ovary to the uterus so that it can implant
• Fertilization takes place normally

10. The function of the female reproductive System:
• The female reproductive system produces ova (the female
reproductive cell)
• Provides a location for fertilization
• Growth of a fetus
• Secretes female sex hormones
• The breast produce milk to nourish the newborn.

11. Menstruation:
• Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a
woman's monthly cycle.
• Every month, your body prepares for pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the
uterus sheds its lining. The menstrual blood is partly blood and partly tissue
from inside the uterus. It passes out of the body through the vagina.
Menstrual cycle:
• Continuous occurrence of menstruation every month is called menstrual cycle
• Usually last from 3 to 5 days
• The average length of the menstrual cycle is 28–29 days, but this can vary
between women and from one cycle to the next.
• Girls get their first period (menarche), on average, between the ages of 11 and
14 years.

12. • Phases of the menstrual cycle: The 4 main phases of the menstrual cycle are:
1. Menstruation
2. Follicular phase
3. Ovulation
4. The luteal phase.
1. Menstruation:
• Menstruation is the elimination of the thickened lining of the uterus (endometrium)
from the body through the vagina.
2. Follicular phase:
• The follicular phase starts on the first day of menstruation and ends with ovulation.
3. Ovulation:
• Ovulation is the release of a mature egg from the surface of the ovary. This usually occurs
mid-cycle

13. 4. Luteal phase: During ovulation, the egg bursts from its follicle, but the ruptured follicle
stays on the surface of the ovary.
• For the next two weeks, the follicle transforms into a structure known as the corpus
luteum.
• corpus luteum releasing progesterone, along with small amounts of oestrogen.
• This combination of hormones maintains the thickened lining of the uterus and
waiting for a fertilized egg to stick (implant).
• If a fertilized egg implants in the lining of the uterus, it produces the hormones that are
necessary to maintain the corpus luteum.
• This includes human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), the hormone that is detected in
a urine test for pregnancy.
• The corpus luteum keeps producing the raised levels of progesterone that are needed
to maintain the thickened lining of the uterus.
• If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum withers and dies, The cycle then
repeats.

14. Symptoms:
•Abdominal or pelvic cramping pain
•Lower back pain
•Bloating and sore breasts
•Food cravings
•Mood swings and irritability
•Headache and fatigue

15. Reproduction:
• Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological
process by which new individual organisms "offspring“ are produced
from their "parent" or parents.
• Reproduction enables and ensures the continuity of species,
generation after generation.
Types:
• There are 2 forms of reproduction:
1. Asexual
2. Sexual.

16. • In asexual reproduction, an organism can reproduce without the
involvement of another organism. The cloning of an organism
is a form of asexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction typically requires the sexual interaction of
two specialized organisms, called gametes, which contain half
the number of chromosomes, with typically a male fertilizing a
female of the same species to create a fertilized zygote.
• This produce offspring organisms whose genetic characteristics
are derived from two parental.

17. Menopause:
• Menopause is a stage in life when a woman stop having
monthly pberiod.
• It’s a normal part of aging and marks the end of your
reproductive years.
• Menopause typically occurs in your late 40s to early 50s.
• women who have their ovaries surgically removed undergo
"sudden" surgical menopause.
• Menopause is diagnosed when a woman has gone without a
menstrual period for 12 consecutive months

18. Breast:
• The breast is the tissue present on the chest muscles.
• Women's breasts are made of specialized tissue that produces milk.
Structure:
• The milk-producing part of the breast is organized into 15 to 20 sections, called
lobes.
• Within each lobe are smaller structures, called lobules, where milk is produced.
• The milk travels ducts. The ducts connect and come together into larger ducts,
which eventually exit the skin in the nipple.
• The dark area of skin is the nipple is called the areola
• Nerves provide sensation to the breast. The breast also contains blood vessels, lymph
vessels, and lymph nodes
• Function: the production of milk for lactation (breast feeding)

20. Male reproductive system:
• The male reproductive system consists of a number of sex organs that play a role in
the process of human reproduction.
• These organs are located on the outside of the body and within the pelvis
Parts:
• Internal genitalia: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, seminal
vesicles and prostate gland
• External genitalia - penis and scrotum
External genitalia
• Penis: this is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. It has three parts: the root,
the body or shaft and the glans
• Scrotum: this is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind and below the
penis. It contains the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood
vessels

21. • Testicles (2 testes): These are oval organs lie in the scrotum, secured
by a spermatic cord. responsible for making testosterone &
generating sperm.
• Epididymis: it is a long, coiled tube, on the backside of each
testicle. It transports and stores sperm & make sperm to maturity
• Vas deferens: it is a long, muscular tube, transports mature sperm
to the urethra
• Ejaculatory ducts: These are formed by the fusion of the vas
deferens and the seminal vesicles, The ejaculatory ducts empty into
the urethra.

22. •Urethra: The urethra is the tube that carries urine from
the bladder to outside of the body. In males, it has the
additional function of ejaculating semen when the man
reaches orgasm.
•Seminal vesicles: The seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches
that attach to the vas deferens near the bladder. It produce a
sugar-rich fluid that provides sperm with a source of
energy help to move.
•Prostate gland: The prostate gland is a walnut-sized
structure that is located below the urinary bladder. Prostate
fluids also help to nourish the sperm.

24. Functions Male reproductive system:
•To produce, maintain, and transport sperm (the male
reproductive cells) and protective fluid (semen)
•To discharge sperm within the female reproductive
tract during sex
•To produce and secrete male sex hormones
responsible for maintaining the male reproductive
system

25. Reproductive health:
• Reproductive health is the state of physical, mental, total well-being
and proper functioning of reproductive organs in all phases of
reproduction.
Importance:
• It helps in educating youth about sexual and reproductive health.
• It creates awareness among adolescents about safe sexual practices.
• It helps in preventing STD, including HIV/AIDS.
• It protects both the mother and the child to deliver a healthy baby.
• It provides complete knowledge about the early pregnancy,
infertility, birth control methods, pregnancy, post-childbirth care
of the baby and mother.